Unit 3

According to the data presented in the graph, most infants can stand unsupported by which age?

18 months

In homes where parents do not use correct grammar, their children tend to make more grammatical errors. Which of the following concepts identifies a type of error children might make?

Overgeneralization

If various cultures expect students to master more than one language in school, which of the following courses of action are supported by the evidence presented in the graph?

Students should be introduced to the second language as soon as they start going to school.

Janice cleaned out the office refrigerator without being asked. The operant conditioning concept of positive reinforcement is illustrated in which scenario?

The next day, her boss gave her a gift certificate to a local coffee shop. As a result, Janice now regularly cleans out the office refrigerator.

Which dog is demonstrating stimulus discrimination in the following scenarios? Responses

Cookie cowers when she hears the pop of fireworks, but not when she hears the pop of lightning.

Annette, who lives in the United States, experienced menarche at age ten, while her great-grandmother experienced it at age fourteen. Which of the following most likely explains the difference between the age that Annette and the age that her great-grandmother experienced menarche?

Annette has better nutrition and medical care than her great-grandmother did.

Xander can no longer stomach the taste of sushi after he vomited from eating a spoiled serving of it. However, the appearance of sushi does not make him sick. Which of the following best accounts for why Xander becomes sick upon tasting sushi but not seeing sushi? Responses

Biological predisposition, because this example illustrates taste aversion.

A psychologist works with the Temne people of Western Africa. The psychologist presents two equal balls of clay, both an inch in diameter. First, the child acknowledges that the balls of clay are equal. Then, the researcher flattens one of the balls, and the psychologist asks the child, "If your friend was given the clay shaped like a rice cake and you were given the ball, who would have more to eat?" The psychologist counted how many children said, "One of us cannot have more than the other." Which of the following cognitive concepts was the psychologist testing? Responses

Conservation

In an effort to demonstrate that phobias were the result of environmental conditioning rather than mental processes, a researcher conditioned an 8-month-old child named Albert to have an intense fear of a white fluffy rat. While the result supported the researcher's behaviorist viewpoint, which of the following reasons explains why this research would not be allowed today? Responses

It created too much stress for the participant, which violates the code of ethics for psychological research.

By age six months, infants from different countries in the world will distinguish hearing a change in small units of sound. For example, in one study, when six-month old babies hear the RRR sound change to an LLL sound, they sucked faster on a special pacifier that measured their rate of sucking. By twelve months, however, Japanese children no longer distinguish these sounds since culturally, they are not exposed to them. Which of the following terms were researchers studying on a cross-cultural level?

Phoneme

In which of the following scenarios is someone showing evidence of extinction in classical conditioning?

Randy was always worried about his exams in high school and felt anxiety when in the building. However, now that he is a teacher at the same high school the anxiety has gone away.

Dog's # at KennelAverage Number of Correct Behaviors During Training Session (out of 10)Dog #13Dog #29Dog #32Dog #44 Based on the data presented in the table, which consequence was used by the training staff for dog #2?

Reinforcement

Researchers created a study to try to assess the extent to which 2-year-old children could detect emotion in telegraphic speech coming from adults. Children would be exposed to neutral phrases, happy phrases, and angry phrases. Which of the following statements about ethical guidelines is accurate for this study?

The researchers will first need to obtain informed consent from the parents of each child.

A player tracks the number of points he earns per game for five games wearing different colors of his team socks. After the data is gathered, he develops a superstition and always wears green socks. What is the mean number of points earned when wearing green socks?

13

Elementary-school students were reinforced with stickers every Monday and Friday for turning in their homework on time. These stickers could later be used to purchase candy and toys from the school store. Using the data presented in the table, what is the mode for the students who received a sticker on Friday?

13

Which of the following is an example of the schedule of reinforcement that has the slowest response rate as depicted in the graph?

A local fast-food restaurant tells customers they are going to release a coupon for a free meal on their app at some point during the day.

Maria is a thirteen year old child born with deafness to parents who can hear and who also live in a remote, rural area. Since birth, her parents have provided love, nourishment, educationally enriching toys, and developed their own hand signals to communicate with her about basic necessities. However, Maria did not begin to learn sign language until she was twelve and the family moved to a city and encountered members of a deaf community. Maria has found it very difficult to learn sign language, no matter what her instructors try. Which of the follow concepts best explains Maria's difficulty learning sign language?

A sensitive period

Professor Whitmore conducted research to examine changes in cognitive development across the life span. He recruited 400 participants and then grouped them by age. The study included 20-year-olds, 40-year-olds, 60-year-olds, and 80-year-olds (100 in each group). Each group in the study took several different tests. Some of the tests were fact-based and drew upon knowledge from several different areas. Other tests required participants to solve new problems as quickly as they could. Dr. Whitmore's research design is best classified as which of the following? Responses

Cross-sectional

Dr. Jamal surveys parents of children of fifth graders who have done well in school. Based on his survey results, Dr. Jamal claims that being raised as an only child accelerates how quickly students will be able to progress to concrete operational thinking. What problem is associated with this claim?

Dr. Jamal cannot make a cause-and-effect claim from survey results.

If a therapist were using counterconditioning techniques to alleviate a patient's intense fear of heights, they would need to do which of the following?

Ensure that the patient is informed of the therapeutic procedures that will be utilized.

The operant conditioning concept of negative reinforcement is illustrated in which of the following scenarios?

Ervin always buckles his seat belt to stop the beeping sound his car makes when the seat belt is unbuckled.

Research was conducted on the frequency of accidents involving construction workers being hit by construction vehicles in a work zone. The researchers measured the response of the pedestrians to the volume of warning sounds for each of the vehicles involved in the accidents. The data are depicted in the graph. Which of the following principles of learning is demonstrated by the results?

