Unit 3 Bio

Why does reducing the amount of fat in the diet have a greater impact on total Calories than reducing the amount of carbohydrates?

fat contains more energy than carbohydrates

The series of chemical reactions that takes place in the absence of oxygen and regenerates NAD+ is called _____.

fermentation

You eat a glucose-rich food. If you could follow the carbon atoms from the glucose molecules, where would you expect to see them?

first in the CO2 you breathe out, then in the CO2 that plants produce

How does the stomach enable the conversion of food to energy for the body?

food molecules breakdown into smaller subunits of sugars, glycerol, amino acids, and fatty acids

Which fuel source contributes to greenhouse gas production?

fossil fuels

What is the energy source used for ATP production during aerobic respiration in human cells?

glucose

The inputs for aerobic respiration are:

glucose and oxygen

_____ is a complex animal carbohydrate, which is made up of chains of glucose molecules that stores energy for short-term use.

glycogen

Excess Calories in a diet are stored as:

glycogen and fat

What is the first step in aerobic respiration?

glycolysis

What is the source of ATP produced during fermentation?

glycolysis

Which process occurs just prior to fermentation when oxygen is limited?

glycolysis

Which step of cellular respiration can happen in the absence of oxygen?

glycolysis

What is the order of steps in aerobic respiration?

glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport

Which end product is NOT associated with algae farming?

human food

Which of these organisms is NOT an autotroph?

humans

The energy of ATP is stored in the:

in the bonds between the phosphates

What is the BEST way to increase one's aerobic respiration?

increase moderate exercise

Which of these is considered an output of fermentation?

lactic acid

Aerobic respiration occurs in the:

mitochondria of all cells

How do cells enable the conversion of food to energy for the body?

Chemical bonds in sugars, amino acids and fatty acids break for energy storage as ATP.

The digestive process breaks food into four basic components. Which one yields the least amount of ATP by aerobic respiration?

nucleic acid

Which type of organic molecules store the LEAST energy per gram?

nucleic acids

Algae that glow at night are termed:

phosphorescent

What is the process by which plants produce food and oxygen?

photosynthesis

Chloroplasts are found in the cells of:

photosynthetic organisms.

What is the major problem with excess fat in the body?

Fat secretes hormones, causing a chronic inflammatory status.

Which type of organic molecules store the MOST energy per gram?

Fats and glycerol

How does the human body obey the conservation of energy principle?

Food energy converts to metabolic activities, movement, and heat, with the excess stored as fat.

What is the electron carrier that participates in both aerobic respiration and fermentation?

NAD/NADH

Does overeating explain the rising rates of obesity in the United States?

No. A decrease in daily activity enhances the effects of overeating on obesity

Which statement is TRUE regarding the kilocalorie?

One kilocalorie is equal to 1,000 calories.

Which statement is NOT one of the ways photosynthetic organisms help the world?

Processed photosynthetic organisms result in gasoline.

If reaction X is more efficient than reaction Y, what can be predicted in terms of energy?

Reaction Y will heat up the environment more than reaction X.

What does it mean to refer to NEAT as the "crouching tiger, hidden dragon" of societal weight gain?

The behaviors that lead to obesity may be both sneakier and more deadly than we ever imagined.

Once extracted, the oil that microalgae produce can be processed to make:

biodiesel fuel, gasoline, and jet fuel.

Glycolysis does what

breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate

What is NOT one of the adverse health effects that plague sedentary Americans?

bulimia

During fermentation, how does NADH give up electrons to regenerate NAD+?

by giving electrons to pyruvate

Animal movement requires a conversion of energy from:

chemical to kinetic energy

Which part of the plant is responsible for converting light energy to chemical energy?

chloroplast

When our bodies require energy, which sequence describes the correct order our stored energy is burned.

circulating glucose → glycogen → triglycerides

Where in the cell does fermentation occur?

cytoplasm

What is one lifestyle change that would reduce one's energy gap?

eating a few bites less at each meal

If a person wants to gain weight, which of these will contribute to the necessary Calorie imbalance?

eating more

Which step of aerobic respiration actually consumes oxygen?

electron transport

Which step of aerobic respiration generates the MOST ATP?

electron transport

Which statement is NOT a reason fermentation is unable to support human life

produces ethanol which is toxic to human cells

What is the third step in aerobic respiration?

electron transport chain

ATP breakdown in cells is accompanied by

release energy

What is the process in which living organisms convert food into useable energy?

aerobic respiration

In the presence of oxygen, humans use _____ to fuel ATP production; green plants use the process of _____ to produce energy.

aerobic respiration; photosynthesis

Which of these fuel sources requires the least amount of fertilizer to grow?

algae

Food is converted to ATP, which is the energy molecule used to power many cellular functions. Which component is NOT part of the ATP molecule?

amino acids

What does James Levine consider to be the MOST important thing a person could recognize regarding obesity?

amount of time spent sitting

Fat storage in humans is a way to:

store excess energy in an energy-dense form that minimizes body weight

What form of energy excites electrons in the first reaction of photosynthesis?

sun

What is the energy source plants use to carry out photosynthesis?

sunlight

What provides the energy for photosynthesis?

sunlight

What is meant by the term "energy gap"?

the degree of energy imbalance that has produced the obesity epidemic

Why do cells need ATP?

to power cell functions

What is the purpose of fermentation in Brewer's yeast?

to regenerate NAD+

Which molecule stores the MOST energy per gram?

triglycerides

Which activity is NOT considered a NEAT activity?

walking on a treadmill

The oxygen that we breathe in from plants is derived from:

water

Which of these is considered an output of aerobic respiration?

water

What is NOT one of the factors that determine how many Calories a person needs to eat in a day?

weight

How many ATPs are produced during fermentation?

2

The molecule that cells use to power energy-requiring reactions―the cell's "energy currency"―is:

ATP

aerobic respiration

Respiration that requires oxygen

A college student is trying to be healthy and Calorie conscious by making a lettuce and tomato sandwich for supper. After making the sandwich, the student decides it needs something extra. In the store, the student finds bacon (20 g of fat), lean chicken (20 g of protein), or sprouts (20 g of carbohydrates) that could be added to the sandwich. Which of these would provide the lowest Calorie count for the sandwich?

The sprouts or the chicken would add the fewest Calories.

What is NOT one of the issues with America's fuel resources?

There are no alternatives to petroleum.

In James Levine's overeating study, what was the difference between the volunteers who did not gain weight and those who did?

daily activities