Unit 3 Chapter 23,24,25

Ergogenic aids may help improve performance by each of the following mechanisms except: A. Increasing recovery time B. Reducing metabolic byproducts C. Stimulating the CNS D. Serving as a supplemental fuel

A. Increasing recovery time

The head is highly vascularized and accounts for about __________% of heat dissipation. A. 80-90 B. 30-40 C. 90-100 D. 70-80

B. 30-40

The clo unit is: A. An index of thermal resistance B. A unit of water vapor transfer C. A gauge of permeation efficiency D. A measure of wind speed

A. An index of thermal resistance

What substance potentiates insulin function? A. Chromium B. Creatine C. HMB D. Carnitine

A. Chromium

All of the following are correct about creatine supplementation except: A. Creatine is banned in training and in competition by the WADA. B. Early increases in body mass and lean body mass are due to water retention (increased hydration). C. Later increases in body mass and lean body mass are possibly due to increased protein synthesis (myosin heavy chain expression)and Type II fiber size, either directly stimulated by creatine or indirectly by enhanced training volume. D. A common creatine loading dose is 20 g·day-1 for 5-7 days followed by a maintenance dose of 2 g·day-1 E. A common creatine washout interval for crossover designs is 4 weeks

A. Creatine is banned in training and in competition by the WADA.

The primary stimulus for short-term and long-term adaptations to altitude is A. Decreased PaO2 B. Decreased PAO2 C. Increased PaO2 D. Increased PAO2

A. Decreased PaO2

Which of the following is not a perceived benefit of androstenedione supplementation? A. Decreasing HDL-C B. Rapidly repairing tissue injury C. Stimulating testosterone production D. Building muscle mass

A. Decreasing HDL-C

Despite general equivalence between groups, aging can affect thermoregulation in all of the following ways except: A. Greater thirst drive B. Limited sweat gland output C. Less active vasodilation once sweating begins D. Smaller release of vasomotor tone

A. Greater thirst drive

Which of the following supplements is banned by the WADA? A. Human growth hormone B. Bicarbonate C. Creatine D. Caffeine

A. Human growth hormone

Growth hormone does all of the following except: A. Increase amino acid breakdown B. Reduce glucose breakdown C. Stimulate bone and cartilage growth D. Enhance fatty acid oxidation

A. Increase amino acid breakdown

Cellular adaptations to long-term acclimatization to altitude include: A. Increased [2,3-DPG] B. Decreased Mb C. Decreased angiogenesis D. Increased diffusion distance

A. Increased [2,3-DPG]

Physiologic responses associated with amphetamine use include all of the following except: A. Increased amino acid release B. Increased blood pressure C. Increased cardiac output D. Increased breathing rate

A. Increased amino acid release

The risks associated with blood doping include: A. Increased blood viscosity B. Increased number of RBCs C. Impaired O2 transport D. Increased blood volume

A. Increased blood viscosity

What is the term used to describe adaptations produced in a controlled laboratory environment? A. Climatization B. Acclimation C. Acclimatization D. Adjustments

B. Acclimation

Clo values are adversely affected by all of the following except: A. Layers of stable trapped air that provide a thermal barrier B. Materials that resist wicking moisture away from the skin C. Wind speed D. Movement of clothing during cold-weather physical activity

A. Layers of stable trapped air that provide a thermal barrier

The hormone erythropoietin functions in all of the following ways except: A. Reducing oxygen availability to muscles B. Regulating blood cell production C. Synthesizing erythrocyte membrane proteins D. Combating anemia

A. Reducing oxygen availability to muscles

Aerobically trained athletes develop greater hyperthermic response to exercise, but their greater central efferent drive from the motor cortex to generate greater power may contribute to a greater risk of heat illness. A. True B. False

A. True

At present, no compelling scientific evidence exists that ginseng supplementation offers any ergogenic effect. A. True B. False

A. True

Blood doping by autologous reinfusion of frozen red blood cells or use of recombinant erythropoietin increases VO2max and endurance performance by increasing CaO2 and oxygen transport. A. True B. False

A. True

Breathing hyperoxic mixtures does not facilitate recovery from exercise or improve performance in a subsequent exercise bout. A. True B. False

A. True

Caffeine readily crosses the blood-brain barrier and reduced perception of effort. A. True B. False

