unit 3 history
What were the religious and political implications of Luther's reforms?
According to Luther, German rulers should be the reformers of the Church because the Church was weak to do it by itself. He also attacked the Church about indulgences and other corruptions that were going on.
What are the characteristics of humanism?
Characteristics of humanism include anatomy, classicism, nature, realism, reason and learning, religion, individualism, youth, and perspective.
What groups influenced the Renaissance humanists the most?
Greeks and Romans
What was Luther's core theological premise?
He mainly disagreed with the selling of indulgences in the church and then later on added ideas of "salvation by faith alone" and how to live as our savior Christ did.
What is humanism?
Humanism was a study first done in the renaissance. instead of learning only about god and religion, people, for the first time, started to just think about ourselves as people. Instead of being focused on the church, humanism focused more on the people. They celebrated life, human potential, and achievement.
Where was Lutheranism most successful in the 16c?
Lutheranism was most successful in Prussia, present-day Germany, and Flanders, present-day Belgium.
How did the church initially react to the printing and dissemination of Luther's 95 Theses in Wittenberg?
Pope Leo X excommunicated him from the church.
What were the basic beliefs of the Anabaptists?
The believed in adult baptism, sharing of worldly goods. Put down violently. Re-emerged much later as Amish, Mennonites.
What were the political, economic, and social/cultural legacies of the "Two Reformations?
The two most important developments in the European economy during the Reformation were the rise in prices and the shift from trade centered on the Mediterranean to one centered on the Atlantic. Also significant was the creation of money markets and in general an increasing sophistication in business practices.
Martin Luther
a German monk and priest who started the Renaissance by writing his 95 theses
consistory
a group of city leaders monitored the citizens
95 theses
a list of Martin Luther's beliefs and complaints about the corruption of church
Edict of Worms
addressed Martin Luther and the effects of the Protestant Reformation. It was conducted from 28 January to 25 May 1521, with Emperor Charles V presiding.
Machiavelli
an importance Renaissance writer who focused on how leaders should conduct themselves in this time period.
printing press
an invention that allowed for greater spread of literacy and literature
List the major beliefs of John Calvin.
denied the authority of the church argued that God grants his grace to whomever he chooses, regardless of individual behavior rejected alliances with the government
Edict of Nantes
guaranteed conditional religions freedom to Calvinists in France
Elizabeth I of England
half sister of mary, protestant, never married despite many suitors, compromised between Roman and Protestant doctrines, church of england, kept theology, got rid of pope
Act of Supremacy
made Henry VIII the head of the church, resulted in people taking an oath to recognize Henry VIII's divorce and accepting the king as the head of England's church
Pope Paul III
moved to counter some of the problems. Established a commission, examined doctrines and practices, focused on education of young and all Christians
list his major ideas/beliefs
priests were not needed to mediate between humans and God only God had the power to absolve people of their sins Church shouldn't have as much power of the individual conscience doubted if sacraments were important there shouldn't be indulgences
Catholic (Counter) Reformation
the period of Catholic revival beginning with the Council of Trent (1545-1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648), which is sometimes considered a response to the Protestant Reformation.
Purgatory
the place in between heaven and hell. People would pay to get their family or friends out of purgatory and into heaven.
What were the provisions of the Peace of Augsburg of 1555?
the ruler of a province can choose a religion to believe in
vernacular
the use of a common or native language instead of a classical language
To where did Calvinism spread throughout the 16c?
Calvinism spread widely in Western and central Europe, and in New England, without the patronage of any political authority.
Why did they have such a strong appeal in Germany?
the bible was translated into german by Luther
indulgences
the church sold these for money, supposedly can reduce your time in purgatory after death
predestination
the idea that God has chosen very few people to save called the "elect"
Jesuits
this order was known as the "Society of Jesus" instrumental for creating institutions of learning
Who was Martin Luther?
A pious German monk who lived in a monastery in Wittenberg and taught in the university there. Thought that the church claimed too much power over individual conscience. His Ninety-five Theses objected to indulgences, doctrine of papal supremacy. What aspects of Luther's personality and experience contributed to his reforming zeal? He could easily stand up for what he believed in. Since he strongly disagreed with some of the church's beliefs, he easily rejected them and started his own, separate section of the church.
Huguenots
French Protestants who followed John Calvin and were prosecuted during Bartholemew's Day Massacre
What did Henry VIII do to the property of the Catholic Church once he was excommunicated by the Pope?
He stripped the Church of all its property, land, Churches, monasteries, and schools.
How did Henry VIII's marital difficulties lead to a break with Rome and the creation of an independent Church of England?
Henry wanted a divorce and the pope would not let him. Henry was desperate for a male heir and removed the pope as head of the church in england and declared himself Head of the Church in England.
When and how did the Church of England become more Protestant?
In the reign of Elizabeth the first , she was a protestant and wanted everybody to be protestant instead of roman catholic like the queen before her.
Henry VIII
Inherits the throne at age 18, Well educated and Renaissance man Marries his sister-in-law Catherine of Aragon (daughter of King and Queen of Spain), Wants divorce and splits from the Church
What was its purpose?
It was governed by a General Congregation with satellite congregations. Missionaries belonging to the Jesuit Order were able to travel the world with the blessing of the Pope.
What were the primary goals of the Council of Trent?
Its main object was the definitive determination of the doctrines of the Church in answer to the heresies of the Protestants; a further object was the execution of a thorough reform of the inner life of the Church by removing the numerous abuses that had developed in it.
Who was John Calvin?
John Calvin spoke of justification by faith alone and of the supremecy of individual conscience.
Institutes of the Christian Religion
John Calvin's seminal work on Protestant systematic theology, part of Calvinism.
