UNIT 3: CULTURAL PATTERNS AND PROCESSES

What is Cultural landscape?

"built landscape," physical imprint a culture makes on the environment. Carl Sauer - culture leaves a unique fingerprint on their space

Centripetal 1 Religion: 2 Ethnicity: 3 Language:

1.) - Islam in the Middle East - Roman Empire Catholicism - Confucianism in China 2.) - Ethnocentrism can be positive if it brings a nation together 3.) - English as the official language - Mandarin in China

Centrifugal 1 Religion: 2 Ethnicity: 3 Language:

1.) - Northern Ireland religious conflict - Buddhism in SE Asia - Israel vs. Palestine 2.) - Cyprus - Turks vs. Greek 3.) - French in Quebec (Canada) - 500+ languages in Nigeria

Top Religions in the World

1.Christianity 2.Islam 3.Hinduism 4.Buddhism 5.Sikhism

Top universalizing religions

1.Christianity 2.Islam 3.Buddhism 4.Sikhism 5.Baháí

Top Ethnic Religions

1.Hinduism 2.East Asia (Confucianism, Shintoism, Daoism) 3.Judaism 4. Animism

What are the effects of the diffusion of culture?

Acculturation, assimilation, syncretism, and multiculturalism are effects of the diffusion of culture.

What are cultural landscapes

Are combinations of physical features, agricultural and industrial practices, religious and linguistic characteristics, evidence of sequent occupancy, and other expressions of culture including traditional and postmodern architecture and land use patterns.

What helps shape the use of space in a given way?

Attitudes toward ethnicity and gender, including the role of women in the workforce; ethnic neighborhoods; and indigenous communities and lands

What helped shape patterns and practices of culture? What led to the diffusion of English worldwide? What dos Christianity and Roman Catholicism demonstrate? How did Buddhism spread and Islam spread?

Colonialism, imperialism, and trade helped to shape patterns and practices of culture. Colonization and imperialism of England led to the diffusion of English worldwide. Other languages (Portuguese in Brazil, Spanish in Central and South America) show the influence of colonialism and imperialism of European powers Christianity and Roman Catholicism (South America) demonstrate the legacy of colonialism and imperialism Spread of Buddhism from India to China through trade, the spread of Islam through trade in the Middle East

What processes do cultural ideas and practices change trough? What is communication technologies causing?

Cultural ideas and practices are socially constructed and change through both small-scale and large-scale processes such as urbanization and globalization. These processes come to bear on culture through media, technological change, politic, economics, and social relationships. Communication technologies, such as the internet and time-space convergence, are reshaping and accelerating interactions among people; changing cultural practices, as in the increasing use of English and the loss of indigenous languages; and creating cultural convergence and divergence.

ethnic religion

Definition: Appeals primarily to one group of people living in one place Origin: Unknown or unclear origins Not tied to historic individuals Diffusion: Typically remain clustered in one location. Found near the hearth, maybe spread through relocation diffusion Holy places: Derive from distinctive physical environment, such as mountains, rivers or rock formations

Universalizing Religion

Definition: Attempt to be global, to appeal to all people wherever they may appear in the world Origin: Precise places Based on events in life of a man Diffusion: Diffused from their specific hearth to other regions of the world. Spread through expansion diffusion and relocation diffusion Holy Places: Cities and other places associated with the founder's life

How would a cultural relativism and ethnocentrism react to this situation. someone eating dried crickets

Ethnocentrism = fried crickets are disgusting! ! Cultural relativism: Why do some cultures eat fried insects?

3 Types of Expansion Diffusion

Hierarchical diffusion: spread of an idea from person or nodes of authority or power to other person or places Contagious diffusion: rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population. Stimulus diffusion: spread of an underlying principle even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse

What is non-material culture?

Human creations, such as values, norms, knowledge, systems of government, language, and so on, that are not embodied in physical objects

What are cultural traits?

Include such things as food preferences, architecture and land use.

What can interactions between and among cultural traits and larger global forces lead to?

Interactions between and among cultural traits and larger global forces can lead to new forms of cultural expression, for example, creolization and lingua franca.

What is cultural relativism?

Is the idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another. Refers to not judging a culture to our own standards of what is right or wrong, strange or normal. Instead, we should try to understand cultural practices of other groups in its own cultural context

What diffuses from cultural hearths? Where can diffusion of language families, including Indo-European, and religious patterns and distributions be represented on?

Language families, languages, dialects, world religions, ethnic cultures, and gender roles diffuse from culture hearths. Diffusion of language families, including Indo-European, and religious patterns and distributions can be visually represented on maps, in charts and toponyms, and in other representations.

What helps create centripetal and centrifugal forces?

Language, ethnicity, and religion are factors creating centripetal and centrifugal forces.

