Unit 4 APUSH Test

37) Which of the following was a core belief of the transcendentalists of the early nineteenth century? a. Only highly centralized and conformist religious institutions can guarantee an orderly society. b. Individual conduct should be guided by truths found in the individual conscience. c. Unjust laws must be obeyed until they can be changed through legislative action. d. Human societies are inherently corrupt, and those seeking purity should practice good works. e. American Indian practices of meditation are the key to attaining valuable spiritual insights.

B: Individual conduct should be guided by truths found in the individual conscience.

32) The most important factor in Andrew Jackson's successful bid for the presidency in 1828 was his a. choice of John C. Calhoun as his running mate b. reputation as a hero of the War of 1812 c. commitment to broad-based social reform d. reputation as an intellectual thinker and writer e. extensive experience in elective office

B: reputation as a hero of the War of 1812

55) Prior to the Civil War, a transformation occurred in the workforce of the New England textile mills as New England farm girls were replaced by a. French-Canadian immigrants b. freed African Americans from the South c. Irish immigrants d. German immigrants e. Italian immigrants

C: Irish immigrants

8) (map of west US) The area marked X on the map was part of a. Massachusetts' Western Reserve b. the Northwest Territory c. the Louisiana Purchase d. the Mexican Cession e. the Oregon Country

C: the Louisiana Purchase

30) Which of the following factors best explains the increase in White male suffrage in the early nineteenth century? a. Reaction to widespread political protest b. Resistance to increased federal taxation c. Amendments to the United States Constitution d. Changes to property ownership requirements

D: Changes to property ownership requirements

"The great increase of drunkenness, within the last half century, among the people of the United States, led a number of philanthropic individuals . . . to consult together, upon the duty of making more united, systematic, and extended efforts for the prevention of this evil. Its cause was at once seen to be, the use of intoxicating liquor; and its appropriate remedy, abstinence. It was also known, that the use of such liquor, as a beverage, is not only needless, but injurious to the health, the virtue, and the happiness of men. It was believed, that the facts which had been . . . collected would prove this . . . ; and that if the knowledge of them were universally disseminated it would, with the divine blessing, do much toward changing the habits of the nation. . . . [The American Temperance Society's] object is . . . the exertion of kind moral influence . . . to effect such a change of sentiment and practice, that drunkenness and all its evils will cease." 1) The sentiments described in the excerpt best reflect which of the following developments? a. The use of public protest to effect social change in the antebellum period b. The emergence of reform movements during the Second Great Awakening c. he establishment of trade relationships with East Asia d. The expansion of United States control over territory held by American Indians 2) Which of the following evidence was used by the American Temperance Society in the excerpt to explain why people would join the temperance movement? a. The abstention from alcohol would extend American life expectancy. b. The development of treatments for alcoholism would change the habits of men. c. The formation of a national movement would eliminate the consumption of alcohol. d. The use of specific studies would convince people to believe the movement's goals.

1) B: The emergence of reform movements during the Second Great Awakening 2) D: d. The use of specific studies would convince people to believe the movement's goals.

23) Which of the following describes "the Lowell system" in early nineteenth-century New England? a. A plan to promote and expand textile manufacturing activities b. An agreement among the New England states to secede and for a New England confederacy c. A reform eliminating property-holding as a qualification for voting d. A strategy to defend New England during the War of 1812 e. A congressional reappointment plan during the 1820's

A: A plan to promote and expand textile manufacturing activities

"For a few years in the 1850s, ethnic conflict among whites rivaled sectional conflict as a major political issue. The immediate origins of this phenomenon lay in the sharp increase of immigration after 1845.... The average quadrupled in the 1830s. But even this paled in comparison with the immigration of the late 1840s.... During the decade 1846 to 1855, more than three million immigrants entered the United States—equivalent to 15 percent of the 1845 population. This was the largest proportional increase in the foreign-born population for any ten-year period in American history.... Equal in significance to the increase in the foreign-born population were changes in its composition." 54) Which of the following most directly contributed to "the sharp increase of immigration after 1845" referenced in the excerpt? a. The Second Great Awakening b. Crop failures and revolutions in Europe c. Removal of American Indians from the Southeast d. Tariff policies during Andrew Jackson's administration

