Unit 4: Chapter 12 (Nervous System III)

List three components of the outer ear. Multiple select question. tympanic membrane auricle external acoustic meatus semicircular canals auditory ossicles

-tympanic membrane- auricle- external acoustic meatus

______ protects the body because they are stimulated when there is tissue damage, thereby promoting a response that may prevent further damage. Multiple choice question. Pressure receptors Pain receptors Thermoreceptors Mechanoreceptors

Pain receptors

The classification of sensory receptors as photoreceptors, thermoreceptors, etc., is based on what characteristic of the receptors? Multiple choice question. Location of receptors in the body Stimulus type that causes a response Abundance of the particular type of receptor

Stimulus type that causes a response

Sensory adaptation to one scent will not diminish sensitivity to new odors. T or F

TRUE

True or false: The extrinsic eye muscles are considered accessory organs of the eye.

TRUE

Olfactory receptors rapidly undergo ______, which causes a drop in the intensity of a smell. Multiple choice question. adaptation perception sensation

adaptation

The ability of the nervous system to become less responsive to a maintained stimulus is called sensory_____

adaptation

What is the term for the ability of the brain to prioritize the sensory input it receives and to ignore unimportant stimuli? Multiple choice question. projection perception adaptation sensation

adaptation

The refraction of light is the ______ of light rays as they pass from one medium to another. Multiple choice question. scattering absorption bending waving

bending

cyanolabe

blue light

The organs of taste are called taste ______, and most of them are associated with ______. Multiple choice question. buds; the roof of the nasal cavity buds; papillae papillae; taste buds pores; the larynx

buds; papillae

The vascular tunic of the eye includes the ____ coat, the _____ body, and the iris.

choroid; ciliary

The lens is rounder when viewing ______ objects so that it can cause greater bending of the incoming divergent light rays. closer distant

closer

Which structure contains the hearing receptors? Multiple choice question. cochlea cochlear nerve semicircular ducts vestibule

cochlea

The labyrinth of the inner ear contains two distinct parts: the ____ and the ______ canals.

cochlea;semicircular

The fovea centralis is the area of sharpest vision because it contains only ______ which do not have converging fibers. Multiple choice question. cones rods

cones

When light passes through a convex surface, the light rays bend, resulting in ______ of the light waves. Multiple choice question. dampening polarization divergence convergence

convergence

Place in order the structures that light passes through as it enters the eye, starting at the top.

cornea aqueous humor lens vitreous humor retina

Light from distant objects (more than 20 feet) travels in parallel lines. Thus, the lens needs to be ______ in order to focus the image on the retina. Multiple choice question. flatter rounder thicker

flatter

The _______ senses rely on receptors distributed throughout the body (for example in skin and muscles), while the ______senses rely on specialized receptors found in structures in the head.

general special

chlorolabe

green light

Within the cochlea, different ______ respond to different sound frequencies (pitches). Multiple choice question. ossicles hair cells membranes nerves

hair cells

Thermoreceptors

heat or cold

As a person ages, they usually have more difficulty hearing ______. Multiple choice question. vowels loud sounds low pitches high pitches

high pitches

Cones have a type of light-sensitive pigment called___ (similar to rhodopsin). Three types of this pigment are present in the cones; each is sensitive to a different wavelength of light.

iodopsins

The cochlea and the semicircular canals are the two parts of the ______. Multiple choice question. tympanic space auditory tube labyrinth

labyrinth

As light passes through the retinal layers, the photoreceptors are in the ______ layer light passes through. Multiple choice question. first last

last

Light waves are primarily refracted by the cornea, the _____ , and the fluids in the eye chambers before being focused upon the retina.

lens

Three structures of posterior cavity

lens ciliary body retina

Which three of the following regions are associated with receptors for the general senses? Multiple select question. muscles eyes viscera joints inner ears

muscles viscera joints

Information received by sensory cells is conveyed to the central nervous system in the form of impulses along afferent fibers. In order for this to happen when the receptor cell is not a neuron, its receptor potential ______. Multiple choice question. must remain established for a relatively long period of time must be transferred to a neuron must exceed the threshold potential

must be transferred to a neuron

In the dark, the sodium and calcium channels in the cell membranes of rods are ______, resulting in the release of a neurotransmitter that inhibits the generation of action potentials along the optic nerve. Multiple choice question. open closed

open

Name the products of the breakdown of the visual pigment rhodopsin. Multiple choice question. vitamin A and vitamin C opsin and retinal sodium and calcium cGMP and norepinephrine

opsin and retinal

The malleus, incus, and stapes are the three small bones known as the auditory _____

ossicles

The middle ear houses the three auditory _____ which include the malleus, incus, and stapes.

