Unit 3 Quiz
Robert Owen
(1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed. Utopian socialist who improved health and safety conditions in mills, increased worker's wages and reduced hours. Dreamed of establishing socialist communities the most notable was New Harmony (1826) which failed.
Oath of the Tennis Court
1789, the members of the French Estates-General for the Third Estate, who had begun to call themselves the National Assembly, took the Tennis Court Oath, vowing "not to separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the kingdom is established." It was a pivotal event in the early days of the French Revolution.
Benjamin Disraeli
A British Prime Minister, parliamentarian, Conservative statesman and literary figure. Only Prime Minister of Jewish heritage. He played an instrumental role in the creation of the modern Conservative Party after the Corn Laws schism of 1846. Leader of the British Tory Party who engineered the Reform Bill of 1867, which extended the franchise to the working class. Added the Suez Canal to English overseas holdings.
June Days
A French revolt during the month of June as a result of the abolishment of national workshops. This event ended the liberal capitalist and the radical socialists tension ending in victory for liberalism and Capitalism. Also with the June Days it led to having a new constitution demanding a strong executive, which led to the rise of Louis Napoleon.
Charles Fourier
A leading utopian socialist known for his work, Theory of Four Movements, who envisaged small communal societies in which men and women cooperated in agriculture and industry, abolishing the private property and monogamous marriage as well (1772-1837)
Triple Entente (France, Russia, England)
A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I. Est. 1907.
Franco-Russian Alliance
A military alliance between the French and the Russians, undermined German supremacy, they remained allies until 1917. Est. 1894.
Guiseppe Mazzini
A political nationalist in Italy in the mid 1800's. He started a group called Young Italy that promoted independence from Austrian and Spanish rule and the establishment of an Italian national state. By the mid nineteenth century, Young Italy had inspired the development of nationalist movements in other countries besides Italy, such as Ireland, Switzerland and Hungary.
Bessemer Process
A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities. Bessemer invented a process for removing air pockets from iron, and thus allowed steel to be made. This made skyscrapers possible, advances in shipbuilding, construction, etc. Patented in 1856.
National Assembly
After the Estates General met, the Third Estate demanded more representation. When it was denied, they formed a legislative body, along with a few members of the first and second estate, known as the National Assembly. They made an oath to write a new Constitution for France and to reform the administrative, constitutional, and economic state of the country. Their members were the main leaders and driving force of the revolution.
Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon III)
After the February Revolution in Paris in 1848, Louis Napoleon was elected President in France simply on the basis of name recognition among the newly enfranchised voters. He soon declared himself Emperor Napoleon III. France prospered under him for two decades.
Entente Cordial ("friendly understanding" - France and England)
Agreements between England and France that stopped the ongoing small conflicts between the nations and started a regime of peace that still exists, stopped the disagreements over colonial expansion in Africa and ceded Fashoda to England. The 1904 "gentlemen's agreement" between France and Britain establishing a close understanding.
A Vindication of the Rights of Women
An essay by Mary Wollstonecraft, disagreeing with Rousseau, saying women's education should not be secondary to men and they need education (just like men) to become virtuous and useful
Loose alliance
Articles of confederation
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Became ruler of Germany in 1888 and dramatically changed Germany's foreign policy. He wanted to show the world how mighty Germany had become and did not want to share his power with anyone. He let Germany's treaty with Russia lapse in 1890, which allowed Russia to form a defensive military alliance with France. Next, Wilhelm began a shipbuilding program in order to make the German navy equal to the British fleet. This led Britain to form an alliance with France. Emperor of Germany during World War I.
Dual Alliance (Austro-German for Mutual Defense)
Bismarck's (Germany's) secret treaty with Austria which provided for support if attacked by Russia. 1879
Wealth of Nations, 1776
British philosopher and writer Adam Smith's 1776 book that described his theory on free trade, otherwise known as laissez-faire economics.
William Gladstone
British statesman, was originally a Tory but gradually left behind his conservative views and became the leader of the Liberal party, believing in state enterprise and less state intervention; in his first term as prime minister, he abolished tariffs, cut defense expenditures, lowered taxes, and sponsored sound budgets; he disestablished the Anglican church in Ireland and allowed free religion there; reformed the army so that commissions can't be purchased and only training and merit can justify future advancements; reformed civil service system by separating political influence from seniority; introduced secret ballot; passed an education act that made elementary schooling available for everyone; chopped wood for relaxation.