A. True

Convection occurs via air or water adjacent to the skin. A. True B. False

A. True

DHEA occurs naturally, curtailing the FDA's control of it. A. True B. False

A. True

Decreases in SaO2 adversely affects sensory and cognitive functions in a manner directly related to increasing altitude. A. True B. False

A. True

During acclimatization, increases in plasma [norepinephrine] and [epinephrine] and rates of urinary catecholamine excretion are related to increases HR and blood pressure. A. True B. False

A. True

During hyperventilation, there is a decrease in the carbon dioxide level that increases the pH, making body fluids more alkaline. A. True B. False

A. True

During maximal exercise in the heat, the maximal cardiac output decreases. A. True B. False

A. True

Ephedrine has been banned by the US Food and Drug Administration as a weight-loss supplement and by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in competition, but it may still be used in training. A. True B. False

A. True

Glutamine counteracts the catabolic effects of cortisol and is metabolized by certain immune system components. A. True B. False

A. True

Heart rates are higher at all submaximal levels of exercise in the heat. A. True B. False

A. True

Humans possess much less capacity for adaptation to long-term cold exposure than to prolonged heat exposure. A. True B. False

A. True

In order to regulate pH, the kidneys begin to excrete HCO3- because of decreased PaCO2 due to hyperventilation that occurs early in acclimatization. A. True B. False

A. True

Individuals with an iron deficiency may not adapt to altitude as well as someone with adequate iron reserves. A. True B. False

A. True

Internal temperature, not the body's heat production, mediates the thermoregulatory response to cold. A. True B. False

A. True

Multiple thin layers of dry clothing provide the most effective thermal barrier to ambient cold. A. True B. False

A. True

Somatotropin is another name for human growth hormone. A. True B. False

A. True

The body produces more DHEA than all other known steroids. A. True B. False

A. True

The most common malady associated with altitude is acute mountain sickness. A. True B. False

A. True

The two factors that account for an increase in the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity during altitude exposure are: A. An initial increase in plasma volume followed by an increase in erythrocytes and hemoglobin synthesis. B. An initial decrease in plasma volume followed by an increase in erythrocytes and hemoglobin synthesis. C. An initial increase in plasma volume followed by a decrease in erythrocytes and hemoglobin synthesis. D. An initial decrease in plasma volume followed by a decrease in erythrocytes and hemoglobin synthesis

B. An initial decrease in plasma volume followed by an increase in erythrocytes and hemoglobin synthesis.

Women acclimatize to heat __________ men. A. Better than B. As well as C. Significantly better than D. Not as well as

B. As well as

Select the incorrect statement regarding submaximal and maximal exercise response at altitude compared to sea level. A. A lower VO2max at altitude results in a standard workrate being a higher percent of altitude-specific VO2max. B. At a standard workrate, VE /VO2, is lower at altitude compared to sea level. C. SaO2 is lower at altitude compared to sea level. D. HR and Q in response to a standard submaximal work rate are higher at altitude compared to sea level

B. At a standard workrate, VE /VO2, is lower at altitude compared to sea level.

Heat leaves the body by all of the following mechanisms except: A. Water vaporization B. Circulation C. Conduction D. Convection

B. Circulation

Which of the following is not an effect of dehydration on performance? A. Decreased circulatory capacity B. Decreased heart rate C. Decreased endurance D. Increased rectal temperature

B. Decreased heart rate

Ingesting large quantities of bicarbonate prior to aerobic exercise results in all of the following except: A. Greater lactate tolerance B. Decreased renal functioning C. Improved endurance D. Increased pH

B. Decreased renal functioning

A depletion phase is required in order to optimize muscle [glycogen] following glycogen supercompensation. A. True B. False

B. False

Ambient air in mountainous regions is usually warm and moist. A. True B. False

B. False

An aerobically trained subject will accomplish more work requiring a greater metabolic cost with more heat production and have a higher core temperature compared to an untrained subject. A. True B. False

B. False

Breathing hyperoxic air after a high intensity exercise bout facilitates recovery from exercise and improves performance in a subsequent high intensity exercise bout while breathing ambient air. A. True B. False

B. False

Exposure to altitude up to ~3,000 m drastically reduces SaO2. A. True B. False

B. False

Fluid loss coincides with an increased plasma volume. A. True B. False

B. False

Football and cycling helmets similarly impair thermoregulation during hyperthermic exercise A. True B. False

B. False

Prolonged exposure to high altitude increases fat-free mass, fat mass, and total body mass. A. True B. False