Toponym

Name given to a place. Can reflect language (Southern California/Spanish) or religion (Saints)

Hinduism

Origin: - India Diffusion: - Mostly in India Landscape Features: - Shrines and temples - cremation - Ganges River

Buddhism

Origin: - India - Siddhartha - Guatama Diffusion: - East Asia - Southeast Asia Silk Road - Almost extinct in India where it was founded Landscape Features: - Pagoda Bodhi tree in India

Islam

Origin: - Mecca - Muhammed Diffusion: - Spread quickly Fastest growing today Landscape Features: - Mosque - Geometric patterns

Sikhism

Origin: - Pakistan Diffusion: - Northern India, global diaspora today - US, Canada - UK, former British colonies Landscape Features: - Golden temple

Christianity

Origin: - Israel - Jesus Christ Diffusion: - Expansion and relocation - Roman Empire - European Missionaries Landscape Features: - Prominent cathedrals Use most land for burial - gravestones

Judaism

Origin: - Palestine - Abraham Diffusion: - Diaspora scattered Landscape Features: - Synagogue - Six-pointed star

What contributes to a sense of place, enhance place making and shape the global cultural landscape?

Regional patterns of language, religion and ethnicity contribute

What impacts how widespread a religion diffuses? How do universalizing religions spread? How do ethnic religions spread?

Religions have distinct places of origin from which they diffused to other locations through different processes. Practices and belief systems impacted how widespread the religion diffused. Universalizing religions, including Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Sikhism, are spread through expansion diffusion and relocation diffusion. Ethnic religions, including Hinduism and Judaism, are generally found near the hearth or spread through relocation diffusion.

Types of diffusion

Relocation and expansion - including contagious, hierarchical, and stimulus expansion - are types of diffusion.

Centrifugal forces

That pull people apart. o Multiple languages, ethnicities or religions can cause conflict and pull people apart

Ladaptive diffusion

adopting a trait that is impractical for a region or culture Example: wearing blue jeans, fast food, cars

Globalization

force or process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide. Causes the scale of the world to shrink

Cultural imperialism

invasion of a culture into another with the intent of dominating the invaded culture

Multiculturalism

more that one culture existing in same vicinity. The policy of maintaining a diversity of ethnic cultures within a community. Example: New York City is an example of a multicultural society.

Cultural landscape definition

o Built environment o Outcome of interactions between humans and their natural environment o The forms superimposed on the physical environment by the activities of humans

Global dominance of English

o English is the lingua franca: language of international communication and commerce o More than 90% of students in the EU learn English in middle of high school o Many countries teaching English as a way to participate in global affairs o Dominance of English on the Internet

Loss of indigenous languages

o Indigenous culture and languages threatened by globalization o Governments can try to preserve languages through policies that establish it is an official language. o Electronic communications, internet, and media communications can benefit indigenous languages by broadcasting them more or recording them for eternity

Expressions of culture on the cultural landscape

o Physical features (Adobe mounds, built walls, structures that reflect religion) o Agriculture and industrial practices o Religious (temples, holy bodies of water, cemeteries, pagodas) o Linguistic (legacy of colonialism, Spanish, English colonies around the world) o Buildings, artwork, music are examples of cultural elements woven into cultural landscape

diffusion

process by which a feature spreads across space

Creolization

referring to the process by which elements of different cultures are blended together to create a new culture.

Relocation Diffusion

spread of an idea through the physical movement of people from one place to another

placemaking

strengthening the connection between people and the places they share, placemaking refers to a collaborative process by which we can shape our public realm in order to maximize shared value.

Centripetal forces

that bring people together o One, unifying language, ethnicity or religion can unit people together

Cultural appropriation/misappropriaton

the adoption of elements of one culture by members of another culture

What is material culture?

the art, housing, clothing, sports, dances, foods, and other similar items constructed or created by a group of people

Syncretism

the blending of cultural traits from two different cultures into a new trait. In religions, the combining of different beliefs, while blending practices of various schools of thought.

Sense of place

the emotions someone attaches to an area based on their experiences. The study of why certain places hold special meaning to particular people or animals. - Places said to have a strong "sense of place" have a strong identity that is deeply felt by inhabitants and visitors. State of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with a certain character

Cultural homogenization

the more that cultures interact, the more that their values, ideologies, behaviors, arts, and customs will start to reflect each other.

Sequent occupancy

theory that a place can be occupied by different groups of people, and each group of people leaves its imprint on the place from which the next group learns

Cultural divergence

two cultures become increasingly different

Acculturation

two cultures come into contact and weaker one adopts some of new more dominant traits

Assimilation

weaker culture's traits replaced by more dominant culture

What is Ethnocentrism?

you use your own culture as the center and evaluate other cultures based on it. You are judging, or making assumptions about the food of other countries based on your own norms, values, or beliefs.

Lingua Franca

a language of international communication

Placelessness

The loss of uniqueness of a place due to globalization

What is cultural compromises?

The shared practices, technologies, attitudes, and behaviors transmitted by a society.

Cultural convergence

Two cultures adopt each other's traits and become more alike