B: Crop failures and revolutions in Europe

18) The Monroe Doctrine maintained that a. all nations and states in the Americas were territories of the United States b. European powers should not pursue any future colonization in the Americas c. Cuba, Texas, and Puerto Rico were protectorates of the United States d. Haiti would be established as a colony to be settled by formerly enslaved people from the United States e. the United States Congress could overrule the president's foreign policy initiatives in Latin America

B: European powers should not pursue any future colonization in the Americas

48) The ideology that supported the trend depicted in the map is most similar to the ideology that supported which of the following? a. Opposition to the international slave trade b. Involvement in the Spanish-American War c. Participation in the First World War d. Isolationism prior to the Second World War

B: Involvement in the Spanish-American War

7) Which of the following is true of John Marshall's decision in McCulloch v. Maryland? a. It reversed his position on judicial review taken in Marbury v. Madison. b. It increased federal authority by invoking the doctrine of implied powers. c. It declared the Yazoo land claims fraudulent. d. It granted individual states the right to regulate interstate commerce. e. It found that Georgia's laws regulating the Cherokee Indians were constitutional.

B: It increased federal authority by invoking the doctrine of implied powers.

14) A key purpose of Henry Clay's American System was to a. expand slavery into new territories to preserve its economic viability b. improve diplomatic relations with European nations by allowing free immigration c. develop a national economy by improving transportation d. create more interest in politics by eliminating voting restrictions e. remove American Indians to lands west of the Mississippi River to prevent further conflicts

C: develop a national economy by improving transportation

53) The Compromise of 1850 did which of the following? a. Admitted Texas to the Union as a slave state. b. Admitted California to the Union under the principles of popular sovereignty. c. Prohibited slavery in the District of Columbia. d. Enacted a stringent fugitive slave law. e. Adjusted the Texas-Mexico boundary

D: Enacted a stringent fugitive slave law.

9) Which of the following is based on the idea of states' rights? a. The Federalist papers b. The Embargo Act c. The Monroe Doctrine d. The South Carolina Exposition and Protest e. The Wilmot Proviso

D: The South Carolina Exposition and Protest

49) Which of the following was a common justification in the United States for the trend depicted in the map? a. The interest in greater access to trade with the British colonies in the Americas b. The desire for better relations with Mexico c. The intention to assimilate Plains Indians into White society d. The belief in White cultural and political superiority

D: The belief in White cultural and political superiority

42) The Declaration of Sentiments (1848), issued at Seneca Falls, New York, called for a. an end to slavery b. compulsory public education c. temperance legislation d. increased rights for women e. improved factory working conditions

D: increased rights for women

20) Which of the following was NOT a result of the growth of a national market economy between 1815 and 1860 ? a. Increasing economic specialization b. The application of machinery to the mass production of goods c. A greater disparity of wealth between rich and poor Americans d. The beginnings of an organized labor movement e. A greater number of men working at home

E: A greater number of men working at home

39) The Second Great Awakening did which of the following? a. It resulted in a sharp decline in church membership. b. It increased Protestant toleration for Catholics and Jews. c. It produced increased respect for civil authority. d. It emphasized reason and logic over emotionalism in religious matters e. It encouraged conversion to evangelical Christianity.

E: It encouraged conversion to evangelical Christianity.

