Unit 3:Computer Hardware and Software

select two other types of primary storage

1-Cache and on-board memory 2-CD and DVD 3-Flash drive and hard drive (Cache and on-board memory are high-speed memory and are considered primary storage since they are internal and easily accessed by the CPU.)

bytes each consist of

8 bits

single character=______ bits

8 bits

Extensible markup language (XML)

A computer language similar to HTML, makes it easier to exchange, validate, store, and interpret data between a variety of applications and systems.

Head Tracking

A display device, worn on the head, with a small display in front of each eye.

Grid computing

A form of supercomputer constructed from many smaller systems that have been connected together.

Mainframe

A high-capacity, high-performance system built for large organizations and used to quickly process large volumes of data.

Workstation

A more powerful system used by individuals in order to run more resource-intensive applications.

Tangible User Interface(TUI)

A person interacts with digital data through a physical environment.

Gesture recognition

A person would point a finger at the computer screen to make the cursor move according to their finger direction.

Wearable Interface

A pocket projector, a mirror, and a camera contained in a head-mounted, handheld or pendant device that connects to a mobile computing device in the user's pocket.

What is the difference between a dual core and quad core chip?

A quad core offers more power, allowing more multitasking capabilities.

Infrastructure as a service (IAAS)

A service provider provides a cloud fabric, or pooled services, including server space, servers, storage, and all other aspects of the computing platform, with the exception of the operating system and applications, which the client organization would install and manage. Benefits include dynamic scaling and may include geographic distribution. An example would be Windows Azure or Rackspace.

Platform as a service (PAAS)

A service provider provides server space, the server, virtualization, operating system, database, and development environment in a platform that can be used for application development. An example would be Amazon Web Services.

Virtual computing

A software-based platform that allows multiple virtual servers, isolated from host computer, to operate on a single or, potentially, a fabric of many systems.

Server

A system used to provide services to other systems. need not be powerful computers

Vertical Application

An accounting software application is a ____________ _______________ because it is designed for a specific function, department, or industry.

Primary Storage

CPU cache and random access memory (RAM), are typically referred to as volatile flash memory, meaning that information storage is temporary and can only be stored until power is removed.

bus

Connection and data transfer between computer components

[True/False] Laptops and desktops come only with dual core CPUs, while server computers come only with quad core.

False

Graphics tools

Graphics, video, animations, and interactive multimedia are popular elements in web pages. Popular tools used to create these elements include Adobe's Photoshop, Flash, and Premier products.

Before selecting software applications, what requirements need to be reviewed?

Hardware

dumb terminals

Hybrid systems called thin- or zero-clients. Use input and output devices, such as a monitor, mouse, and keyboard, but connect to a centralized server for processing.

What company's computer popularized the term PC?

IBM

basic operations in the information processing cycle that hardware operates and that every computer performs?

Input, output, process, and storage

chronological evolution of computing in business.

Mainframe, minicomputers, microcomputers

Web design tools

Many graphical and traditional text-based HTML editors exist and range from the unsophisticated text editors to feature rich graphical WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) interfaces. Modern popular examples include Adobe's Dreamweaver and Microsoft's Visual Studio.

On premises (private cloud)

Services are provided in-house on servers or in a datacenter owned, managed, and administered by the organization.

Personal computers (PC)

Small systems are used on an individual basis (i.e., one-person use) and include traditional multicomponent desktop systems and integrated systems, such as laptops and tablet computers.

Software life cycle

Software is typically introduced to the market, grows in demand, matures as it is overcome by newer technology or tools, and declines in popularity and rate of adoption.

Software as a service (SAAS)

Software licensed and hosted on centralized or distributed servers that belong to a service provider. Users access this software using a connection to the Internet and a Web browser. Examples include Salesforce.com's CRM (Customer Relationship Management) application or Google Apps.

Software licensing

The acquisition of software typically requires organizations to recognize that due to copyright law, copying software or installi

ENIAC

The____ is considered the first electronic, digital computer and was called 'Great Brain' by the press; was the first general purpose computer for commercial use.

