Unit 4 Exam

AIDS

- a sexually transmitted disease caused by the infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) -immunodeficiency virus S/S: first are flu-like. get symptoms like fever, large tender lymph nodes, throat inflammation, rash, headache, and sores of the mouth and genitals. -spread by having unprotected sex with someone that is infected. Both oral and anal sex. can also be transmitted through blood transfusions, hypodermic needles and mother to child through delivery, pregnancy and breastfeeding. -2015: 36.7 million ppl were living with HIV and resulting in 1.2 million deaths. No cure for HIV/AIDS. treatment consists of highly active antiretroviral therapy with only slows the progression of the disease. USE CONDOMS.

Adenoviral Pharngitis

- group of viruses that can infect the membranes (tissue linings) of the respiratory tract, eyes, intestines, urinary tract, and nervous system. They account for about 10% of fever-related illnesses and acute respiratory infections in kids and are a frequent cause of diarrhea. -Adenovirus -Sore throat, high fever, diarrhea, and red eyes. Red eyes are due to concurrent conjunctivitis, which occurs in one third to one-half of affected patients. -Multiplies in the host cell, cell destruction and inflammation are seen and different strains have different symptoms. Some can spread through an infected person's stool, diaper changing. Also can spread through water . Virus can be shed for months after a person recovers. -Care can help relieve symptoms.

Chicken Pox

-A highly contagious viral infection, causing an itchy, blister-like rash on the skin -Varicella zoster virus -rash turns into an itchy, fluid-filled blisters that eventually turn into scabs, the rash first may show up on the face, chest, and back then spread to the rest of the body, including inside the mouth, eyelids, or genital area. -Has a diameter of 150-200nm and contains linear, double stranded DNA genome, enclosed with an icosahedral capsid, surrounded by a phospholipid envelope. VZV grows slowly in human diploid fibroblasts cells and will remain attached to the host cell, resulting in less circulating viral particles. -Occurs worldwide. More common in temperate climates than in tropical countries. Before the VZV vaccine, an estimate of 4 million cases in 1995 on varicella and 1 million cases of zoster. The incidence has declined by 55%. more common in children. -Chickenpox vaccine. Treatments include lotion and antibiotics

Carbunculosis

-A skin infection that involves a group of infected hair follicles that form a lump. This occurs deep within the skin and may contain pus. AKA staph skin infection. -Staphylococcus Aureus -Can be the size of a pea up to the size of a golf ball. May be red, irritated or painful to touch. White or yellow center, weep, ooze, or crust and spread to other skin areas. -Infection starts inside multiple hair follicles, the pus will be under tension, and may be extruded along fibrous strands connecting the hair follicles to the deep fascia. -Can develop anywhere but are more common on the areas of skin that are moist, such as nose, mouth, groin, thighs, underarms, etc. At great risk if you are in close contact with someone who has one. -To prevent- make sure you have good all over hygiene and prevent friction from tight clothes. must be drained before they can heal, usually happens on its own in less than two weeks.

Haemophilus Meningitis

-Haemophilus influenzae -fever, chills, nausea, vomiting -may occur after an upper respiratory infection. spreads from lungs and airways to the blood, then the brain where the meninges become infected and inflamed. -Before immunization 2.2 million cases. -Treamtent is antibiotics. -Prevention is vaccine

Genital Warts

-STD's caused by the human papilloma virus - Human papilloma virus - white, gray or skin-colored. 1-2mm smooth bumps or appear as actual wart-like lesions. Genital warts appear on any of the urogenital body parts - labia, vagina, penis, scrotum, anus, skin around the anus, and groin folds. -if HPV is not cleared up by the immune system, benign lesion will form. In certain instances, these lesions will develop into carcinomas. If HPV comes in contact with basal cells, it will be able to penetrate and initiate its infectious process. Once the virus is successful in penetrating the basal cells, it will begin replication in the spinous layer. -the most frequently sexually transmitted disease infections in the world. 80% of cases will clear up with the help of the host's immune system, with the other 20% developing into genital cancers. HPV infection is diverse and found among all classes, races, and genders. -Limit the number of sexual partners. The presence of other STD's, poor hygiene, poor nutrition, smoking and immunosuppressed increase the risk of contracting HPV. Vaccines. No treatment/cure.

