Unit 3 Expansion and Reform
James Madison
"Father of the Constitution". His proposals for an effective government became the Virginia Plan, which was the basis for the Constitution. He was responsible for drafting most of the language of the Constitution.
Erie Canal
A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.
Underground Railroad
A system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada
Protective Tariff
A tax on imported goods that is intended to protect a nation's businesses from foreign competition
Susan B. Anthony
Activist for civil rights and most importantly the women's suffrage movement. Leader of Seneca Falls Convention. She was a co founder of the women's temperance movement.
Nat Turner
Led a revolt in Virginia 1831, killed 60 people(mostly women and children). This scared the Southerners because it was the first really violent action of the slaves. As a result slave codes were made stricter.
Sectionalism
Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole
Temperance
Movement to decrease the amount of alcohol consumed
Popular Sovereignty
Notion that the people of a territory should determine if they want to be a slave state or a free state.
Harriet Beecher Stowe
She wrote the abolitionist book, Uncle Tom's Cabin. It helped to crystallize the rift between the North and South. It helped to bring about the Civil War.
The Second Great Awakening
Wave of religious revivals around 1800 that encouraged a culture of evangelicalism responsible for an upswing in prison reform, the temperance cause, the feminist movement, and abolition.
John Brown
Well-known abolitionist. used violence to stop slavery immediately, involved in the Pottawatomie Massacre, he was tried, convicted of treason and hung... he became a martyr.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.
Monroe Doctrine
(1823) President James Monroe's statement forbidding further colonization in the Americas and declaring that any attempt by a foreign country to colonize would be considered an act of hostility
The Liberator
(1831-1865) Antislavery newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison, who called for the immediate emancipation of all slaves.
Trail of Tears
(1838-39) an 800-mile forced march made by the Cherokee from their homeland in Georgia to Indian Territory, west of the Mississippi River.
War of 1812
(JM), 1812-1815, Resulted from Britain's support of Indian hostilities along the frontier, interference with American trade, and impressments of American sailors into the British army (Leopard on Chesapeake) (1812 - 1815), Embargo Act
Seneca Falls Convention
(Women's Suffrage) meeting of women in New York in which women demanded equal rights ,especial the right to vote(did not get the right o vote till much later)
Harriet Tubman
(c.1820-1913) American abolitionist who escaped slavery and assisted other enslaved Africans to escape; she is the most famous Underground Railroad conductor and is known as the Moses of her people.
Thomas Jefferson
3rd President of the United States , He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States.
Andrew Jackson
..., The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.
Fugitive Slave Act
1) ALL citizens must help return runaway slaves from North to South 2) No trial by jury for slaves 3) Fine for aiding runaway slave --> growth of anti-slavery movement in North
James K. Polk
11th President of the United States from Tennessee; committed to westward expansion; led the country during the Mexican War; U.S. annexed Texas and took over Oregon during his administration
Abraham Lincoln
16th President of the United States -- southern states secede because of his election. Prez during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)
John Marshall
1755-1835. U.S. Chief Supreme Court Justice. Oversaw Marbury v Madison and McCulloch v. Maryland, created the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power, especially the supreme court
Louisiana Purchase
1803 - The U.S. purchased the land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains from Napoleon for $15 million. Jefferson was interested in the territory because it would give the U.S. the Mississippi River and New Orleans (both were valuable for trade and shipping) and also room to expand.
William Lloyd Garrison
1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.
Embargo Act
1807, US stopped all foreign trade, trying to remain neutral. Led to the War of 1812 with England
Impressment
British policy practiced in the early 1800s whereby the British boarded American ships in search of British naval desserts, whom they would force back into service. Many times natural born Americans were also taken. Helped spark the War of 1812.
Dred Scott v. Sanford
1857 Supreme Court decision that stated slaves were not citizens: slaves were property no matter where they were living and the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional
Lincoln-Douglas Debate
1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported popular sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate
Nullification
A legal theory that a state in the US has the right to invalidate any federal law that the state deems unconstitutional. John C Calhoun was the foremost proponent.
Manifest Destiny
A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.
Abolition(ist)
A reformer who favors abolishing slavery
Frederick Douglas
A self-educated slave who escaped in 1838, Douglas became the best-known abolitionist speaker. He edited an anti-slavery weekly, the North Star.
Bleeding Kansas
A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.
Eli Whitney
American inventor of the cotton gin
Stephen Douglas
American politician from Illinois who developed the method of popular sovereignty as a way to settle slave state or free state. He helped passed the compromise of 1850 as well as giving the states the choice with popular sovereignty.
Spoils system
Andrew Jackson's practice of rewarding his political supporters with government jobs.
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel showing the horrors of slave life, made instant success and made people want to join abolition
Cotton Gin
Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. It removed seeds from cotton fibers. Now cotton could be processed quickly and cheaply. Results: more cotton is grown and more slaves are needed for more acres of cotton fields
McCulloch v Maryland
Supreme court ruling that defended federal power by denying a state the right to tax a federal bank
Lewis and Clark
Two explorers sent by the president to explore the Louisiana Purchase
Marbury v. Madison
established concept of judicial review, first time supreme court declared something 'unconstitutional'
