Unit 4 Chapter 19

Rank the organisms in the food chain from tertiary consumer at the top to producer at the bottom. (hawk, rattlesnake, rabbit, grass)

1. hawk 2. rattlesnake 3. rabbit 4. grass

Describe the process of eutrophication by arranging the phrases below in the correct order, beginning with the first step in the process at the top. - fish die of suffocation - rate of decomposer respiration increases as additional dead algae sink to lake bottom - o2 in water becomes depleted - nutrients released into water (from fertilizer run-off, for example) - rapid growth of algae and phytoplankton

1. nutrients released into water (from fertilizer run-off, for example) 2. rapid growth of algae and phytoplankton 3. rate of decomposer respiration increases as additional dead algae sink to lake bottom 4. o2 in water becomes depleted 5. fish die of suffocation

A close and often lifelong ecological relationship between species is called Multiple choice question. species richness. succession. a keystone. a symbiosis.

a symbiosis

Select all the statements that describe the taiga. Multiple select question. nutrient-rich soil also called the boreal forest characterized by long, cold winters wet and humid

also called the boreal forest; characterized by long, cold winters

Select all of the following that are primary producers. Multiple select question. autotrophs organisms that use sunlight to build organic molecules abiotic components of ecosystems organisms that consume other organisms to obtain organic molecules plants

autotrophs; organisms that use sunlight to build organic molecules; plants

In a ______, elements will move through the abiotic and biotic components of the Earth. Multiple choice question. symbiotic relationship food chain biogeochemical cycle light cycle

biogeochemical cycle

Chemical pollutants can become more concentrated at successively higher trophic levels due to a process called Multiple choice question. eutrophication. secondary succession. biomagnification. bioremediation.

biomagnification

Biologists divide the biosphere into ______, which are the major types of ecosystems on Earth. Multiple choice question. habitats communities biomes successional units

biomes

Select all the factors that have reduced the range of many natural biomes. Multiple select question. building of cities and suburbs animal migration patterns decomposition of organisms conversion to farmland

building of cities and suburbs; conversion to farmland

Genetic change in one species that selects for subsequent change in the genome of another species is called Multiple choice question. succession. coevolution. cycling. parasitism.

coevolution

If a species has a genetic change and another species has a subsequent genetic change, this would be called an example of Multiple choice question. predation. artificial selection. coevolution. herbivory.

coevolution

Select all the ways that carbon enters the atmosphere in the carbon cycle. Multiple select question. photosynthesis combustion weathering of soil respiration

combustion; respiration

A ______ consists of interacting populations of organisms. Multiple choice question. biogeochemical cycle. community niche habitat

community

An interaction between two individuals where both are negatively impacted is called Multiple choice question. competition. parasitism. commensalism. predation.

competition

In ______, two or more species or organisms are trying to use the same limited resource. Multiple choice question. competition symbiosis fixation net primary production

competition

Evergreen trees, ferns, birds, deer, bobcats, amphibians, and bears are all species typical of what biome? Multiple choice question. temperate grassland tropical rain forest coniferous forest tropical savanna

coniferous forest

The biome occupying much of eastern North America and characterized by trees such as oak and maple that shed their leaves in autumn is called temperate Multiple choice question. Mediterranean shrubland. deciduous forest. savanna. grassland.

deciduous forest

What is an example of a biome? Multiple choice question. producer mycorrhizae desert predator

desert

Match each biome to its temperature and moisture characteristics. (desert, tundra, temperate forest, tropical rain forest) - average temperature between 0 degree C and 30 degree C and annual precipitation between 0 and 100 cm - average temperature below 0 degree C and annual precipitation around 50 cm - average temperature of 10 degree C and annual precipitation between 100 and 200 cm - average temperature of 25 degree C and annual precipitation around 350 cm

desert > average temperature between 0 degree C and 30 degree C and annual precipitation between 0 and 100 cm tundra > average temperature below 0 degree C and annual precipitation around 50 cm temperate forest > average temperature of 10 degree C and annual precipitation between 100 and 200 cm tropical rain forest > average temperature of 25 degree C and annual precipitation around 350 cm

Equatorial regions have year-round warm temperatures and the highest amounts of precipitation because Multiple choice question. ocean currents meet at the equator. sunlight is less intense than in the nonequatorial regions. equatorial regions receive the most intense sunlight. sunlight is distributed over a larger area than in the nonequatorial regions.

equatorial regions receive the most intense sunlight

The process by which nutrients trigger the rapid growth of algae, ultimately leading to O2-depleted water, is called Multiple choice question. the greenhouse effect. desalinization. eutrophication biomagnification.

eutrophication

Match each process in the water cycle to its correct description. (evaporation, precipitation, runoff, percolation, transpiration) - the sun's heat causes water from land and water surfaces to enter the atmosphere as water vapor - vapor water condenses into water droplets that fall as rain or snow - precipitation runs along the surface of land into rivers that lead back to the ocean - rain, ice, or snow soaks into the ground and restores soil moisture and groundwater - evaporation of water from the leaves of plants

evaporation > the sun's heat causes water from land and water surfaces to enter the atmosphere as water vapor precipitation > vapor water condenses into water droplets that fall as rain or snow runoff > precipitation runs along the surface of land into rivers that lead back to the ocean percolation > rain, ice, or snow soaks into the ground and restores soil moisture and groundwater transpiration > evaporation of water from the leaves of plants