B. False

The optimal rehydration solution for a marathon is water. A. True B. False

B. False

The use of DHEA is permitted in training and in competition by the World Anti-Doping Agency. A. True B. False

B. False

Various forms of ginseng have consistently been reported to improve oxidative metabolism. A. True B. False

B. False

Prolonged high-altitude exposure increases lean body mass. A. True B. False

B. False *reduces

A large change occurs in oxyhemoglobin saturation with oxygen at altitudes ≤3000 m above sea level. A. True B. False

B. False >*

Sweat sodium concentration increases during repeated heat exposure. A. True B. False

B. False Decreases*

Oral temperature accurately measures core temperature after strenuous exercise. A. True B. False

B. False Rectal*

Women experience the largest decrease in VO2max with altitude exposure. A. True B. False

B. False Smaller*

Elevated estradiol level caused by steroid use may result in males developing excessive mammary glands, a condition called: A. Peliosis B. Gynecomastia C. Glycolosis D. Acromegaly

B. Gynecomastia

What is the most serious heat-related medical condition resulting in the need for immediate medical attention? A. Heat exhaustion B. Heat stroke C. Heat strain D. Heat cramps

B. Heat stroke

All of the following are perceived effects of glycerol supplementation except: A. Increased sweating B. Higher exercise heart rate C. Reduced fluid in brain D. Expanded body fluid volume

B. Higher exercise heart rate

According to research, what is the most effective time to ingest either protein or carbohydrates to augment hormonal response to resistance training? A. Just before going to sleep B. Immediately after the workout C. First thing in the morning D. Three hours before the workout

B. Immediately after the workout

Growth hormone does all of the following except: A. Reduce glucose breakdown B. Increase amino acid breakdown C. Enhance fatty acid oxidation D. Stimulate bone and cartilage growth

B. Increase amino acid breakdown

Physiologic responses associated with amphetamine use include all of the following except: A. Increased breathing rate B. Increased amino acid release C. Increased cardiac output D. Increased blood pressure

B. Increased amino acid release

What organ plays a role in controlling ventilatory induced alkalosis? A. Liver B. Kidneys C. Lungs D. Pancreas

B. Kidneys

Pre-performance warm-up should improve performance because of all of the following except: A. Increased blood flow B. Lower oxygen use by muscles C. Lower viscous resistance in muscle D. Increased core temperature

B. Lower oxygen use by muscles

Select the correct statement regarding the effects of dehydration and rehydration on thermoregulation. A. The endurance athlete can tolerate dehydration of over 3 percent of body mass without adverse effects on performance. B. The best performance strategy during hyperthermic endurance exercise is to minimize dehydration through exogenous consumption of either water for activities ≤ 60 minutes or a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution for longer durations. C. Dehydration only affects extracellular fluid. D. Optimal evaporative cooling can occur without adequate rehydration.

B. The best performance strategy during hyperthermic endurance exercise is to minimize dehydration through exogenous consumption of either water for activities ≤ 60 minutes or a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution for longer durations.

β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation is purported to do all of the following except: A. increase cell membrane integrity by increasing cholesterol de novo biosynthesis B. increase muscle damage and muscle breakdown with intense physical effort C. stimulate the mTOR cell signaling pathway leading to protein synthesis D. reduce exercise-induced muscle cell disruption (DOMS)

B. increase muscle damage and muscle breakdown with intense physical effort

Increased heat production during cold exposure results partly from epinephrine and norepinephrine excreted from the: A. Medulla oblongata B. Pituitary C. Adrenal medulla D. Thyroid

C. Adrenal medulla

Blood doping may improve performance by all of the following except: A. Increasing blood volume B. Increasing the number of RBCs C. Decreasing blood flow velocity D. Improving O2 transport

C. Decreasing blood flow velocity

The greatest contribution to cold defense is provided by: A. Shivering B. Basal metabolism C. Exercise energy metabolism D. Clothing barrier

C. Exercise energy metabolism

Which of the following statement is incorrect regarding acclimatization. A. Acclimatization refers to the physiological adaptations to actual exposure to altitude. B. Short-term acclimatization includes increased stimulation of the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups on the medulla oblongata to produce hyperventilation. C. Exposure to moderate altitude provides full acclimatization to higher altitudes. D. Longer-term acclimatization includes decreased plasma volume and polycythemia. E. Acclimatization results in a decrease in Qmax and VO2max.