Otto von Bismarck
Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire. Unified Germany (Franco-Prussian war) Was a Realpolitik
Whig Party
Conservative party who wanted to go back to the constitutional monarchy
Essay on the Principles of Population, 1798
Essay in which Thomas Malthus states that the food supply can not grow to support the growing population. The only solution he gives is to stop having so many children. (1798)
Saint Simon
Established Christian values with scientific thought and socialist utopianism. Women were given equality and many working class women made a newspaper for the emancipation of women
Garden City Movement
Founded by Ebenezer Howard, it advocated the construction of new towns separated from each other by open country that would provide rec. areas, fresh air, and a sense of community.
Laissez faire
Free trade. The idea that government should refrain from interfering in economic affairs. The classic exposition of laissez-faire principles is Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations (1776).
Marquis de Lafayette
French aristocrat and military officer who fought in the American Revolutionary War. A close friend of George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and Thomas Jefferson, Lafayette was a key figure in the French Revolution of 1789 and the July Revolution of 1830.
Robespierre
French lawyer and politician. He was one of the best-known and most influential figures associated with the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror. advocate for the poor and democratic institutions
Napoleon Bonaparte
French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars
Gottlieb Daimler
German engineer and automobile manufacturer who produced the first high-speed internal combustion engine.
Second Republic
Government established in France from 1848-1852, After the 1848 revolution in France, which caused Louis-Philippe to flee, this government system was put in place by revolutionists and guaranteed universal male suffrage. Louis-Napoleon (later known as Napoleon III), nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, was overwhelmingly elected president, and France enjoyed a period of stability and prosperity. This government was later overthrown in yet another coup d'etat.
Iron law of Wages
Iron Law of Wages Proposed principle of economics that asserts that real wages always tend, in the long run, toward the minimum wage necessary to sustain the life of the worker. David Ricardo.
Guiseppe Garibaldi
Italian general, politician and nationalist who played a large role in the history of Italy.[1] He is considered, with Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and Giuseppe Mazzini, as one of Italy's "fathers of the fatherland".
Risorgimento
Italian nationalist movement; after 1848, the leadership passed to the kingdom of Sardinia, which included Piedmont, Nice, and Savoy as well as the island of Sardinia. Its leader wanted to join other states to his own, thereby increasing his power. "Renewal, to be born" movement in Italy to recreate a strong, unified Italian nation-state
Camillo di Cavour
Italian statesman and a leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification.[4] He was one of the leaders of the Historical Right, and Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, count of Cavour
The Sorrows of Young Werther
John Wolfgang Von Goeth. Story about a man who happy with nature and rural life, but commits suicide when the woman he loves marries someone else.
national workshops
Largely just for the purpose of creating work, they built roads and fortifications for low wages. The poor harvests and bad economy made them more popular, and by June of 1848, 120,000 were in the workshops, and 80,000 still wanted to join. France after revolution.
Reform Bill of 1832
Legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britain. Gave vote to all men who paid ten pounds in rent a year; eliminated the rotten boroughs.
The Organization of Work
Louis Blanc
La Belle Epoque
Means the "Beautiful Era" and refers to the turn of the century France when peace and prosperity in Paris allowed the arts to flourish. Sometimes referred to as the "golden age."
Corn Laws
Repealed in 1846. They had imposed a tariff on imported grain and were a symbolic protection of aristocratic landholdings
Michael Bakunin
Russian revolutionary. He was part of the Young Hegelians (along with Marx). He worked alongside Marx for some years. However, Marx later had him expelled from a group they were both a part of (First International). This late-19th-century Russian revolutionary is often regarded as the father of anarchist theory -- He rejected all governing systems as oppressive, advocating a society in which free workers would collectively control the means of production -- He broke with the Marxists because he believed that they would simply become the new oppressors following their proletariat revolution.
Repeal of the Corn Laws
The Anti-Corn Law League sought to repeal the legislation because this change would lead to lower food prices, which would allow lower wages (w/o harming workers). In turn, the prices on British manufactured goods could also be lowered to strengthen their competitive position in the world market. The legislation was repealed in 1846. The repeal marked an era of free trade that continued until late into the century.
