Unit 4 Agriculture Vocab

Quaternary Economic Activity

The service sector dedicated to jobs such as trade, insurance, banking, advertising and wholesaling

Tertiary Economic Activity

The service sector that provides us with transportation, communication and utilities

Market Gardening

The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers. Distinguishable by the large diversity of crops grown on a small area of land, during a single growing season. Labor is done manually.

Von Thunen

1826, Northern Germany. When choosing an enterprise, a commercial farmer compares two costs, the cost of the land versus the cost of transporting production to the market

Slash and Burn

A farming method involving the cutting of trees, then burning them to provide ash-enriched soil for the planting of crops

Intensive Subsistence Agriculture

A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.

Nucleated

A number of families live in close proximity to each other with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm building

Food Chain

A series of organisms interrelated in their feeding habits, the smallest being fed upon by a larger one, which in turn feeds a still larger one etc.

Commercial Agriculture

Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm. Two types: intensive ( ex: terracing in South Asia ) and extensive (ex: Farming in Southern Minnesota). -Allowed people to move away from farms, fueled industrial revolution.

Collective Farm

An agricultural production unit including a number of farm households or villages working together under state control. -A type of farming that certain countries use that influences the amount of food produced and sold.

Farm Crisis

Any disaster or occurrence that interrupts a farming season and hurts the farms profits for that time

First Agricultural Revolution

Around 8000 B.C. when humans first domesticated plants and animals. -This allowed for future generations to grow larger because they no longer were just a hunter gatherer society

Nomadic Herding/Pastorilism

Based on herding domesticated animals -Effect the way that some in the world to live and where they fall in demographic transition

Hunting/Gathering

Before the agriculture, humans gained food by hunting for animals, gathering plants, or fishing.

Dispersed

Characterized by farmers living on individual farms isolated from neighbors rather than alongside other farmers in the area

Agribusiness

Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations. -It influences how things are grown and what people eat.

Carl Sauer

Defined cultural landscape as an area fashioned from nature by a cultural group

Adaptive Strategies

Describes a society's system of economic production. -Helps to explain some of the differences between societies that are influenced by economy.

Globalized Agriculture

Diffusion of agriculture across the globe

Animal Domestication

Domestication of animals for selling or using byproducts. -Helped us obtain meat with out having to go out and kill our food right before dinner.

Sustainable Yield

Ecological yield that can be extracted without reducing the base of capital itself

Planned Economy

Economic system in which a single agency makes all decisions about the production and allocation of goods and services. Commonly used in which state or government controls the factors of production and makes all decisions about their use and about the distribution of income. Example: Economy of the Soviet Union, in the 80's and 90's government presiding over planned economies began deregulating and moving toward market basted economies by introducing market forces to determine pricing, distribution, and production. Today most economies are market or mixed economies, except those in Cuba or North Korea.

Non-Renewable

Energy formed so slowly that for practical purposes it cannot be renewed

Renewable

Energy replaced continually within a human lifespan, has an essentially unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by people

Mining

Extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the Earth, usually from an ore body, vein, or coal seam. Any material that cannot be grown from agricultural processes, or created artificially, is mined (mining in a wider sense than including extraction of petroleum, natural gas, and water).

Mechanization

Farmers need tractors, irrigation pumps, and other machinery to make the most effective use of the new miracle seeds

Mediterranean Agriculture

Farming in the land surrounding the Mediterranean Sea (Southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia), also in lands with similar climates (California, central Chile, Southwestern South Africa, and Southwestern Australia). Sea winds provide moisture and moderate winter; land is hilly with mountains frequently plunging directly into sea. Growing fruits, vegetables, flowers, and tree crops are the main crops, while animals are grown under transhumance - kept on coastal plains in winter and moved to hills in the summer.

Long Lots

French houses erected on narrow lots perpendicular along the river so that each original seller had a equal river access

Double Cropping

Harvesting twice a year from the same land -Can cause agricultural exhaustion making people move away from the land

Building Material

Houses and buildings are typically built from materials that are abundant in the area

Chemical Farming

Increased use of fertilizers with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium

Suitcase Farm

Individuals who live in urban areas a great distance from their land and drive to the country to care for their crops and livestock

Primary Economic Activity

Involves jobs like lumber and mining

Staple Grains

Maize, wheat, and rice are the most produced grains produced worldwide. Accounting for 87% of all grains and 43% of all food

Secondary Economic Activity

Manufacturing products and assembling raw materials

Mineral Fuels

Natural resources containing hydrocarbons, which are not derived from animal or plant sources.

Transhumance

Pastoral practice of seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas

Agrarian

People or societies that are farmers therefore promoting agricultural interest ext. -Where agrian people and societies are located is not generally near cities ext. but these types of people are essential to the way that we live and our ability to to live in cities.