51) The Wilmot Proviso specifically provided for a. the prohibition of slavery in Louisiana Purchase territory b. the primacy of federal law over state-legislated Black Codes c. the abolition of the international slave trade d. the prohibition of slavery in lands acquired from Mexico in the Mexican War e. federal return of fugitive slaves

D: the prohibition of slavery in lands acquired from Mexico in the Mexican War

43) William Lloyd Garrison established a newspaper that advocated which of the following issues? a. Abolition of slavery b. Restrictions on immigration c. Ratification of the Constitution d The benefits of Manifest Destiny e. Development of railroads

A: Abolition of slavery

"Let us, then, fellow-citizens, unite with one heart and one mind. Let us restore to social intercourse that harmony and affection without which liberty and even life itself are but dreary things. And let us reflect that, having banished from our land that religious intolerance under which mankind so long bled and suffered, we have yet gained little if we countenance a political intolerance as despotic, as wicked, and capable of as bitter and bloody persecutions. . . . We have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it." 4) The excerpt best reflects which of the following? a. Conflicts over how the Constitution should be implemented and interpreted b. Fear that the United States would be overtaken by a foreign power c. Disagreement over the consequences of the French Revolution for the United States d. Secessionist pressures coming from slaveholders in the South

A: Conflicts over how the Constitution should be implemented and interpreted

"It is not only important, but, in a degree necessary, that the people of this country, should have an American Dictionary of the English language; for, although the body of the language is the same as in England, . . . yet some differences must exist. Language is the expression of ideas; and if the people of one country cannot preserve an identity of ideas, they cannot retain an identity of language. . . . But the principal differences between the people of this country and of all others, arise from different forms of government, different laws, institutions and customs. Thus the . . . feudal system of England originated terms which formed . . . a necessary part of the language of that country; but, in the United States, many of these terms are no part of our present language,—and they cannot be, for the things which they express do not exist in this country. . . . The institutions in this country which are new and peculiar, give rise to new terms or to new applications of old terms, unknown to the people of England; which cannot be explained by them and which will not be inserted in their dictionaries, unless copied from ours. . . . No person in this country will be satisfied with the English definitions of the words congress, senate, and assembly, court, [etc.] for although these are words used in England, yet they are applied in this country to express ideas which they do not express in that country." 35) The national identity described in the excerpt most strongly reflects the influence of which of the following? a. European precedents along with an American national culture b. The English feudal system in which lords and landowners dominated vassals and farmers c. Independence movements and revolutions in Europe and Latin America d. Antislavery activism in the United States and Europe

A: European precedents along with an American national culture

"Your Memorialist . . . represents to your honorable body, that he has devoted much time and attention to the subject of a railroad from Lake Michigan through the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, and that he finds such a route practicable, the results from which would be incalculable—far beyond the imagination of man to estimate. . . . "It would enable us, in the short space of eight days (and perhaps less) to concentrate all the forces of our vast country at any point from Maine to Oregon. . . . Such easy and rapid communication with such facilities for exchanging the different products of the different parts would bring all our immensely wide spread population together. . . . "[W]ith a railroad to the Pacific, and thence to China by steamers, can be performed in thirty days, being now a distance of nearly seventeen thousand miles. . . Then the drills and sheetings of Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts, and other manufactures of the United States, may be transported to China in thirty days; and the teas and rich silks of China, in exchange, come back to New Orleans, to Charleston, to Washington, to Baltimore, to Philadelphia, New York, and to Boston, in thirty days more." 50) The excerpt best reflects which of the following developments? a. Popular support for the idea of Manifest Destiny b. The emergence of nativist political parties c. The collapse of the Second Party System d. The increase in sectional tensions before the Civil War

A: Popular support for the idea of Manifest Destiny

25) The rise in manufacturing beginning in the early 1800s eventually resulted in which of the following by 1848? a. The emergence of a larger middle class in the North b. A decline in economic inequality in urban areas c. An increased demand for agricultural workers in the Midwest d. The improvement of working conditions in factories

A: The emergence of a larger middle class in the North

"Free should the scholar be,—free and brave. . . . We have listened too long to the courtly muses of Europe. . . . We will walk on our own feet; we will work with our own hands; we will speak our own minds. Then shall man be no longer a name for pity, for doubt, and for sensual indulgence. . . . A nation of men will for the first time exist." 36) Emerson's remarks in the excerpt most directly reflected which of the following developments during the early nineteenth century? a. The emergence of a national culture b. The Second Great Awakening c. The expansion of a market economy d. The growth of national political parties