C. Exposure to moderate altitude provides full acclimatization to higher altitudes.

To compensate for fluid loss during exercise, an athlete should consume: A. Water only B. Fluid volume until thirst is quenched C. Fluid volume similar to that lost via sweating and urine formation D. Sports drinks only

C. Fluid volume similar to that lost via sweating and urine formation

The recommendation for training in reference to altitude is to: A. Train at altitude but live low B. Train at higher altitudes and live at higher altitudes C. Live high-train low D. Train at higher altitudes

C. Live high-train low

The gender difference in sweating is that: A. Women sweat longer B. Women lose more sodium C. Men sweat more D. Women sweat more

C. Men sweat more

Select the incorrect statement about the potential anabolic effects of nutrient supplementation and timing. A. Increased glucose may stimulate an increase in protein balance via insulin-mediated uptake of amino acids. B. Ingestion carbohydrate, protein and other nutrients in close proximity to an exercise session has been reported to facilitate muscle repair and growth. C. Polyunsaturated fatty acids have been reported to stimulate an increase in testosterone. D. Glucose supplementation has been reported to decrease [3-methylhistidine] and [urea nitrogen] which are markers of skeletal muscle degradation. E. Carbohydrate loading can significantly increase muscle [glycogen] and aerobic performance greater than 60 min.

C. Polyunsaturated fatty acids have been reported to stimulate an increase in testosterone.

The condition polycythemia is an increase in: A. Urine output B. Lactate C. Red blood cells D. Plasma volume

C. Red blood cells

The time required to adapt to altitude depends on: A. Dietary conditions B. Daily temperatures C. Terrestrial elevation D. Previous sea-level exposure

C. Terrestrial elevation

Select the correct statement below. A. Evaporative heat loss from sweating is not affected by increased relative humidity of the ambient air. B. The human body can tolerate greater increases in core temperature than reductions in core temperature. C. The hypothalamus plays a critical role in the regulation of core temperature. D. Sweat is hypertonic compared to plasma and interstitial fluid. E. The cardiovascular system plays a minimal role in thermoregulation

C. The hypothalamus plays a critical role in the regulation of core temperature.

What is the primary method utilized for drug detection? A. Interrogation B. Blood sample C. Urine sample D. Lie detection test

C. Urine sample

Exercise in the heat stimulates the release of arginine vasopressin in an effort to conserve: A. Magnesium B. Calcium C. Water D. Potassium

C. Water

Immediately upon ascent to altitude, a greater reliance on anaerobic glycolysis with altitude hypoxia increases lactate accumulation. Hyperventilation in response to reduced PaO2 results in alkaline blood (reduced PaCO2). The kidneys excrete HCO3- in an attempt to reestablish acid-base balance. The resulting lower base excess decreases both the critical buffering capacity and the workrate for lactate accumulation. After weeks of hypoxic exposure the same submaximal and maximal effort produces lower [HLa]. The fact that [HLa] decreases when it should increase is known as A. onset of blood lactate accumulation B. lactate threshold C. lactate paradox D. ventilator threshold

C. lactate paradox

What facilitates the ability of hemoglobin to release oxygen? A. Increased PO2 B. Cooler temperatures C. Alkaline environments D. 2,3-DPG

D. 2,3-DPG

All of the following are related to the lactate paradox except: A. Decreased central drive from the motor cortex. B. A decrease in epinepheine secretion which in turn decreases the enzyme cascade to concert inactive glycogen phosphorylase to active glycogen phosphorylase C. A decrease in [ADP] which decreases the activity of phosphofructokinaae and other glycolytic enzymes. D. A decrease in [lactate] in response to a standard workrate early in acclimatization followed by an increase in [lactate] in response to the same work rate later in acclimatization. E. Decreased recruitment of Type IIb motor units

D. A decrease in [lactate] in response to a standard workrate early in acclimatization followed by an increase in [lactate] in response to the same work rate later in acclimatization.

An altitude type of environment is often created for an athlete at sea level by: A. Extended breath-holding B. Scuba diving C. Training on a high building D. A hypobaric chamber

D. A hypobaric chamber

What is an intermediate hormone between DHEA and testosterone? A. HMB B. Estradiol C. Estrogen D. Androstenedione

D. Androstenedione

Select the incorrect information about caffeine supplementation. A. As an adenosine A1 receptor blocking agent, caffeine increases [3'-5'-cAMP]. B. Caffeine may improve neuromuscular function by lowering the threshold for motor unit recruitment and facilitating nerve transmission. C. Caffeine has been reported to improve perceived exertion to a standard workrate. D. Caffeine increases fatty acid mobilization and β-oxidation and spares muscle glycogen. E. Higher caffeine doses do not increase its ergogenic effect.