Second Agricultural Revolution

Precursor to industrial revolution in 19th century, that allowed a shift in work force beyond subsistence farming to allow labor to work in factories

Green Revolution

Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.

Cultivation Regions

Regions were there is agricultural activity. -Areas with agricultural activity generally are not a place were a big city would be located- affects locations of different areas.

Village Form

Set up in a formation that has the village in the middle and spreads the rest out from there

Tragedy of the Commons

Social trap that involves a conflict over resources between interest and the common good

Rural Settlement

Sparsely settled places away from the influence of large cities. Live in villages, hamlets on farms, or in other isolated houses. Typically have an agricultural character, with an economy based on logging, mining, petroleum, natural gas or tourism

Township and Range

Surveys used west of Ohio, after the purchase of the Louisiana purchase

Dairying

The "farming" and sale/distribution of milk and milk products. -Gets us calcium, allows for people to move to the city because there is a way of getting milk or milk products.

Core/Periphery

The areas in the world that include MDCs are called the core and the area of the world that contains the LDCs is referred to as the periphery -Allowed us to divide the world and describe it more easily

Aquaculture

The cultivation of aquatic organisms especially for food -Allowed us to use the sea and it's abundant sources of food for our benefit.

Agriculture

The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for subsistence or economic gain -It has influenced the growth of areas and human society

Environmental Modification

The destruction of the environment for the purpose of farming. (Using pesticides that drain in to the water and soil and pollute them overuse of land causing the desert like conditions of desertification (dust bowl). -Doing harm to the environment through pesticides and causing desertification have horrible long term effect on humans and their future.

Food Manufacturing

The green revolution has increased production to avoid widespread famine

Agricultural landscape

The land that we farm on and what we choose to put were on our fields -Effects how much yield one gets from their plants

Crop Rotation

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil. -Takes up large areas of land but keeps land usable for future generations

Diffusion

The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time. -This is how everything is spread around the world

Bio-Revolution

The revolution of biotechnology and the use of it in societies. -It has allowed us to revolutionize our societies.

Forestry

The science of planting and taking care of trees and forests. Trees provide building materials and fuel to society

Growing Season

The season in which crops grow best. Growing season can vary by location, societies rely on their growing season to which crops they can or can't grow at their latitude.

Fishing

The technique, occupation, or diversion of catching. Fishing provides a food source and employment to society.

Specialization

Third level of cities that offer a narrow and highly specialized variety of services

Agricultural Origins

Through time nomadic people noticed the growing of plants in a cycle and began to domesticate them and use for there own use. Carl Sauer points out vegetative planting and seed agriculture as the original forms. He also points out that vegetative planting likely was originated in SE Asia and seed agriculture originated in W. India, N. China and Ethiopia. -Without the development of agriculture we would still have a relatively small and likely uneducated population.

Intertillage

Tillage between rows of crops of plants

Extensive Subsistence Agriculture

Use many fields for crop growing. Each field is used for a couple of years then left fallow for a relatively long time.

Metes and Bounds

Uses physical features of the local geography, along with directions and distances, to find the boundaries of a particular piece of land

Bio-Technology

Using living organisms in a useful way to produce commercial products like pest resistant crops. -Has helped the farmers grow a more bountiful harvest through the using of pesticides etc.

Feedlot

a building where livestock are fattened for market

Agricultural Location Model

a model designed by Von Thunen that depending on the cost of transportation and the value of the product different types of farming are conducted at different distances from a city. Site or human factors were not considered in this model. -When deciding where to locate a farm, a farmer must take into consideration how much it costs to transport their product. Location of farm affects what a farmer will produce ( if in rural area farmer is less likely to grow highly perishable and bulky products )

Truck Farming

commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities

Livestock Ranching

commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area. Practiced is semi-arid or arid land, where vegetation is too sparse or the soil to too poor to support crops. Prominent in later 19th century in the American West; ranchers free roamed throughout the West, until the U.S. government began selling land to farmers who outlined their farms with barbed wire, forcing the ranchers to establish large ranches to allow their cattle to graze.

Extractive Industry

the extractive industry is made up of mining, quarrying, dredging, oil and gas extraction industries.

Quinary Economic Activity

the service sector dedicated to health, education, research, government, retailing, tourism and recreation.

Agriculture Industrialization

the use of machinery in agriculture, like tractors etc. -Makes it a lot faster for farmers to yield crops

Debt-for-Nature-Swap

when agencies such as the World Bank make a deal with third world countries that they will cancel their debt if the country will set aside a certain amount of their natural resources. -Affects how and how much countries use their resources, also the money given to the countries helps them energize their economies