Unit 3
synovial joints
A clear fluid lubricates
is composed primarily of a nonliving extracellular material, which is located between the cells.
A connective tissue differs from an epithelial tissue in that connective tissue
epidermis; dermis
A fluid-filled blister develops when excessive rubbing of the skin causes the ________ and ________ to separate from each other.
tissue.
A group of cells that are similar in structure and work together to perform a common function are referred to as a(n)
the activity of muscle cells
A myogram is a recording of
tissue composed of several layers of flat cells resting on a basement membrane
A student in a histology class was asked to describe the structure of a stratified squamous epithelium. Which one of the following is the best description?
simple squamous
A student is describing the tissue that makes up the walls of the alveoli in the lungs. It appears that these walls are composed of flattened cells arranged in a single layer to facilitate gas exchange. Which one of the following terms best describes this tissue?
an enlarged knob
A typical long bone has an epiphysis at each end, which can be thought of as
zygomatic
A young man is brought to an emergency room; his diagnosis is a broken cheek bone. Which one of the following bones has been affected?
serving as an endocrine organ, secreting several different hormones
All of the following are functions of bone EXCEPT which one?
mineral (calcium, phosphorus) storage
All of the following are functions of cartilage EXCEPT which one?
The troponin and tropomysin must slide relative to each other, shortening the sarcomere
All of the following are necessary for contraction to occur EXCEPT which one?
muscle
All of the following are types of connective tissue EXCEPT which one?
Myofibrils shorten
All of the following occur during the latent period of muscle contraction EXCEPT which one?
The sinuses add weight and bulk to the skull and facial bones, strengthening them
All of the following statements about the sinuses are TRUE EXCEPT which one?
small or no increases in concentration due to weak responses by acetylcholine receptors
An individual with the condition of myasthenia gravis is faced with an autoimmune disorder in which the body defenses attack acetylcholine receptors on muscle cells. What would be the expected effect on calcium levels near contractile proteins, following the arrival of an electrical impulse at those neuromuscular junctions?
4, 1, 3, 2, 5
Arrange in the proper sequence the following events as they occur in the ossification of a long bone. 1. Chondroblasts die, and the surrounding matrix breaks down. 2. Osteoblasts secrete osteoid. 3. Blood vessels transport osteoblasts into the area to be ossified. 4. Chondroblasts create a model of long bones from cartilage. 5. Osteoblasts become osteocytes.
isotonic contractions
As part of your fitness training, you do biceps curls lifting two 10-lb weights. The muscle contractions enabling these movements are
transport calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
At the end of the contractile period, energy from the breakdown of ATP is used to
ligaments
Bones are connected to other bones across a joint by
a growth plate is present in each epiphysis until the late teens.
Bones continue to lengthen throughout childhood and adolescence because
weight-bearing exercise increases bone mass and strength
Bones of trained athletes may be visibly thicker and heavier than those of nonathletes because
negative feedback
Calcium levels in the body are maintained by hormones. If the blood calcium level rises above a set point, calcitonin is secreted by the thyroid gland and sets into motion responses to lower the blood calcium back to the set point. If the blood calcium level falls below a set point, the parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone that sets into motion responses to raise the blood calcium. These homeostatic responses are examples of
all cardiac muscle is under involuntary control.
Cardiac muscle differs from skeletal muscle in that
release of acetylcholine by a neuron terminating at the neuromuscular junction
Contraction of a skeletal muscle cell is initiated by the
glycogen
During a marathon, runners use up ATP and glucose early in the race. Which energy source is generally used next for producing more ATP?
clavicle
Each of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton EXCEPT which one?
skeletal system
Each of these organ systems is involved in the homeostatic regulation of body temperature EXCEPT which one?
activity of chondroblasts
Even before organs begin to form, rudimentary versions of the shapes of bones begin to form in a fetus due to the
bind to the protein troponin
Following electrical stimulation of a muscle cell, calcium functions to
Taking deep breaths
Following intense exercise, the human body attempts to overcome oxygen debt by
secrete mucus in the digestive tract
Goblet cells are critical to the movement of food in the body because they
Deviations from a desired condition are automatically detected and counteracted.
In a negative feedback system, which one of the following statements is TRUE?
Cartilage is found where support under pressure is required
In characterizing cartilage, which one of the following is CORRECT?
Smooth and cardiac muscle do not fatigue, whereas skeletal does fatigue
In comparing all three major muscle types, which one of the following statements best describes the differences between them?
Cardiac muscle requires periods of relaxation, whereas smooth muscle is always in a state of partial contraction
In comparing smooth and cardiac muscle, which one of the following best describes the differences between the two muscle types?
actin and myosin
In order for a muscle contraction to occur, cross-bridges must form between which one of the following structures within a muscle cell?
tight junctions
In regions of the human body that must precisely control what enters or exits tissues, which one of the following is(are) present to ensure adjacent cells are packed close together?
antagonistic
In the lower leg, the gastrocnemius muscle bends the foot away from the knee, as in pointing one's toes. The tibialis anterior muscle flexes the foot toward the knee. These two muscles are
mandible and maxilla
In which of the following bones are the teeth anchored?
between the vertebrae
In which one of the following locations would one expect to find cartilage?
between the lower ribs and sternum
In which one of the following locations would one find a cartilaginous joint?
eye muscles
In which one of the following would one expect to find motor units made up of only a few muscle cells?
contain gap junctions that allow the signal to spread quickly through cardiac muscle cells
Intercalated discs
O2
Muscle cells produce lactic acid when they have an inadequate supply of
creatine phosphate
Once a muscle cell has depleted its small supply of ready-made ATP, what will it use next for energy?
osteoclasts; osteoblasts
Osteoporosis is a common condition that essentially results when homeostasis cannot be maintained in ________ and ________.
the fibrous connective tissue sheath that surrounds the fascicles of the muscle
Plantar fasciitis is an inflammation of the fascia within the sole of the foot, resulting in foot and heel pain. What is a fascia?
during the process of childbirth (labor)
Positive feedback control occurs
synergistic
Skeletal muscle groups that work together to create the same movement are referred to as
provide protection from dehydration.