A: The emergence of a national culture

"To the Commanders of armed vessels belonging to the United States: "WHEREAS it is declared by the act entitled 'An act for the protection of the commerce and seamen of the United States, against the Tripolitan cruisers,' That it shall be lawful fully to equip, officer, man, and employ such of the armed vessels of the United States, as may be judged requisite by the President of the United States, for protecting effectually the commerce and seamen thereof, on the Atlantic ocean, the Mediterranean and adjoining seas: and also, that it shall be lawful for the President of the United States to instruct the commanders of the respective public vessels, to subdue, seize, and make prize, of all vessels, goods, and effects, belonging to the Bey [Sultan] of Tripoli [in North Africa], or to his subjects. "THEREFORE, And in pursuance of the said statute, you are hereby authorized and directed to subdue, seize, and make prize, of all vessels, goods, and effects, belonging to the Bey of Tripoli, or to his subjects, and to bring or send the same into port, to be proceeded against and distributed according to law. "By command of the President of the United States of America." 19) President Jefferson sought the protections described in the excerpt most likely for the purpose of a. establishing trade routes b. enlarging the size of the navy c. supporting alliances with European nations d. creating United States colonies

A: establishing trade routes

47) In the first half of the nineteenth century, a major consequence of United States expansionism was a. increased sectional discord, accompanied by the growing failure of compromise b. the need for a strong military to protect the newly gained territory c. increased concentration of the slave population along the Atlantic seaboard d. a large overseas market for goods manufactured in New England e. increased popular support for the Whig Party

A: increased sectional discord, accompanied by the growing failure of compromise

21) In addition to the cotton gin, Eli Whitney's major contribution to American Technology was his a. introduction of interchangeable parts b. development of the first practical locomotive c. invention of the mechanical reaper d. installation of the first textile mill e. development of steam power

A: introduction of interchangeable parts

6) The Louisiana Purchase proved politically troubling for Thomas Jefferson because of his a. previous support for a strict interpretation of the Constitution b. veto of funding for Meriwether Lewis and William Clark's expedition c. admiration of France's military power d. devotion to new methods of cartography e. disdain for involvement in a foreign country's affairs

A: previous support for a strict interpretation of the Constitution

"We, therefore, the people of the State of South Carolina, in convention assembled, do declare and ordain... that the several acts and parts of acts of the Congress of the United States, purporting to be laws for the imposing of duties and imposts on the importation of foreign commodities...are unauthorized by the Constitution of the United States, and violate the true meaning and intent thereof and are null, void, and no law, nor binding upon this State...." 17) The excerpt most directly expresses an economic perspective that a. prioritized regional interests b. discouraged international trade c. sought to protect United States manufacturing d. supported the interests of organized labor unions

A: prioritized regional interests

5) Under Chief Justice John Marshall, Supreme Court decisions tended to a. promote business enterprise b. restrict federal powers of taxation c. restrict corporate development d. expand state control of economic activity e. reduce federal control of the economy

A: promote business enterprise

28) Most of the Irish immigrants who came to the United States following the potato famine of the 1840s settled in a. urban areas of the North b. seacoast cities of the South c. rural sections of the Old Northwest d. California e. Appalachia

A: urban areas of the North

46) The graph above refutes which of the following statements? a. There were more Black people than White people in antebellum South. b. Most southern families held slaves. c. Most southern families lived in rural areas. d. The southern population was much smaller than that of the North. e. Slaveholders were an extremely powerful group.

B: Most southern families held slaves.

22) The expansion of a market economy in the early nineteenth century is reflected in which of the following? a. The decline of the slave system in the South b. The improvement of transportation and availability of goods c. The development of assembly-line production d. The formation of strong labor unions e. The continued growth of home labor and cottage industries

B: The improvement of transportation and availability of goods

40) Which of the following statements best characterizes the activists who attended the Seneca Falls Convention? a. They advocated better working conditions for children. b. They called for expanded women's rights. c. They supported Theodore Roosevelt for president. d. They advocated the conservation of natural resources. e. They endorsed assimilation of American Indians into White society.

B: They called for expanded women's rights.