Habituation

A researcher conducted a study with a group of babies that were between 6 and 9 months of age. The researcher, using the visual cliff apparatus, recorded the type of response the babies gave to the visual cliff. The results are depicted in the graph. Which of the following is a conclusion that the researcher can make regarding the babies' responses to the visual cliff?

Babies between 6 and 9 months of age can perceive depth.

Professor Whitmore recruited 400 participants and then grouped them by age. The study included 20-year-olds, 40-year-olds, 60-year-olds, and 80-year-olds (100 in each group).Some of the tests were fact-based and drew upon knowledge from several different areas. One of Dr. Whitmore's students had strongly believed that cognitive abilities remained stable throughout the lifespan. When that student read Dr. Whitmore's research which found that the 60-year-old and 80-year-old groups significantly outperformed the younger groups on test of factual knowledge, he claimed that it was an obvious finding because as you get older you naturally accumulate more knowledge. This student is most clearly exhibiting which of the following?

Hindsight bias

Jean Piaget formulated his theory of cognitive development by observing his own children at play. What is a valid criticism of the case study approach that Jean Piaget used to collect research data to originate his cognitive development theory?

His observations may have been biased due to his relationship with the participants.

What conclusion can be drawn from the data presented in the figure about sensitivity to teratogens during prenatal development?

Teratogens are least likely to impact the development of the heart after 9 weeks.

Professor Whitmore conducted research to examine changes in cognitive development across the life span. He recruited 400 participants and then grouped them by age. The study included 20-year-olds, 40-year-olds, 60-year-olds, and 80-year-olds (100 in each group). Each group in the study took several different tests. Some of the tests were fact-based and drew upon knowledge from several different areas. Other tests required participants to solve new problems as quickly as they could.

The 20-year-old cohort will likely outperform all other groups on the tests that involve solving new problems quickly.

Using the information presented in the graph, what is most likely the reason for the fall in the strength of the conditioned response in trials 16-20?

The CS and US are no longer being paired together.

Researchers proposed a study on language acquisition to see if exposing 10-month-old babies to phonemes outside of their primary language had an impact on the child's fluency in their primary language. One hundred babies are randomly assigned to one of two conditions. In one condition babies would only be exposed to phonemes of their primary language for one hour per day over the course of six months. The other group would be exposed to phonemes from several different languages for one hour per day over the course of six months. The researchers hoped to explore whether exposure to phonemes from several different languages helped or impeded language development. Which of the following concerns would an IRB likely have about this study? Responses

The procedure could potentially cause harm to the babies by interfering with their language development.

Based on the findings presented in the graph above, a researcher proposed a study in which 100 10-year-old students would be randomly assigned to two groups. One group would be exposed to a course with instruction for a second language every day during school, and the second group would not be allowed to take a second- language course. The principal of the school agreed to the study, but students were not aware of the purpose of the study. Which of the following is the most significant ethical concern in this study?

The students did not provide informed consent.

Researchers hypothesize that the older a baby is when it begins to crawl, the longer it will take the baby to stop exhibiting earlier rocking behaviors. The researchers go into the infant room of a day care center every day for six weeks. Every time a baby rocks, the researchers record it. They document which babies are already crawlers and at what age each started crawling. What will help the researchers with their investigation?

Their knowledge that rocking behavior develops before crawling behavior and that rocking behavior eventually goes away once crawling behavior begins

The graph provides evidence for which of the following aspects of language acquisition? Responses

There may be a critical period in learning a second language for the learner to achieve fluency.

Participants anonymously consented to an experiment where they would be classically conditioned to have a positive emotional response to advertisements for various products. In reality, the experimenter was attempting to see if subliminal messages in an advertisement influenced participant views on the product being advertised. Which of the following ethical guidelines might be of concern to an institutional review board (IRB) concerning this research? Responses

There might be more deception than is deemed appropriate.

Researchers conducted a study to investigate whether problem-solving abilities declined as subjects got older. They gave a large random sample of 20-year-old subjects a test with various problem-solving tasks. For the next 40 years, the researchers followed up every five years with the subjects and had them complete additional tests to gauge their problem-solving abilities. Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding this research?

This study will provide correlational results.

The table depicts the number of good behaviors that are reinforced for students in elementary classrooms. Group 1 is offered pizza or ice cream they can eat immediately when they demonstrate good behavior. Group 2 is offered a "good behavior ticket" for each good behavior that they can use to "purchase" pizza or ice cream at the end of the week. ClassroomGroup 1Group 2Classroom #1148Classroom #2134Classroom #3159Classroom #41310Classroom #5145 Which type of reinforcement has a larger range according to the data depicted in the table?

Token economy

Which of the following aspects of classical conditioning is demonstrated by Quadrant 1 in the figure?

Unconditioned response to an unconditioned stimulus.

Based on the graph, which schedule of reinforcement would a parent choose to create the fastest rate of learning in their child?

Variable Ratio

Which of the following operant conditioning concepts is an example of positive punishment?

While driving through the state of Mississippi, Lance was stopped for speeding and had to pay an expensive speeding ticket. As a result, he no longer goes over the speed limit when driving in Mississippi

Researchers were interested in seeing how quickly toddlers learned how to play with a new toy while interacting with one of their caregivers. They documented the number of interactions between toddlers and caregivers as they learned to play with the new toy. The researchers noted that caregivers from different cultures varied in the number of verbal statements spoken to the children to explain how to play with the toy. Which of the following concepts best describes the topic of the research study?

Zone of proximal development