Although there had been heretics and reformers in the Catholic Church before Martin Luther, none had threatened the unity of the church. What were the social, economic, and political conditions in Germany that contributed to the enormous success of Lutheranism?
Luther acquired a following among those disgusted by rampant church corruption and unfulfilled by mechanistic religious services. Also the printing press helped spread the new message
95 Theses
Martin Luther's disputation on the power and efficacy of indulgences. It said that repentance is for everyone, not just a few people. Also said that selling indulgences was wrong. Thought that people should not talk about indulgences in a good way. Said that the gospel was what saves you. Said that if you make God mad, the pope cannot get you out of it. Said that bishops cannot pay for offices.
Describe the counter-reformation that took place during this time
Pope Paul III moved to counter some of the problems. He established a commission, examined doctrines and practices, and focused on the education of young and all Christians. Jesuit Order organized to win back believers. Society of Jesus started by Ignatious Loyola. Win back the hearts and minds of the people through education.
Why did Henry VIII's break with Rome have so much support from the English people?
Princes in Germany were supportive because they wanted to separate from the church so that they could gain power. They gave him the idea of separating from the church. Luther was planning on just changing the beliefs of the church, not separating. Also the church had a high tax on land in Germany and the princes were sick of it. So they thought that if Luther separated from the church they would not have to pay that tax anymore.
Anne Boleyn
Queen of England from 1533 to 1536 as the second wife of Henry VIII of England. Henry's marriage to Anne made her a key figure in the political and religious upheaval that was the start of the English Reformation.
How did Ignatius Loyola organize the Jesuit order?
Society of Jesus as founded by St Ignatius Loyola and the constitutions as designed by Juan de Polanco had, as its main purpose, the goal to share the Gospel of the Church of Rome with the world.
Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
Started by Ignatious Loyola. Win back hearts and minds of the people through education.
Renaissance state
State was political organism independent of the ruler, if the ruler dies the state will continue with a new leader. State has 3 essential attributes: legitimacy, sovereignty, and territory. Royalty was only the servant, protector of the state. New style of monarchy with only one goal.
What were the differences in interpretation of the two terms--Catholic Reformation and Counter-Reformation?
The Counter Reformation is generally seen as the Roman Catholic reaction to the Protestant reformation; primarily via the Council of Trent. The Catholic Reformation was the intellectual counter-force to Protestantism.
St. Ignatius of Loyola
started the Jesuit order to win back the hearts and minds of the people through education
What was life like in Calvin's Geneva under his Ecclesiastical Ordinances?
The city government retained the power to summon persons before the court and the Consistory could judge only ecclesiastical matters having no civil jurisdiction
Why do you think that they were labeled the "radicals" of the Protestant Reformation movement?
The early Anabaptists taught that Christians, as much as possible, should keep themselves separate from the world. They admitted that in this present life some kind of government is necessary, but they taught that believers should have no part in it. Consequently, according to them, a Christian should not hold government office because this involved "the use of the sword," should not be soldier, should not take an oath, and should not sue in the courts.
How did the development of the printing press contribute to the Renaissance?
The press was able to translate any book into different languages so anyone could learn it. It increased literacy and made reading not just for scholars, but also for the common people.
How were they different?
They were different because Luther believed faith was the only prerequisite to heaven and Calvin demanded works as well. Luther believed in definite hierarchy of authority within a state church. Calvin insisted on moral independence of the church from state. Lutheranism in German-speaking countries; Calvinism became an international religion.
How were they similar to Luther's beliefs?
They were similar because he also denied the authority of the church and thought that anyone can go to heaven.
The Prince
a book written as a political handbook on how rulers can gain and keep power
Inquisition
a group of institutions within the judicial system of the Roman Catholic Church whose aim was to "fight against heretics"
Council of Trent
a meeting of Catholic leaders resulting in the decision to not change the Catholic church's ideas in the light of Protestantism
Baroque
a period of artistic style that used exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, architecture, literature, dance and music.
Machiavelli
a political strategist who believed that the ends always justified the means
Catherine of Aragon
daughter of King and Queen of Spain, marries Henry VII but gets a divorce. Peasants' War (1524-1525)- a widespread popular revolt in the German-speaking areas of Central Europe, 1524-1525. It failed because of the intense opposition of the aristocracy, who slaughtered up to 100,000 of the 300,000 poorly armed and poorly led peasants and farmers. The survivors were fined and achieved few if any of their goals.
Peace of Augsburg
ended German civil war and divided land according to religion, allowed German princes to practice the religion of choice in their own provinces
List the major positions taken by the Council of Trent on dogma and church reform.
examined doctrines, goals of the church and defined what Catholics believed Church's interpretation of the bible was final other interpretations are hersey bible and church tradition will guide your Christian life indulgences =valid expression of faith
Council of Trent
examined doctrines, goals of the church and defined what Catholics believed, Church's interpretation of the bible was final, other interpretations are hersey, faith + good works = salvation, bible and church tradition will guide your Christian life, indulgences = valid expression of faith Peace of Augsburg- a treaty between Charles V and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League on September 25, 1555, at the imperial city of Augsburg. It officially ended the religious struggle between the two groups and made the legal division of Christendom permanent within the Holy Roman Empire. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre- in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations, followed by a wave of Roman Catholic mob violence, during the French Wars of Religion.
Erasmus
formulated and popularized the "reform program" (the philosophy of christ)
Erasmus
plea for simple virtues, inner nature of Christianity, forerunner of Protestant Reformation
Charles V
ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and of the Spanish Empire from 1516 until his voluntary retirement and abdication in favor of his younger brother Ferdinand I as Holy Roman Emperor and his son Philip II as King of Spain in 1556.