33) The immediate effect of Andrew Jackson's attack on the Second Bank of the United States in 1834 was a. the creation of the "independent treasury" b. an expansion of credit and speculation c. the failure of state banks d. the establishment of modern banking regulations e. the creation of a federal deficit

B: an expansion of credit and speculation

15) President Jackson resisted the admission of Texas into the Union in 1836 primarily because he a. acknowledged the legitimacy of the Mexican government's claim to Texas b. feared that debate over the admission of Texas would ignite controversy about slavery c. was ideologically opposed to territorial expansion d. could find no support within his own party for admitting Texas e. believed that admitting Texas would violate international law

B: feared that debate over the admission of Texas would ignite controversy about slavery

24) The opening of the Erie Canal in 1825 was important because it a. established the role of the federal government in internal improvements b. strengthened the ties between the eastern manufacturing and western agricultural regions c. made the invention of the steamboat economically viable d. spurred innovation in the railroad industry e. was the last major canal project before the Civil War

B: strengthened the ties between the eastern manufacturing and western agricultural regions

38) Which of the following political changes most likely influenced the Second Great Awakening? a. The president called for the removal of American Indians from the southeastern states. b. Southern politicians threatened to nullify the authority of the federal government. c. A participatory democracy expanded belief in the importance of the individual. d. A series of judicial rulings supported the development of infrastructure projects.

C: A participatory democracy expanded belief in the importance of the individual.

29) Which of the following explains how the growth of a market-based economy in the United States in the early 1800s most directly influenced changes in gender roles? a. As both men and women took paid employment, social and political inequality between the sexes declined significantly. b. As an economy based on commercial transactions encouraged society to become more secular, many young women gave up traditional families. c. As home and the workplace became separated, women were increasingly expected to be responsible for housework and childcare while men took jobs outside the home. d. As working for wages became more common, many people ceased to view the family as a refuge from the struggle for subsistence.

C: As home and the workplace became separated, women were increasingly expected to be responsible for housework and childcare while men took jobs outside the home.

"I do not belong, said Mr. [Calhoun], to the school which holds that aggression is to be met by concession. . . . If we concede an inch, concession would follow concession—compromise would follow compromise, until our ranks would be so broken that effectual resistance would be impossible. . . . ". . . A large portion of the Northern States believed slavery to be a sin, and would believe it to be an obligation of conscience to abolish it if they should feel themselves in any degree responsible for its continuance. . . . ". . . Abolition and the Union cannot coexist. As the friend of the Union, I openly proclaim it—and the sooner it is known the better. The former may now be controlled, but in a short time it will be beyond the power of man to arrest the course of events. We of the South will not, cannot, surrender our institutions. To maintain the existing relations between the two races, inhabiting that section of the Union, is indispensable to the peace and happiness of both. . . . But let me not be understood as admitting, even by implication, that the existing relations between the two races in the slaveholding States is an evil—far otherwise; I hold it to be a good, as it has thus far proved itself to be to both, and will continue to prove so if not disturbed by the fell spirit of abolition." 45) The ideas expressed by John C. Calhoun and others who shared his views on slavery had which of the following effects on emerging abolitionist movements in the years leading up to the Civil War? a. Many abolitionist groups in the North began to question the accounts of harsh treatment described by escaped slaves who made it to freedom. b. Arguments describing slavery as a "positive good" weakened the impact of abolitionist efforts to encourage White northerners to support emancipation. c. As many people came to see slavery as part of the Southern way of life, attitudes on both sides of the slavery argument hardened so that political compromise became difficult. d. Very few members of Congress accepted Calhoun's "positive good" argument, and they became more open to passing laws limiting slaveholding and the internal slave trade.

C: As many people came to see slavery as part of the Southern way of life, attitudes on both sides of the slavery argument hardened so that political compromise became difficult.

3) The Embargo Act of 1807 had which of the following effects on the United States? a. It severely damaged American manufacturing. b. It enriched many cotton plantation owners. c. It disrupted American shipping. d. It was ruinous to subsistence farmers. e .It had little economic impact.

