Unit 3: Early Republic, Expansion, & Reform (SSUSH 6 & 7)
Second Great Awakening
A Christian revivalist movement (1790-1820) that featured large revival meetings where zealous preachers expressed their ideas to the American public which sparked social reformation such as the Temperance Movement, Women's suffrage and the Anti-Slavery Abolitionist Movement.
Sacajawea
A Native American woman who proved an indispensable guide to Lewis and Clark during their expedition. She showed the men how to forage for food & helped them maintain good relations with tribes in the Northwest.
Nullification Crisis
A US sectional political crisis in 1832-33, during the presidency of Andrew Jackson, which involved a confrontation between South Carolina and the federal government. It ensued after South Carolina declared that the federal Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and therefore null and void within the sovereign boundaries of the state.
Battle of New Orleans
A battle in 1815 between American and British troops for control of New Orleans, ending in an American victory. The last major battle.
Non-intervention in Europe
A foreign policy that holds that political rulers should avoid alliances with other nations but still retain diplomacy and avoid all wars unless related to direct self-defense.
Jacksonian Democracy (Age of Jackson)
A movement for more democracy in American government in the 1830s. Led by President Andrew Jackson, this movement championed greater rights for the common man and was opposed to any signs of aristocracy in the nation.
Era of Good Feelings
A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party (democratic-republican) and no partisan conflicts.
Manifest Destiny
A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
A pioneer in the women's suffrage movement, she helped organize the first women's rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848.
Star Spangled Banner
A poem written by Francis Scott Key during the War of 1812 was set to music and adopted by Congress in 1931 as the national anthem of the United States.
William Lloyd Garrison
A prominent abolitionist of the nineteenth century. In his newspaper, The Liberator, he called for immediate freedom for the slaves and for the end of all political ties between the northern and southern states.
Whiskey Rebellion
A protest caused by tax on liquor; it tested the will of the government; Washington's quick response showed the government's strength and mercy.
Industrial Revolution
A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.
Alien and Sedition Act
A series of laws, passed during the presidency of John Adams, that sought to restrict the public activities of political radicals who sympathized with the French Revolution and criticized Adams's Federalist policies. These laws made it a crime to criticize the government and its Federalist policies.
National Identity (nationalism)
A strong feeling of pride in & devotion to one's country
War of 1812
A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier.
Henry Bernard
An American educationalist and reformer of the common school movement. He was the first United States Commissioner of Education (1867-1870), & in this position he laid the foundation for the subsequent work of the Bureau of Education.
Monroe Doctrine
An American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers.
Eli Whitney
An American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged.
Erie Canal
An artificial waterway connecting the Hudson river at Albany with Lake Erie at Buffalo; supported by New York Governor *Dewitt Clinton*
Democratic-Republicans
An early political party headed by Thomas Jefferson; stood for less centralized government. Stood for state's rights and against expanding the powers of the federal system.
Universal male suffrage
Before 1800, the right to vote was limited to white male property owners or taxpayers, resulting in political control resting in the hands of the elite. President Andrew Jackson pushed expanded voting rights to all white males.
The American System
Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.
Horace Mann
Education Reform leader- "Father of American Public Schools"
Treaty of Ghent
Ended the War of 1812 and maintained prewar conditions.
Frederick Douglass
Escaped slave and great black abolitionist who fought to end slavery through political action the greatest of all abolitionists. Author of the North Star newspaper.
Meriwether Lewis & William Clark
Explorers sent out to explore the recently purchased Louisiana Territory. Sent by President Thomas Jefferson the expedition produced extensive maps of the area and recorded many scientific discoveries, greatly facilitating later settlement of the region and travel to the Pacific coast.
James Monroe
He was the 5th President of the United States. He is the author of the Monroe Doctrine. Proclaimed that the Americas should be closed to future European colonization and free from European interference in sovereign countries' affairs. It further stated the United States' intention to stay neutral in European wars.
XYZ Affair
Incident in which French agents demanded a bribe and loan from the US diplomats in exchange for discussing an agreement the French privateers would no longer attack American ships; led to an undeclared war between US and France.
Indian Removal Act
Law passed in 1830 that forced many Native American nations to move west of the Mississippi River. During Andrew Jackson's Presidency.
Abolitionist Movement
Movement to abolish slavery
George Washington
No official political party. A Virginian who began as a commander and chief in the Revolutionary War and becomes the 1st President of the US.
George Washington's Farewell Address
Not to be entangled with foreign wars and to stay away from political parties.
Temperance Movement
Reform movement begun in the 1800's that fought to ban alcohol in the U.S. This movement led to the passage of the 18th Amendment in 1920.
Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions
Republican documents that argued that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional. First attempt by a state to nullify a law.
Grimke Sisters
Sarah & Angelina radical activists in the abolitionist movement. Father was a slave owner Wrote a book exposing slavery in the south thought slavery was a sin.
Tecumseh
Shawnee leader who attempted to organize an Amerindian confederacy to prevent the loss of additional territory to American settlers. He became an ally of the British in the War of 1812 and died in battle.
Henry Clay
Speaker of the House of Representatives and political leader from Kentucky. Persuaded Congress to adopt the Missouri Compromise. He developed the American System to improve the infrastructure of the US.
Worcester v. Georgia
Supreme Court case regarding Cherokee rights to land in the United States. The court ruled that the states did not have the right to impose regulations on Native American land. Although Pres. Andrew Jackson refused to enforce the ruling.
Marbury V. Madison
The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall & his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the US Constitution and thus establishing Judicial Review.
Andrew Jackson
The 7th President of the United States, who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans. As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.
Impressment
The British practice of taking American sailors from American ships and forcing them into the British navy; a factor in the War of 1812.
Louisiana Purchase
The U.S., under Jefferson, bought the land west of the Mississippi river from France, under the rule of Napoleon, in 1803. The U.S. paid $15 million for the land, and Napoleon gave up his empire in North America. The U.S. gained control of Mississippi trade route & doubled its size.
States' Rights
The belief that an individual state may restrict federal authority.
Seneca Falls Conference
The first major meeting to discuss equal rights for women in the US, wrote Declaration of Sentiments-drafted after the Declaration of Independence, laid out womens' demands.
War Hawks
The nationalist members of Congress who strongly supported war with Great Britain on the eve of the War of 1812; included Henry Clay & John C. Calhoun.
Presidential Election of 1800
The only election in US history where there was a tie between two presidential candidates Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr. It was also the first time that political power was transferred peacefully from one party to another. As a result of this election, the 12th Amendment was added to the Constitution in 1804. It made it compulsory for electors to reveal their choice for the President and Vice President while voting, so as to avoid a tie between candidates for both offices.
Women Suffrage
The struggle for the right of women to vote and run for office.
Jay's Treaty of 1793
US and Great Britain signed this document, which sought to settle outstanding issues between the two countries that had been left unresolved since American independence. The agreement proved to be unpopular with the american public but, did accomplish the goal of maintaining peace between the two nations and preserving US neutrality.
Nat Turner
United States slave and insurrectionist who in 1831 led a rebellion of slaves in Virginia.
John Adams
Vice President under Washington and the 2nd president to the US. A well known Federalist. He was responsible for passing the Alien & Sedition Acts.
Lucretia Mott
Women's rights supporter who helped organize the Seneca Falls Convention.
Thomas Jefferson
Wrote the Declaration of Independence, becomes the 3rd President of the United States , and the leader of the Democratic-Republicans. One of his biggest accomplishment during his presidency is the Louisiana Purchase.
Infrastructure
the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g., buildings, roads, and power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.