Windows

This operating system is the market leader for workstations and servers. It has its own internal software and a graphical user interface that is easy to use.dominates the world of personal computers, running on more than 90 percent of home and business user machines.

Search engine optimization

Tools that allow webmasters and developers to achieve better rankings from search engines, implying that traffic would better route to a site as a result.

[True/False] Integrated circuits consist of sets of electronic circuits on a chip or plate of semiconductor material and replaced vacuum tube transistors.

True:Old electronic computers were powered by vacuum tubes until the invention of the integrated circuit.

[True/False] The earliest commercially available electronic, digital computer occupied a 20 foot by 40 foot room and consisted of 18,000 vacuum tubes.

True:The earliest computers took up entire rooms and consisted of vacuum tubes for transistors.

What is virtualization in computer system infrastructure?

Virtualization is assigning part of a computer system to run different operating systems.The act of virtualization creates a virtual environment in a host computer to save space, reduce costs, and provide a safe test environment.

Controller

What is the title of the cloud fabric person who monitors and provides cloud resources to users?

False Correct. Analytic applications are a type of application, not an operating system; they are used to measure and improve business performance.

[True/False] Analytic applications are a type of operating system that are used to measure and improve business performance.

False-Managing software licenses is a concern for modern organizations because licenses usually have expiration dates or limited downloads and the free software is more limited in capability.

[True/False] Because a lot of free software is available, managing software licenses is not a concern for modern organizations.

False-Proprietary software is purchased by a license, which usually has an expiration or renewal date and download limits.

[True/False] Once a company has purchased proprietary software, there is usually no additional cost to allow other employees to download and use the software.

False-Correct. Software as a service (SaaS) is proprietary software that is stored in the cloud and can be accessed by users who have a license.

[True/False] Software as a service is an example of software that is loaded on existing hardware.

UNIVAC

_____ was the first general purpose computer for commercial use.

Network interface cards

allow computers to connect to networks

Horizontal applications

are more popular and general purpose, such as word processing, spreadsheets, and presentation software.

Routers

are used to link networked computers so they can share resources and information.

64-bit processors are able to process _________

billions of bits per second

central processing unit (CPU)

brain of the computer and carries out program instructions.

Capacities for data storage are written in

bytes

Step #2 in selecting a computer system

categorizing, prioritizing, and finding conflicts in this list

Input

components include devices that provide input into the processing unit. These include peripherals, such as the keyboard, mouse, microphone (audio input), sensors, and document or visual scanners.

Output

components include internal storage devices or processes, as well as external peripherals such as monitor screens (visual output), speakers (audio output), and printers (physical output).

Storage

components include primary temporary storage and secondary long-term storage devices. Other storage includes peripheral devices such as external hard drives and removable media (floppy disks, optical discs, and flash drives).

Processing

components include the central processing unit (CPU), which is the brain of the computer. Historically this unit included several components, such as a control unit, a processor, an arithmetic or logic unit, and memory components.

internal bus

connects motherboard components to CPU

radio frequency identification (RFID)

enables a company to track merchandise or inventory by radio frequency signals, eliminating the need to physically handle each item during the inventory process.

Supercomputer

fastest category of computer available.are purpose built to handle vast amounts of information very quickly.

RAM

gets instructions from ROM to launch the operating system during bootup.

Multicore processor

is a chip with multiple, independent, CPUs. Correct. A chip with multiple CPUs is called a _______. This typically provides more computing power for they can run multiple instructions in parallel.

A service level agreement (SLA)

is a formal contract between a customer and the service provider detailing the level of service expected from the provider.

OS X

is a graphical user interface used on Mac computers since the early 80s.Used on Apple computers and runs on a UNIX engine, but with an easy to use graphical interface.

computer software

is a set of machine readable instructions that directs a computer.Computer programmers create __________ _________ to make computers execute tasks; this includes the operating system and applications on a computer.