ossicles

the three sections of the ear are ______ ear,_______ ear, and ______ ear.

outer, middle, and inner

As the auditory ossicles vibrate, the stapes push on the ______, which transmits these vibrations to the inner ear. Multiple choice question. oval window malleus cochlea round window

oval window

Which three groups of cells in the retina provide a direct pathway for impulses triggered at the photoreceptors to the optic nerve? Multiple select question. amacrine cells horizontal cells photoreceptors bipolar neurons ganglion cells

photoreceptors bipolar neurons ganglion cells

Describe the location of the photoreceptors within the retina. Multiple choice question. photoreceptors are up against the retinal pigment epithelium photoreceptors are up against the vitreous humor

photoreceptors are up against the retinal pigment epithelium

The degeneration or failure of hearing neural pathways to the brain which can occur with aging is called ,_______ while the condition of hearing a ringing or roaring in the ears is called _______

presbycusis;tinnitus

Which of the following receptors does not trigger a sensation? Multiple choice question. mechanoreceptors in the ear that detect sound waves photoreceptors in the eye receptors that measure oxygen levels in the blood

receptors that measure oxygen levels in the blood

erythrolabe

red light

The light-sensitive pigment in rods is called , ______or visual purple.

rhodopsin

Photoreceptors called _____ are lacking in the fovea centralis thereby allowing sharp color vision at that point of the retina.

rods

Select all that apply Choose the two parts of the labyrinth in the inner ear. Multiple select question. semicircular canals cochlea ossicles auditory tube

semicircular canals cochlea

Which two inner ear structures have a role in the sense of equilibrium? Multiple choice question. semicircular canals; vestibule semicircular canals; cochlea cochlea; vestibule

semicircular canals; vestibule

The term ______ refers to information sent by sensory receptors to the brain. The term ______ refers to the interpretation of that information by the cerebral cortex. Multiple choice question. sensation; detection perception; sensation sensation; perception perception; awareness

sensation; perception

In the absence of light, the nucleotide cGMP keeps ___ and ___ channels in the rods open. This leads to depolarization of the membrane and the release of neurotransmitters

sodium;calcium

The ____- organ (organ of Corti) contains the hearing receptors in the cochlea.

spiral

Name the structure that contains the hearing receptors in the cochlea. Multiple choice question. spiral organ crista ampullaris vestibular nerve tectorial membrane

spiral organ

The feeling of balance is the product of two senses: ____ equilibrium and _____ equilibrium.

static;dynamic

The hair cells in the spiral organ have extensions called ______, which respond to mechanical stimuli. Multiple choice question. stereocilia perilymph cerumin

stereocilia

What would be the potential effect of exposing a person to a sound with an intensity of 140 dB for several seconds? Multiple choice question. permanent hearing loss (person becomes deaf) mild discomfort strong discomfort and pain minimal effect

strong discomfort and pain

The _____ membrane is attached to the bony shelf of the cochlea and extends as an overhang above the hair cells in the spiral organ.

tectorial

Which structure is located in the spiral organ, where it is attached to the bony shelf of the cochlea and extends like an overhang above the hair cells? Multiple choice question. the basilar membrane the tympanic membrane the tectorial membrane

the tectorial membrane

Which structure of the outer ear vibrates back and forth, transferring the sound wave vibrations to the middle ear? Multiple choice question. the oval window the pinna the tympanic membrane the meatus

the tympanic membrane

Nociceptors

tissue damage

What is the meaning of the word root aud- (as in auditory)? to hear drum to smell to see

to hear

Free nerve endings, tactile corpuscles, and lamellated corpuscles are types of ______ receptors. Multiple choice question. photo touch thermo pain

touch

Place the auditory ossicles in the order that they transfer vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear, starting at the top. Instructions stapes malleus incus

1. malleus 2. incus 3. stapes

Which statement accurately describes the tympanic membrane? Multiple choice question. A semitransparent membrane at end of the external acoustic meatus. A thin membrane upon which the stapes rests. A membrane that divides the cochlea into several channels. The base of the structure that houses the receptors for hearing.

A semitransparent membrane at end of the external acoustic meatus.