D. Caffeine increases fatty acid mobilization and β-oxidation and spares muscle glycogen.

Which of the following supplements has the largest body of research supporting an ergogenic effect? A. Pyruvate B. Medium-chain triacylglycerol C. Chromium D. Creatine

D. Creatine

Long-term adjustments to altitude include all of the following except: A. Acid-base adjustments B. Increased synthesis of red blood cells C. Increased norepinephrine D. Decreased hemoglobin

D. Decreased hemoglobin

Excessive hormone production during skeletal growth may result in: A. Acromegaly B. Hypopituitarism C. Dwarfism D. Gigantism

D. Gigantism

Animals born and raised at high altitudes have __________ than sea-level counterparts. A. Larger lungs B. More type II fibers C. Fewer mitochondria D. Higher capillary density

D. Higher capillary density

Fluid loss due to dehydration results in all of the following except: A. Lower plasma volume B. Depressed skin blood flow for a given core temperature C. Reduced stroke volume D. Increased Q E. Decreased circulatory and hemoregulatory efficiency in exercise

D. Increased Q

Altitude creates physiologic challenges by decreasing: A. Ventilatory drive B. The fractional oxygen content C. Total barometric pressure D. PaO2

D. PaO2

Which of the following clothing materials blunt evaporative cooling? A. Coolmax B. Polypropylene C. Cotton D. Plastic

D. Plastic

What is the exchange of heat energy through electromagnetic waves that does not require molecular contact? A. Conduction B. Convection C. Evaporation D. Radiation

D. Radiation

To exercise at the same relative intensity at altitude as at sea level, one must: A. Wear an oxygen tank B. Increase the absolute workload C. Perform earlier in the morning D. Reduce the absolute workload

D. Reduce the absolute workload

In heavy exercise in the heat with accompanying dehydration, __________ blood diverts to the skin for heat dissipation. A. Equal amounts of B. Relatively more C. No D. Relatively less

D. Relatively less

What is the primary method utilized for drug detection? A. Lie detection test B. Blood sample C. Interrogation D. Urine sample

D. Urine sample

The rate of blood appearance of exogenous fluid consumed during hyperthermic exercise is affected by all of the following except: A. Gastric emptying and intestinal absorption B. Large volume of fluid consumed C. Carbohydrate concentration (6-10%) and osmolality (20-30 mEq·liter-1 Na+ ; 2-5 mEq·liter-1 K+) D. Warm beverage temperature

D. Warm beverage temperature

The following are immediate adjustments to 2300 m altitude exposure except: A. decreased PaO2 B. increased ventilatory drive C. increased heart rate, cardiac output, and blood flow at rest and during submaximal exercise D. polycythemia and increased [2,3-DPG]

D. polycythemia and increased [2,3-DPG]

Select the correct statement regarding the physiological effects of hyperthermic exercise. A. Lower stroke volume results from loss of plasma volume during prolonged hyperthermic exercise B. Higher heart rates do not fully compensate for lower stroke volume to maintain cardiac output. C. Cutaneous circulation will be compromised during intense hyperthermic exercise in order to preserve muscle blood flow and blood pressure. D. Sweat that does not evaporate does not contribute to evaporative heat loss. E. All of these statements are correct

E. All of these statements are correct

Select the incorrect information about sodium bicarbonate supplementation. A. Sodium bicarbonate enhances the effectiveness of the H2CO3/HCO3- buffer system. B. The typical dose is 300 mg·kg body mass-1consumed 1-3 hours prior to exercise. C. Bicarbonate loading is most effective in improving high intensity activities 30-120 sec in duration or repetitive high-intensity interval exercise. D. The use of sodium bicarbonate is not banned in training or in competition by the WADA. E. Bicarbonate loading decreases pre-exercise pH and [HCO3-].

E. Bicarbonate loading decreases pre-exercise pH and [HCO3-].

Increased CaO2 in response to long-term acclimatization is due to all of the following except: A. Increasesd release of erythropoietin B. Increased red blood cell production C. Increased [Hb] D. Increased Hct E. Increased plasma volume

E. Increased plasma volume