Cystitis

-The inflammation of the bladder caused by a material infection and is also known as a UTI -E. Coli -persistant urge to urinate, may be small amounts but it will be very frequent. Also a burning sensation when urinating. May be cloudy or strong-smelling. -Caused by an ascending infection in the urethra. It is caused by a person's own microbiota. -more common in females because of their anatomy. -Cranberry juice can help. Stay hydrated, urinating frequently, wiping from front to back and taking showers rather than baths. Avoid using deodorants and feminine products on the genital area. pee after sex.

Chancroid

-bacterial STD caused by infection with Haemophilus ducreyi. It is characterized by painful necrotizing genital ulcers and can be accompanied by inguinal lymphadenopathy. It is highly contagious but can be cured. men: 1 ulcer women: 3-4 -Haemophilus ducreyi -S/S: ranges in size from 1/8 inch to two inches across, can be very painful, sharply defined and undermined borders, base is covered with a gray or yellowish-gray material, painful lymphadenopathy occurs in 30-60% of patients -the microorganism H. ducreyi enters the skin through micro abrasions during sexual intercourse. a tissue reaction then leads to the development of erythematous papule which then forms in to a pustule within a week. Then it undergoes central necrosis to ulcerate. -has been decreasing over the years. in 2010 only 24 cases were reported. - Azithromycin, cerftriaxone for seven days. use condoms

Tinea versicolor

-infection on the skin that usually creates patches of discoloration on shoulders and trunk. -Pityrosporum -Patches of skin discoloration on back, shoulders, chest, and neck. mild itching and scaling. -Hot, humid weather, oily skin, hormonal changes and weakened immune systems trigger the fungal growth. Sunlight exposure stimulates the production of azeliac acid and causes the appearance of hypo pigmented spots. -Occurs in areas with higher temperatures and humidity. -Antifungal creams or shampoos may be effective.

Bacterial Vaginosis

-mild infection of the vagina caused by bacteria, acts as an STI -Gardnerella virus -S/S: excessive grayish white vaginal discharge or yellow Fishy odor after -Imbalance of the organisms flora damage's by lowering pH level -5-25% of women. rare in children. male to female contact or woman to woman contact is the transmission, occurs in all regions -eating Lactobacillus acidophilus supplements such as yogurt or don't be sexually active.

Chlamydia

-one of the most common STD's -Chlamyida trachomaits -Can have no symptoms, may experience pain in the eyes, lower abdomen, pelvis, testicles or vagina. pain can also occur during sexual intercourse or urination. can mimic a UTI with the burning urination and constant urge to urinate. Abnormal discharge -infects epithelial cells in the eye and genital tract. cell-mediated immune response is largely responsible for tissue damage during inflammation. it causes inflammation of urinary organs, causing the symptoms -2013: Over 1.4 million causes Treated with antibiotics

Hidradenitis Suppurativa

A chronic skin condition featuring lumps in places such as armpits and groin. Also called Acne inversa. -Causative agent is unknown -Painful bump that can persist for week or even months. Small pitted black heads that look "double barreled", red tender bumps that break open and drain pus, painful pea-size lumps that develop under the skin and persist for years and can become enlarged and inflamed, and tunnels that connect lumps together under the skin that heal slowly. -Starts to develop when a hair follicle becomes blocked or inflamed. Some factors that play a role are hormone levels, metabolic syndrome, genetics. Risk factors include age, gender, smoking. -Prevnetion- Live a good, healthy lifestyle. No cure. Medication can help control outbreaks; antibiotics