C: It disrupted American shipping.

31) Which of the following best explains the expansion of participatory democracy in the early nineteenth century? a. The abolition of slavery in most northern states b. The growth of manufacturing along rivers and canals c. The extension of suffrage rights to most adult White men d. The influence of the early women's rights movement

C: The extension of suffrage rights to most adult White men

34) Many Americans were suspicious of the Second Bank of the United States for which of the following reasons? a. They believed that it was controlled by leaders of the Whig Party. b. They believed that it was controlled by southern plantation owners. c. They believed that it was controlled by a commercial elite. d. It refused to make any loans for business expansion. e. It refused to exchange bank notes for gold.

C: They believed that it was controlled by a commercial elite.

52) The most controversial and divisive component of the Compromise of 1850 was the a. measure's endorsement of popular sovereignty b. admittance of Missouri as a slave state and the establishment of the 36°30' line c. passage of a tougher national fugitive slave act d. admittance of Texas as a slave state e. legislation permitted the surveying of a southern transcontinental railway line

C: passage of a tougher national fugitive slave act

27) Which of the following best explains a change in migration in United States society during the early 1800s? a. The claims to land by American Indian groups prevented the migration of White settlers westward. b. The system of indentured servitude allowed Europeans living in poverty to immigrate to North America. c. The increased importance of Southern cotton coincided with substantial immigration from abroad to the region. d. The rise in manufacturing in the North coincided with an increase of immigration from abroad to these urban areas.

D: The rise in manufacturing in the North coincided with an increase of immigration from abroad to these urban areas.

13) The United States House of Representatives responded to abolitionist agitation in the 1830s by a. approving appropriations to help finance colonization efforts b. prohibiting the slave trade in the District of Columbia c. limiting the publication of abolitionist writings to certain publishers d. banning discussion of antislavery petitions e. considering the passage of free speech laws to protect outspoken abolitionists

D: banning discussion of antislavery petitions

26) The role of women expressed in the cult of domesticity had its roots in a. Progressive Era urban reform b. mid-nineteenth-century nativism c. the early twentieth-century suffrage movement d. republican motherhood e. the reaction against feminism after the Second World War

D: republican motherhood

16) The Kentucky and Virginia resolutions, the Hartford Convention, and the South Carolina Exposition and Protest were similar in that all involved a defense of a. freedom of the seas b. freedom of speech c. the institution of slavery d. states' rights e. presidential power in foreign affairs

D: states' rights

10) The election of 1800 has been referred to as constituting "another revolution" because a. the House of Representatives decided the election b. a Supreme Court decision was required to dislodge the Federalists c. voter turnout increased dramatically d. the party in power stepped down after losing the election e. force was required to get John Adams to leave the White House

D: the party in power stepped down after losing the election

12) When Thomas Jefferson said in 1801, "We are all republicans - we are all federalists," he meant that a. Americans would never ally themselves with monarchial governments b. federalists would be appointed to his cabinet c. the two parties' platforms were identical d. the principles of American government were above party politics e. he admired Hamilton's policies

D: the principles of American government were above party politics

11) Of the following, which was the principal issue on which the United States sought settlement with Great Britain at the outset of the War of 1812? a. A guarantee of New England fishing rights off Newfoundland b. Free navigation of the Mississippi River c. Cancellation of pre-Revolutionary debts d. Access to trade with the British West Indies e. An end to impressment

E: an end to impressment

44) The dramatic increase in the South's slave labor force between 1810 and 1860 was due to a. an increase in the African slave trade b. the importation of slaves from the West Indies c. an increase in the severity of fugitive slave laws d. the acquisition of Louisiana e. the natural population increase of American-born slaves

E: the natural population increase of American-born slaves

41) The American Colonization Society was established in the early nineteenth century with the goal of a. encouraging immigration from Ireland and Germany b. encouraging Chinese contract laborers to emigrate to the United States c. settling White Americans on western lands d. settling American Indians on reservations e. transporting African Americans to Africa

E: transporting African Americans to Africa