Skin functions to
promote the rapid penetration of the electrical impulse deep into the cell
T, or transverse, tubes in skeletal muscle function to
diaphragm
The abdominal cavity is separated from the thoracic cavity by the
3, 1, 5, 4, 2
The following events are associated with muscle contraction. Which one of the following best describes the order in which these events occur, following the initiation of a contraction by a nerve impulse? 1. T tubules transmit electrical impulses throughout the muscle cell. 2. Myosin contacts actin and pulls it toward the center of the sarcomere. 3. Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the muscle. 4. Troponin-tropomyosin complex shifts to expose myosin binding sites. 5. Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
glucose
The primary energy source used by muscle cells to generate ATP is
epithelial
The tissue lining the mouth, organs of the digestive system, and inner surfaces of the lungs is classified as
stem cell
The type of cell responsible for the production of red and white blood cells in bone marrow is the
smooth
The type of muscle responsible for involuntary contractions of the stomach is ________ muscle
distal
The wrist is located ________ to the elbow.
smooth
Vasoconstriction is a term that refers to the contraction of muscle in the walls of the blood vessels, thus causing the diameter of the blood vessel to decrease. Which one of the following types of muscle would be involved in this contraction?
connective tissue
What general type of tissue is characterized by few cells, separated by a nonliving extracellular matrix?
no cells, the basement membrane is an acellular structure, composed of protein
What kind of cells make up the basement membrane?
callus
When a bone breaks, a ________ forms until later being replaced with bone.
there is an increase in the secretion of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction
When an electrical impulse traveling along a motor neuron arrives at a neuromuscular junction
hyoid bone
Which bone is frequently broken when someone dies of deliberate strangulation?
lifting weights
Which one of the following activities would fast-twitch fibers be most useful for?
organs
Which one of the following are structures in the body that are composed of two or more different tissue types joined together to perform a specific function?
phalanges
Which one of the following bones articulates with the metatarsal bones?
osteoarthritis
Which one of the following disorders of the skeletal system results from the "wearing out" of the cartilage that covers the ends of bones?
transport
Which one of the following functions is associated with one type of connective tissue?
Osteoblasts convert cartilage to bone in the injured area
Which one of the following is TRUE regarding bone repair?
Endocrine glands produce and secrete hormones
Which one of the following is TRUE regarding endocrine glands?
Melanocytes and keratinocytes are two skin cell types that are prevalent in the dermis
Which one of the following is TRUE regarding skin?
synovial membrane
Which one of the following is a tissue membrane positioned in thin cavities between bones in movable joints?
tightening of abdominal muscles while sitting
Which one of the following is an example of an isometric contraction?
releases its products into a duct
Which one of the following is characteristic of an exocrine gland but NOT of an endocrine gland?
moves an object or part of the skeleton
Which one of the following is characteristic of an isotonic muscle contraction but not an isometric muscle contraction?
presence of gap junctions
Which one of the following is characteristic of cardiac and smooth muscle, but not skeletal muscle?
basement membrane
Which one of the following is found directly beneath the cells of an epithelial tissue?
sweat gland
Which one of the following is found in the dermis?
the actin and myosin filaments
Which one of the following is found within a sarcomere?
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
Which one of the following is the correct classification of vertebrae, from the skull to the pelvis?
aerobic respiration of glucose
Which one of the following is the most efficient long-term source of ATP for muscle cells?
phalanges, metacarpals, carpals, radius and ulna, humerus
Which one of the following lists the bones of the arm from the fingertips to the shoulder joint?
mucous
Which one of the following membranes lines the airways and digestive tract?
intervertebral disks
Which one of the following separates neighboring vertebrae and also functions as shock absorbers?
Compact bone covers the ends of the bone and forms the shaft, and spongy bone is inside the ends, under the compact bone
Which one of the following statements CORRECTLY describes the location of compact bone and spongy bone?
All muscles shorten when they contract
Which one of the following statements correctly describes activities of muscles?
The insertion is pulled toward the origin during contraction.
Which one of the following statements correctly describes the origin and insertion of a muscle?
Stem cells responsible for the production of blood cells are located in red bone marrow
Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding bone?
Fibrous joints present at birth between bones of the skull develop into sutures in the adult
Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding fibrous joints?
They support and protect neurons
Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding glial cells?
It causes the breakdown of bone
Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
All muscle cells in a muscle have the same origin and insertion
Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding the structure of a muscle?
nervous
Which one of the following tissues can respond to the environment by generating electrical signals?
adhesion junction
Which one of the following types of junctions in an epithelium allows the tissue to stretch and bend, as in the epithelium of the skin?
elastic connective tissue
Which one of the following types of tissues surrounds hollow organs that change shape or size regularly?
loose areolar tissue
Which one of the following wraps around, supports, and holds organs in proper position within the body?
muscle-fascicle-muscle fiber-myofibril-thick filament
Which sequence lists the structures from largest, most inclusive, to smallest?
muscle
Which type of tissue is able to contract?
dense connective tissue
Which type of tissue is characteristic of ligaments and tendons?