Application software

is a set of one or more programs that allows a computer user to perform a group of coordinated activities, functions, or tasks.

Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML)

is a system used to convert a plain-text document into one optimized for viewing as a web page, integrating colors, graphics, fonts, and links.

Unix

is a widely used operating system for multi-users.Primarily used on servers but does not support the range of applications that most users need on a desktop.

Secondary storage

is also called external memory, which includes the hard drive and other permanent devices.

Google "Voice" Search

is an example of an application that was developed to allow smartphone and PC users to speak search instructions into their computer instead of using a keyboard.

AppDynamics

is an example of the evolution of application technology that includes application intelligence and analysis platforms, which allow companies to mine and monitor data in order to spot trends.

Linux

is an open-source operating system that works on many devices and is similar to many of the other graphical user interfaces.This is a free OS and a re-creation of UNIX, but more popular than UNIX for workstations. Millions of programmers participate in its development.

A good first step in selecting a computer system

is defining a list of jobs that the computer system is expected to accomplish (e.g., identifying the problem), as well as the benefits to the user.

Cloud computing

is facilitated by many computers meshed or connected together in what is termed cloud fabric, which provides common resources to service providers.

Random access memory (RAM)

is temporary or short-term storage used by the processor.

COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language)

is the first computer language developed in the 1950s for business computing .

system bus,

is the medium through which communications between the input, processor, storage, and output occur.

microprocessor

is the most advanced integrated circuit and holds millions of integrated circuits in a semiconductor chip. They are programmable devices that process instructions and incorporate the four functions of a computer central processing unit (CPU), which includes fetch, decode, execute and store.

A hard drive is

long-term storage that acts as a reserve aide for short-term storage or to store output data.

Server

manages network resources and services

Processors are constructed of

microscopic electrical circuits using highly conductive gold (and soon, perhaps graphene) connections sandwiched by multilayer ceramic or silicon substrate

five bits set to ___

off

three bits set to ____

on

Motherboard

or similarly the backplane, of a system is the device that contains the system bus and connects the various input and output devices that compose any given computer system

A software package is a

prewritten set of software programs that performs a specific business function, such as accounting or order management.

Specialized application software

provide tools and resources used to facilitate specialized functions, including smaller examples of more powerful enterprise applications.

Database software

provides tools and resources to create and manage small databases.

Collaboration software

provides tools and resources used to connect and facilitate electronic communication and collaboration between users.

Word processing software

provides tools and resources used to create documents.

Desktop publishing software

provides tools and resources used to create professionally printed materials. Examples include Microsoft Publisher, QuarkXPress, and Adobe InDesign.

Presentation software

provides tools and resources used to create slideshows, presentations, and narrative videos

Spreadsheet software

provides tools and resources used to create tables, which help to organize, sort, calculate, and analyze data.

Multimedia software

provides tools and resources used to create, edit, or manipulate photos, images, animations, videos, and three-dimensional objects.

Development software

provides tools and resources used to create, edit, or manipulate web pages and software applications.

Simulation software

simulates actual systems and is typically used for training, entertainment, or research.

Moore's Law

states that the number of transistors in an integrated circuit doubles every two years. _________coined by the co-founder of Intel, described that components in integrated circuits or microchips will double every two years.

More than _____ pins or connections (e.g., one input, one output) allows parallel processing (more than one bit is processed at once), and additional pins allow more bits to be processed at any given time.

two

one-bit CPUs

used only two connections, one for input and one for output, and allowed for the processing of thousands of bits per second. Later, in the 1970s, four- and eight-bit architectures allowed for parallel processing.

dashboards

used to present information from multiple inputs in order to enable managers and staff to make better decisions and use of their time.

Tertiary storage

usually consists of an automated robotic mechanism to mount and dismount magnetic tape or optical discs. With the intention of storing unchanging data, regular and frequent snapshots or backups of data are placed on magnetic or optical media and then stored and/or removed from the automated system and archived.

John Von Neumann

was the first to write about the computing structure