Primary producers are found in what trophic level in an ecosystem? Multiple choice question. Third Fourth First Second

first

A mouse eats a seed; a rattlesnake eats the mouse; then a hawk eats the rattlesnake. This is an example of a Multiple choice question. primary succession. coevolutionary relationship. secondary succession. food chain.

food chain

Match the examples to their correct aquatic biome category: freshwater or marine. (freshwater; marine) - lakes and rivers; groundwater - intertidal zone, open ocean

freshwater > lakes and rivers, groundwater marine > intertidal zone, open ocean

Select the two main categories of aquatic biomes. Multiple select question. freshwater photic tropical marine

freshwater; marine

Select all of the true statements about grasslands. Multiple select question. Grazing and fire suppress tree growth. Grasses and flowering plants are the dominant vegetation. They are home to caribou, moose, elk, wolves, and squirrels. Climate characterized by hot summers and cold winters. They have soils with very little nutrients.

grazing and fire suppress tree growth; grasses and flowering plants are the dominant vegetation; climate characterized by hot summers and cold winners

An animal that exclusively eats plants is called a(n) Multiple choice question. herbivore. autotroph. carnivore. producer.

herbivore

Select all of the following that are true about terrestrial biomes. Multiple select question. vertebrates and invertebrates determine the dominant plants soil plays little role in nutrient cycling and plant life huge bands on Earth with characteristic types of vegetation influenced by temperature and moisture components of climate

huge bands on Earth with characteristic types of vegetation; influenced by temperature and moisture components of climate

Net primary production of an ecosystem is the amount of energy Multiple choice question. fixed by all autotrophs in an ecosystem. in the producer level that is available for consumers to eat. used by autotrophs in cellular respiration. lost as heat during the metabolic processes of autotrophs.

in the producer level that is available for consumers to eat

Select all of the following that are true about Earth's polar ice caps. Multiple select question. inhabited by whales, seals, and birds include some of the world's most fertile, yet unreachable, soils have phytoplankton as the base of the food chain worms and crustaceans are part of the food web

inhabited by whales, seals, and birds; have phytoplankton as the base of the food chain; worms and crustaceans are part of the food web

A community is composed of a group of Multiple choice question. interacting populations of several species. abiotic components of a habitat. ecosystems in a biome. different types of biomes.

interacting populations of several species

A(n) ______ species is one that makes up a small portion of the community but has a large influence on community diversity. Multiple choice question. inherent pioneer keystone trophic

keystone

If there is higher species diversity in a community when Species X is present than when it has been removed, you might consider Species X to be a(n) Multiple choice question. introduced species. pioneer species. parasitic species. keystone species.

keystone species

A biome is a Multiple choice question. trophic level within a food web that contributes biomass to several other trophic levels. large portion of biomass in a pyramid of energy. symbiotic relationship between two species in which one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed. major type of ecosystem characterized by a particular climate and group of species.

major type of ecosystem characterized by a particular climate and group of species

Select all the main storage reservoirs in the phosphorus cycle. Multiple select question. marine sediments the atmosphere decomposers rocks

marine sediments; rocks

Humans alter the phosphorus cycle by Multiple choice question. burning forests, which releases phosphorus into the atmosphere. burning fossil fuels. mining phosphate rocks to produce fertilizers. acidifying the ocean

mining phosphate rocks to produce fertilizers

Select all the true statements about temperate coniferous forests. Multiple select question. Most trees are evergreen species, such as spruce and hemlock. They are dominated by trees that shed their leaves in autumn. They are found in Africa. Abundant rainfall leads to shallow, nutrient-poor soils They are characterized by mild winters and abundant rain and fog.

most trees are evergreen species, such as spruce and hemlock; they are characterized by mild winters and abundant rain and fog

The energy in an ecosystem that is available for consumers to eat is called the Multiple choice question. net primary production. amount of fixed nitrogen. gross primary production. heterotroph biomass.

net primary production

Select all of the forms of nitrogen that plants can absorb. Multiple select question. nitrogen gas (N2) nitrate (NO3-) ammonium ions (NH4+) nitrogen oxide (NO2)

nitrate (NO3-); ammonium ions (NH4+)

In a process called ______, bacteria and archaea convert ammonium to nitrate, which can be taken up by plants and other autotrophs; organic matter is broken down by ______, which returns nitrogen to the abiotic environment. Multiple choice question. nitrification; decomposition decomposition; nitrogen fixation denitrification; transpiration nitrogen fixation; nitrification

nitrification; decomposition

Select the characteristics of polar ice caps. Multiple select question. large expansive areas of bare soil wet and rainy organisms have antifreeze chemicals dry and windy

organisms have antifreeze chemicals; dry and windy

Carbon from the atmosphere enters food chains through the actions of Multiple choice question. fossil fuel combustion. decomposers. methanogens. photosynthetic autotrophs.