Erythrasma

A chronic superficial infection of the intertriginous areas of the skin. -Corynebacterium minutissmum -Looks like a patch of pink to read, scaly skin. The border is well-defined and over time the pink or red color fades to a tan or brown. Typically located in moist body folds such as underarms, groin, inner thighs, and between toes. Itching or burning in the groin area. -Corynebacteria invade the upper third of the stratum corner. Under favorable head and humidity conditions there organisms proliferate. -Incidence of Erythrasma is reported to be around 4%. Found more frequently in subtropical and tropical areas. Increases with age. -Treatment- gently rub with antibacterial soap and keep the involved area dry, apply over the counter creams containing tolnaftate or miconazole. Antibiotic lotion

Common Cold

A common viral infection of the nose and throat, usually harmless, although it might not feel that way. -rhinovirus (most common), respiratory syncytial virus -runny nose, sneezing, congestion, cough, chills, itchy watery eyes. High fever or severe symptoms are reasons to see a doctor. Most people recover from a common cold in a week to 10 days. -The host's response to the virus rather than to destruction of the nasal mucosa. Viral infection of a very limited portion of the nasal epithelium results in an influx of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, cytokine release, and vascular leak. Colds are self-limited illnesses. -more than 3 million US cases per year. Spread through the air curing close contact with infected people and indirectly through contact with objects in the environment followed by transfer to the mouth or nose. Occurs annually during september through April. -Most cases resolve on their own within two weeks. OTC cole medications and home remedies can help relieve symptoms. Prevention is hand-washing, don't share drinks and utensils. No cure for common cold.

Creutzfeldt Jakob

A degenerative brain disorder that leads to dementia and death Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE's) S/S: amnesia, confusion, dementia, delusion, disorientation, inability to speak or understand, anxiety - Unique feature of prion diseases is that they are self-propagating and transmissible. Converts normal prions into abnormal ones. Changes all brain cells into dysfunctional ones. -1,000 cases annually, very rare -No treatment. The focus is on alleviating pain and relieving symptoms

Histoplasmosis

A disease caused by the fungus Histoplasma Capsulatum, that affects the lungs. -Histoplama capsulatum -If symptoms occur, they will start within 3 to 17 days after exposure. most affected individuals have clinically silent malfestations and show no apparent ill effects. The acute phase is characterized by non-specific respiratory symptoms, often cough-like or flu-like. Chest x-ray findings are normal in 40-70% of cases. -Contracted by inhalation of the spores from disturbed soil or guano. The inoculum is presented principally by microconidia. These are inhaled and reach the alveoli. The microconidia are transformed to yeast, which grow and multiply inside the phagosome. The macrophages travel in lymphatic circulation and spread to disease different organs -Endemic in certain areas of the US, particularly in states bordering the Ohio Valley river and the lower mississippi river. The acidity and humidity patterns of soil are associated with endemicity. Positive skin tests occur in as many as 90% of the people living in areas where H. capsulatum is common, such as the eastern and central US. -Resolves without any treatment. Anti fungal medications are used to treat more severe cases of histoplasmosis with antibiotics. To prevent, take precautions to reduce exposure in the parts of the world where the disease is prevalent.

Scalded Skin infection

A disease seen mostly in infants, caused by toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus. Symptoms: Tender red rash with sandpaper texture, irritability, fever, large blister, peeling of skin. Skin appears burned within 48 hours after onset of symptoms.

Hansen's disease

AKA Leprosy, an infection that can affect the nerves, skin, eyes, and lining of the nose. -Mycobacterium leprae -Numbness of affected areas of the skin, muscle weakness, or paralysis, enlarged nerves and eye problems that may lead to blindness when facial nerves are infected. -Most people who come in contact do not develop Leprosy. Bacilli enter the body through the respiratory system. Then migrate towards the neural tissue and enter the Schwann cells. Bacteria start multiplying slowly within the cells and get liberated from the destroyed cells. Bacteria can also be found in macrophages, muscle cells, and endothelial cells of blood vessels. -in 2014, 175 new cases of Leprosy were detected in the US. 85% of Leprosy cases in the US are found in immigrants -Treatable with a combination of antibiotics