Which statement accurately describes the tympanic membrane? Multiple choice question. The base of the structure that houses the receptors for hearing. A thin membrane upon which the stapes rests. A semitransparent membrane at end of the external acoustic meatus. A membrane that divides the cochlea into several channels.

A semitransparent membrane at end of the external acoustic meatus.

Pacinian corpuscles

Abundant in deeper dermal tissues and connective tissue capsules of joints.

Miessner's corpuscles

Abundant in hairless areas of skin, such as the lips.

free nerve endings

Ends of dendrites branch and extend between epithelial cells.

How does the ear differentiate between sounds of different frequencies (pitches)? Multiple choice question. More hair cells are stimulated at high frequencies than at low frequencies. The rate of action potentials conveyed along the cochlear nerve can be interpreted as different frequencies. Hair cells at different locations in the cochlea respond to different pitches.

Hair cells at different locations in the cochlea respond to different pitches.

Mechanoreceptors

Pressure and movement

What is the cornea? Multiple choice question. The transparent structure that is anchored in place by the ciliary body. The transparent part of the outer (fibrous) layer of the eye. The pigmented portion of the middle (vascular) layer of the eye. The white of the eye.

The transparent part of the outer (fibrous) layer of the eye.

Choose all true statements about the sensory receptors responsible for the general senses. Multiple select question. They are all mechanoreceptors. They are found throughout the skin. They are associated with the viscera. They are found in specific locations in the body only. They are widespread in the body.

They are widespread in the body.- They are associated with the viscera.- They are found throughout the skin.

What is the function of proprioceptors? Multiple choice question. They detect auditory stimuli. They detect tissue damage and other pain-causing stimuli in the viscera. They monitor heart rate and blood pressure. They detect body position and the state of skeletal muscle contraction.

They detect body position and the state of skeletal muscle contraction.

receptors are classified based on their sensitivity to different types of stimuli. The five main types of receptors are , ________ pain receptors,________ , mechanoreceptors, and photoreceptors.

chemoreceptors thermoreceptors

Light coming into the eye ______ as it passes through the cornea and lens, focusing the image on the retina. Multiple choice question. converges diverges

converges

The clear, anterior-most structure of the eye, part of the fibrous tunic, is called the ___

cornea

The portion of the retina that produces the greatest visual acuity (sharpness of image) is the ______. It is located within a patch of cells posterior to the center of the lens called the ______. Multiple choice question. optic disc; macula lutea macula lutea, optic disc optic disc, fovea centralis macula lutea, fovea centralis fovea centralis, macula lutea

fovea centralis, macula lutea

Vibrations that travel through matter in the form of waves produce sound. The greater the frequency of the waves, the ______ the sound. Multiple choice question. higher-pitched quieter lower-pitched louder

higher-pitched

Vibrations that travel through matter in the form of waves produce sound. The greater the frequency of the waves, the ______ the sound. Multiple choice question. lower-pitched louder quieter higher-pitched

higher-pitched

As a person moves from a high altitude to a lower one, air pressure on the outside of the tympanic membrane ______. This change in pressure can affect hearing. Multiple choice question. increases decreases fluctuates drastically

increases

Choose the three components of the middle layer (tunic) of the eye. Multiple select question. iris choroid coat optic nerve sclera ciliary body

iris choroid coat ciliary body

Which three of the following are classified as accessory organs of the eye? Multiple select question. ciliary body lacrimal apparatus lens eyelids extrinsic muscles optic nerve

lacrimal apparatus eyelids extrinsic muscles

Choose two types of receptors that sense touch and pressure. Multiple select question. lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles free nerve endings visceral receptors proprioceptive receptors

lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles free nerve endings

The vitreous body is a jelly-like substance located between what two structures of the eye? Multiple choice question. iris and lens cornea and iris lens and the retina

lens and the retina

Photoreceptors

light energy

most taste buds are found on small bumps on the surface of the tongue called_____

papillae

The interpretation by the brain of incoming sensory impulses is called ____

perception

The group of mechanoreceptors called ______ are responsible for informing the CNS about body position and length/tension of skeletal muscles. Multiple choice question. free nerve endings proprioceptors thermoreceptors nociceptors

proprioceptors

For all receptors, stimulation of a receptor results in a change in ______. Multiple choice question. the shape of the receptor gene expression the state of the receptor from active to inactive the membrane potential

the membrane potential

What area of the retina is lacking photoreceptors and is referred to as the blind spot? Multiple choice question. the fovea centralis the optic disc the macula lutea

the optic disc

The auditory ossicles convey vibrations from the ______ to the oval window which, in turn, leads into the inner ear. Multiple choice question. tympanic membrane cochlea auditory tube round window

tympanic membrane

the ____ humor is a jelly-like substance located between the lens and the retina of the eyeball.

vitreous

Choose three structures of the eye that refract light rays. Multiple select question. sclera iris vitreous humor cornea lens

vitreous humor cornea lens

Within the spiral organ, hair cells have what role? Multiple choice question. Hair cells produce endolymph. Hair cells are receptor cells. Hair cells transmit sound vibrations to the basilar membrane. Hair cells help to dissipate sound waves after stimulating receptors.