photosynthetic autotrophs

Select all of the following that describe lakes and ponds. Multiple select question. Phytoplankton are dominant producers in the photic zone. Decomposers inhabit only the shallow, nutrient-rich water near the shore. Rooted plants thrive below the photic zone. Light penetrates lake and pond regions to differing degrees.

phytoplankton are dominant producers in the photic zone; light penetrates lake and pond regions to differing degrees

Select organisms that are common in lakes and ponds. Multiple select question. Phytoplankton Zooplankton Sea urchins Corals Invertebrates

phytoplankton; zooplankton; invertebrates

Members of the same species that inhabit the same area are called a Multiple choice question. population. habitat. community. niche.

population

Trophic level describes an organism's Multiple choice question. ability to enter a symbiotic relationship. position in a food chain. stage in succession. survivorship.

position in a food chain

In the water cycle, water falling on land as rain or snow is a process called Multiple choice question. percolation. evaporation. precipitation. transpiration.

precipitation

An animal that kills and eats other animals is called a Multiple choice question. producer. host. prey. predator.

predator

A deer, which is an herbivore, belongs to what trophic level? Multiple choice question. primary consumer producer secondary consumer tertiary consumer

primary consumer

An organism that eats primary producers is called an herbivore, or Multiple choice question. autotroph. primary consumer. photosynthesizer. secondary consumer.

primary consumer

What type of organism harvests energy to build organic molecules that support animals, fungi, and all the other levels of a food web? Multiple choice question. Secondary consumer Heterotroph Herbivore Primary producer

primary producer

What type of organism occupies the first trophic level in a food chain? Multiple choice question. herbivore primary producer primary consumer heterotroph

primary producer

In biogeochemical cycles, elements continuously recycle and transfer among storage ______, which include organisms, the atmosphere, rocks, and water. Multiple choice question. successions keystones pyramids reservoirs

reservoirs

Select all of the following that describe oceans. Multiple select question. provide little photosynthesis at the base of the food chain saltwater habitats Earth's largest biome absorb heat and regulate climate

saltwater habitats; Earth's largest biome; absorb heat and regulate climate

What trophic level in an ecosystem do primary consumers occupy? Multiple choice question. Fourth Third Second First

second

Carnivores occupy what trophic level in a food chain? Multiple choice question. primary consumer secondary consumer primary producer decomposer

secondary consumer

What area of the ocean has the most nutrients, sunlight, and primary productivity? Multiple choice question. deep water ocean floor surface of the open ocean shallow coastal water

shallow coastal water

A population is composed of members of the same ______ living in the same area. Multiple choice question. ecosystem family species habitat

species

If a biologist is measuring diversity by calculating the proportion of individuals of each species, he or she is actually calculating the ______ of species in the community. Multiple choice question. niche use (or habitat use) secondary succession pattern species evenness (relative abundance) net primary production

species evenness (relative abundance)

Counting the number of species in a habitat is a measure of Multiple choice question. species richness. net primary production. biomass. species succession.

species richness

A lichen, which consists of fungal and algal partners that live together and provide nutrients to each other, is an example of Multiple choice question. competition. an ecological footprint. biomagnification. symbiosis.

symbiosis

Caribou, reindeer, lynx, spruce, firs, pines, and migratory birds are species found in what biome? Multiple choice question. savanna temperate grassland taiga temperate deciduous forest

taiga

What biome is characterized by warm summers, cold winters, trees that lose their leaves seasonally, and animals such as raccoons, deer, squirrels, snakes, birds, and foxes? Multiple choice question. boreal forest (taiga) savannas temperate deciduous forests tropical rain forests

temperate deciduous forests

Bison were originally dominant large, grazing herbivores in what North American biome? Multiple choice question. tundra taiga temperate grassland temperate rain forest

temperate grassland

As a result of biomagnification, mercury levels would be highest in a(n) Multiple choice question. herbivore. tertiary consumer. producers. primary consumer.

tertiary consumer

An example of high species richness is Multiple choice question. the 15 individuals of large-mouth bass in a lake. the 15 different fish species in a lake. the dominance of one species in an ecosystem. a community consisting of pioneer species.

the 15 different fish species in a lake

Due to ______, equatorial regions of Earth have warm temperatures year-round, and nonequatorial regions experience lower temperatures, less light, and seasonal changes. Multiple choice question. the higher elevation of land in nonequatorial regions the 24-hour rotation of Earth around its axis the higher elevation of land at the equator the curvature of Earth and the tilt of its axis

the curvature of Earth and the tilt of its axis

As a measure of diversity, species evenness (relative abundance) is Multiple choice question. the proportion of the community that each species occupies. the successional stage of a community. the total number of individuals occupying a habitat. the total number of species occupying a habitat.

the proportion of the community that each species occupies

As a measure of diversity, species evenness (relative abundance) is Multiple choice question. the successional stage of a community. the total number of species occupying a habitat. the proportion of the community that each species occupies. the total number of individuals occupying a habitat.

the proportion of the community that each species occupies