Shingles

AKA herpes zoster. a reactivation of chickenpox that causes a painful skin rash -varicella zoster -headache, sensitivity to light, and flu-like symptoms. -Results from the reactivation pf varicella-sister virus that has been dormant in the body. -most common in older adults and people with weakened immune systems. Most people only get it once. -No cure but there is treatment. Antiviral medications to reduce pain. Topical creams for blisters. Vaccine called Zostavax

African sleeping sickness

AKA human african trypanosomiasis. Is transmitted to human by tsetse fly bites which have acquired their infection from human beings or from animals harboring human pathogenic parasites. Two forms which are found in two different regions of Africa (central or southern) -Trypanosoma brucei -First stage involve fevers, headaches, itchiness and joint pains. Second stage begin confusion, poor coordination, numbness and trouble sleeping. Can be months or years before signs and symptoms show. -Cause by an infection with protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Trypanosoma. -2010: 9,000 deaths -1990: 34,000 -If untreated, always results in death. Treatment depends on stage of disease. Antibiotics

Influenza

AKA the flu. a contagious respiratory illness caused by flu viruses. -Caused by various types of influenza viral strains. Common types, Influenza A, B, and C. -S/S: Fever, aching muscles, especially in back, arms and legs. Chills and sweater, cough, fatigue and weakness, nasal congestion, sore throat. -When influenza is introduced into the respiratory tract, by aerosol or by contact with saliva or other respiratory secretions from an infected individual, it attached to and replicates in epithelial cells. Cough and weakness may persist for up to 2 week after infection. -3 to 5 million cases of severe illness and up to 500 thousand deaths worldwide. -Get vaccinated each year, but good health habits like covering your cough and washing your hands often help stop spread of germs and prevent flu. Also antiviral drugs that can be used to treat and prevent flu.

Naeglerasis

AKA the primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. It is an infection of the brain by the free-living unicellular Naegleria folweri -Start 1-9 days after infection. Change in the senses of taste and smell, headache, fever, nausea vomiting. -N. fowler develops in wam, stagnant bodies of freshwater and enters the CNS after water is inhaled up the nose. It attaches itself to the Olfactory nerve. -In the US, there have been 138 infections from 1962-2015, with only 3 survivors. Mostly in Texas and Florida. Affects more males and children. -Prevention is to wear a nose-clip while swimming in freshwater. Treatment is antibiotics.

Cryptococcal Meningoencephalitis

An infection and inflammation of the meninges, which are the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. -Cyrptococcus neoformans in soil and cyrptococcus gattii associated with trees -S/S: come on slowly, developing a headache, nausea, vomiting, mental changes, leathery and sensitivity to light. -It has a think capsule that serves as a virulence factor; inhibiting phagocytosis, cell-mediated immunity and delayed-type hypersensitivity making it difficult to treat and for the body to fight off leading to meningitis and granuloma formation on the brain -Rare in healthy people. More common in people who have a compromise immune system, such as people with AIDS. -Treatment- anti fungal drugs

Diphtheria

An infection caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae -Symptoms occur 2-7 days after infection. Fever, chills, fatigue, bluish skin, sore throat, hoarseness, cough, headache, difficulty swallowing. -Human to human transmission usually occurs through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Contact with lesions on the skin can also lead to transmission. Can be picked up from a fomite -Fatal is between 5-10% of cases that are being treated. In untreated cases, fatality is much higher at 40-50%. in 2013, there were 3,300 fatalities credited to diphtheria compared to 8,000 in 1990. -Can be prevented by vaccine DtaP, which is usually combined with Tetanus. In severe cases, patients are admitted to the hospital and are given a diphtheria antitoxin. Some may require intubation or a tracheotomy as airways can become swollen shut by inflamed lymph nodes.