Hair cells are receptor cells.

Which two groups of neurons in the retina allow information to pass laterally between retinal cells, thereby modifying the pattern of impulses conducted on the fibers of the direct pathway? Multiple select question. rods amacrine cells bipolar neurons horizontal cells cones

amacrine cells horizontal cells

The five major groups of neurons in the retina are the photoreceptors, the bipolar neurons, the _______cells, the horizontal cells, and the ________ cells.

amacrine;ganglion

The posterior cavity of the eye is a larger space bounded by the ciliary body, the _____ and the ______

lens;retina

Sound travels in waves. The higher the waves (the greater the amplitude), the ______ the sound. Multiple choice question. louder quieter higher-pitched lower-pitched

louder

Sound travels in waves. The higher the waves (the greater the amplitude), the ______ the sound. Multiple choice question. lower-pitched louder quieter higher-pitched

louder

What is the yellow patch of cells in the central region of the retina called? Multiple choice question. vitreous body lens macula lutea ciliary body

macula lutea

The thermoreceptors in the skin are classified as ______ receptors and ______ receptors

warm;cold

Which of the following structures functions in both hearing and equilibrium? Multiple choice question. cochlea semicircular canals vestibule

vestibule

Which word root means to hear? Multiple choice question. typmpan- cochlea malle- aud-

aud-

What structure connects the middle ear cavity to the throat (nasopharynx)? Multiple choice question. external auditory meatus oval window round window auditory tube

auditory tube

Which structure helps to equalize air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane? Multiple choice question. external acoustic meatus semicircular ducts auditory tube oval window

auditory tube

Which structure helps to equalize air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane? Multiple choice question. semicircular ducts external acoustic meatus oval window auditory tube

auditory tube

The optic nerve, as well as the central artery and vein that supply the eye with blood, exit the eye through the optic ____

disc

The tympanic membrane is also called the _____(a non-anatomical term).

eardrum

Vibrations that travel through matter in the form of waves produce sound. The greater the frequency of the waves, the ______ the sound. Multiple choice question. lower-pitched quieter louder higher-pitched

higher-pitched

The _____ ear, also called the tympanic cavity, is an air-filled space that houses the three auditory ossicles.

middle

The ear is divided into which three sections? Multiple select question. middle ear outer ear tympanic ear auditory ear inner ear

middle ear outer ear inner ear

The bending of light rays as they pass through objects of different densities is called ____-

refraction

The _____ forms the inner, or nervous, the tunic of the eye. It contains photoreceptors.

retina

The visual receptor cells are located in the ______. Multiple choice question. pupil retina iris sclera

retina

Chemoreceptors

specific molecules

The ___- membrane is a semitransparent membrane that moves back and forth in response to sound waves.

tympanic

Name the two types of thermoreceptors. Multiple select question. hot warm cold neutral

warm cold

What is the necessary condition for the normal hearing to occur? Multiple choice question. equal air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane higher pressure on the inner side of the tympanic membrane higher pressure on the outside of the tympanic membrane

equal air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane

Static equilibrium senses ______. Dynamic equilibrium senses ______. Multiple choice question. balance when in motion; position of the head position of the head; balance when in motion

position of the head; balance when in motion

Receptors for the ______ senses are specialized and are confined to structures in the head such as the eyes and ears. Multiple choice question. general cephalic special

special

As light enters the eye, what is the first structure through which it must pass? Multiple choice question. the iris the aqueous humor the lens the cornea

the cornea

List three characteristics of pain receptors. Multiple select question. they are also called proprioceptors they are nociceptors they are baroreceptors they are lacking in the brain they are sensitive to tissue damage

they are nociceptors they are lacking in the brain they are sensitive to tissue damage

Sound waves that enter the external acoustic meatus cause the ___membrane to vibrate back and forth, reproducing the vibrations of the sound-wave source.

tympanic