The Sick Man of Europe
The Ottoman Empire in the 19th century that was victim of Europe picking away at it, frequent revolts, and economic depression.
Three Emperor's League (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia)
The first alliance that Bismarck established which was Germany Austria-Hungary and Russia. 1873
Reichstag
The parliament of Germany before 1945 (and the name of its building). Previously the general assembly of the Holy Roman Empire, and later the North German Confederation. After 1949 it was replaced with the current German parliament, the Bundestag.
Waterloo
The site of Napoleon's defeat by British and Prussian armies in 1815, which ended his last bid for power.
William I (Wilhelm I )
Under the leadership of William and his Minister President Otto von Bismarck, Prussia achieved the unification of Germany and the establishment of the German Empire. William held strong reservations about some of Bismarck's anti-Catholicism and tough handling of subordinates. William was described as polite, gentlemanly, and while a staunch conservative, more open to certain classical liberal ideas than his grandson Wilhelm II.
Dechristianization
When the state began to question the Church and turned against it in France, didn't last long
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
a law passed on 12 July 1790 during the French Revolution, that caused the immediate subordination of the Catholic Church in France to the French government. document released by the National Assembly that completely transformed the Catholic Church in France, making it a mere branch of the secular state. The clergy from now on would be elected by the people and paid by the state.
Concordat of 1801
an agreement between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII, sought national reconciliation between revolutionaries and Catholics and solidified the Roman Catholic Church as the majority church of France
Jacobins
democratic club established in Paris in 1789. The Jacobins were the most radical and ruthless of the political groups formed in the wake of the French Revolution, and in association with Robespierre they instituted the Terror of 1793-4.
Committee of Public Safety
formed the de facto executive government in France during the Reign of Terror, had broad supervisory powers over military, judicial, and legislative efforts. Killed civilians "for their own good"
Estates-General
legislative and consultative assembly of the different classes of French subjects, no real power and acted as an advisory body for the king
Franco-Prussian War
major war between the French and the Germans in 1871 that brought about the unification of Germany. It was caused by Otto Von Bismarck altering a telegram from the Prussian King to provoke the French into attacking Prussia, thus hoping to get the independent German states to unify with Prussia (which they did, thus creating Germany).
The Fall of the Bastille
occurred in Paris, France, on the afternoon of 14 July 1789. The medieval fortress, armory, and political prison in Paris known as the Bastille represented royal authority in the center of Paris. The prison contained just seven inmates at the time of its storming but was a symbol of abuses by the monarchy; its fall was the flashpoint of the French Revolution.
abbe Sieyes, the Third Estate
political pamphlet written in January 1789, shortly before the outbreak of the French Revolution, by the French thinker and clergyman Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
Edwin Chadwick
public health official who wrote reports on the poor living conditions of the cities and believed that poverty was caused by illnesses. An inspector for the Poor Law of 1834 who, from his collected reports, concluded that disease was related to filthy conditions (believed in the miasmatic theory); his report became basis of Britain's first public health law.
Civil Code of 1804
the French civil code established under Napoleon I in 1804. The code forbade privileges based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and specified that government jobs should go to the most qualified.
sans-culottes
the common people of the lower classes in late 18th century France, a great many of whom became radical and militant partisans of the French Revolution in response to their poor quality of life under the Ancien Régime
National Convention
the third government of the French Revolution, Created after the great insurrection of 10 August 1792, it was the first French government organized as a republic, abandoning the monarchy altogether. suspended Louis XVI
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
written by the National Assembly, proclaiming that all men were "born and remain free and equal in rights." The natural rights were "liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression," and the government existed to protect those rights. It pointed out the abuses of the old monarchial and aristocratic regime, but could also be applied to other European countries.
Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen (Olyme de Gouges)
written in 1791 by French activist, feminist, and playwright Olympe de Gouges in response to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. By publishing this document, de Gouges hoped to expose the failures of the French Revolution in the recognition of sex equality, but failed to create any lasting impact on the direction of the Revolution. She was executed
realpolitik
"realistic politics," practical politics, ends justified the means, power more important than principles.
On Liberty
a philosophical work by the English philosopher John Stuart Mill, originally intended as a short essay. The work, published in 1859, applies Mill's ethical system of utilitarianism to society and the state