Pelvic inflammatory disease

An infection of the female reproductive system. It is often a complication of an STD. Gonorrhea or Chlamyida -Fever, pain in the lower abdomen, discharge with a bad odor, burning sensation when urinating, and pain/bleeding when having sex. -The organisms damage the host by causing inflammation and infection in the female reproductive system. caused by infection of other STD's -2.5 million women in the US have PID -Antibiotics

Meningococcal Meningitis

Bacterial form of Meningitis -Niesseria meningitides -Headaches, neck stiffness, joint pain, confusion -infections of the spinal cord and the lining of the brain. The bacteria can enter the nervous system after head trauma, surgery or infections. -Most common in Saharan Africa. -Treated with antibiotics. 5-10% of patients die after a day or two having symptoms. To prevent keep with with the vaccines.

Scabies

Burrowing skin mite that causes irritation and rashes -mite sarcoptes scabiei -S/S: intense itching, welts/burrowing bumps from mites -mite burrows into the skin of the host and it causes an allergic reaction from its proteins and feces in the host to cause itching. -one of the most common skin diseases in children. Affects approx 100,000 million people. -Treatment by antibiotics

Folliculitis

Caused by a Staphylococcus aureus skin infection that produces a furuncle. Symptoms: A small red bump or pimple. The bump usually exhibited at the involved follicle. Often hair can be pulled and the infection goes away.

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)

Caused by the bacteria Rickettsia rickettsii, which is transmitted to humans by the bite of a tick, such as the American dog tick. Symptoms: headache, pains in muscle, joints and fever. After a few days, a rash of pink spots appears on palms, wrist, ankles and soles. The rash spreads up arms and legs and spreads through the rest of the body. Rash eventually spreads to other parts of the body.

Lyme Disease

Caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorfer, transmitted by the bite of a black-legged tick or deer tick. Shows three stages of Infection, Stage1: Enlarging, red rash at the site of the bite, fever, headache, general achiness, enlargement of lymph nodes near bite, joint pains Stage 2: Acute involvement of heart and nervous system. Stage 3: Chronic arthritis and impairment of the nervous system.

Measles (Rubeolla)

Commonly called measles, hard measles, or red measles. Caused by a virus. Symptoms: Begins with fever, runny nose, and cough. Rash appears within a few days. Appears first on forehead, and then spreads to rest of body. Symptoms generally disappear within one week.

Scrapie

Degenerative disease affecting the CNS of sheep and goats. -Prion protein (PrP SC) -S/S show after 2-3 years. be aware of loss of coordination, weight loss, despite not losing appetite. -Prion converts normal cellular protein to abnormal form in susceptible animals. As it accumulates within a cell, the abnormal form of the protein is deposited as an amyloid plaque, where its accumulation is hypothesized to cause the nervous signs of the disease. -Most cases reported are because of the transfer of the infection from other to lamb during birth. -Closing your ewe flock, do genetic resistance check. No real treatments or vaccines yet.

Cutaneous Candidiasis

Fungal infection of the skin -candida fungus -red rash that may spread to groin, between fingers and toes, and beneath breast; body odor. -the fungus sticks to the skin of the hosts and feeds off the moist and poor hygiene of the host, disrupting the skin's normal microbiota and causing burning pain and itchiness. -90,000 people a year -Treatment is topical or oral anti fungal mediations. Prevention- keep skin dry, improve hygiene under skin folds.

Coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever)

Infection by the dimorphic fungus Coccidoides immits causes coccidioidomycosis -Coccidoides immitis -Asymptomatic and self-limiting. Can be very serious in immunocompromised patients. In severe cases major organs can become infected -Acquired by inhaling fungal spores. The fungus differentiates into spherules that are filled with endospores. -mild cases generally do not require intervention, disseminated infections can be treated with intravenous anti-fungal drugs like Amphotericin B

Listeriosis

Infection caused by eating food contaminated with bacterium Listera monocytogenes -headache, stiff neck, confusion, loss of balance, and convulsions. -Get sick one to four weeks after eating contaminated food. Pregnant women are the ones who typically experience only fever and other flu-like symptoms such as fatigue and muscle aches. Serious infections during pregnancy can lead to miscarriage, stillbirth, premature delivery, or life-threatening infections to the new born -1,600 people get sick from Listeriosis every year and about 260 people die. -Can be treated with antibiotics -To prevent make sure cheese says "made with pasteurized milk. and pregnant women avoid eating soft cheese like brie

Leptospirosis

Infection caused by spiral-shaped bacteria called leptospira. -Leptospira interrogans -no symptoms at all to fever, chills, intense headache, muscle aches, abdominal pain, red eye and occasionally a rash. Can progress to Weil's disease. -Spread through urine of infected animals. -7 to 10 million people infected annually. -Antibiotics help treatment

Mucopurulent Cervicitis - MPC

Inflammation of the cervix -S/S: vaginal discharge and pain in the abdomen -Damages the host by making the cervix inflamed and causes pain. -Spread when somebody has unprotected sex with somebody has an STI. 22% to 28% of women who have vaginal discharge have cervicitis -Treatment includes taking antibiotics

Pyelonephritis

Inflammation of the kidney because of bacterial infection. A specific type of UTI was left without treatment for too long and goes up to the kidneys. -Escherichia coli -flank/back pain, dysuria, cloudy/foul smelling urine, oliguria, chills, fever, fatigue -Causes the kidneys and ureters to swell, in turn affecting the kidney's filtration rate. Poor filtration can cause buildup of toxins, leading to fever and illness. If left too long, it can cause permanent damage to the kidneys. -15-17 cases per 10,000 females. 3-4 cases per 100,000 males. -Drink plenty of fluids and cranberry juice to help decrease the risk of UTI, pee after sex, wife front to back, no douching or odorous products. Antibiotics- penicillin

Acne

It arises from the interaction of four factors: Excess sebum production, pore obstruction, increase in bacteria and inflammation from sebum escaping into surrounding skin. Signs and Symptoms: Small read, tender bumps (papules), pimples (pustules), painful lumps beneath the surface of the skin (nodules) and pus-filled lumps beneath the surface of the skin (cystic lesions). The face, upper chest and back are most commonly affected.

Rubella Virus

Known as the German measles or the three day measles. It is caused by a virus. Symptoms: Usually mild symptoms, slight fever with mild cold symptoms. Enlarged lymph nodes behind ears and back of neck. Faint rash on face that consists of light pink spots. Adults commonly complain of joint pain.

Hanta Pulmonary Syndrome

Lung infection causes by viruses found in the saliva, urine and droppings of some rodents. -Hantavirus -Early symptoms- fever, headaches, muscle aches, stomach problems, dizziness, chills -Late symptoms- lungs fill with fluid, shortness, of breath, coughing, tachycardia chills. -Infection occurs by breathing air that's contaminated by rodent urine and droppings. HPS is a generalized increase in capillary permeability that results from endothelial damage. Deer mouse is primary carrier -Fewer than 1,000 US cases per year. Has now been reported in more than 24 states in the continental US, Canada, and South America. -mortality rate of 38% no specific treatment, cure, or vaccine. The earlier the patient is brought to intensive care, the better.

Pubic inflammatory disease

Pubic lice also known as crabs. Small insects that infest the genital area -Pthirus pubis -intense itching in the genitals or anus, mild fever, feeling run down, irritability, the presence of lice or small egg sacs -Damages the host by infesting hair with eggs at the base of the hair fibers. The organism reacts by reproducing continuously -Gradually becoming less of an occurrence. -Wash clothes regularly. Lice-killing lotion.

Q fever

Q stands for "Query" because the cause of the disease was long a question mark. Is a zoonotic disease. -Coxiella burnetii -Often asymptomatic; begins abruptly with flu-like symptoms, severe headaches -C. burnetii is very virulent, resists inactivation and remains viable in dust and stool for months; even a single organism can cause infection. Because of these characteristics, C. burnetii is a potential biological warfare agent. -176 cases were reported in 2014. 137were acute and 39 were chronic primary treatment is doxycycline

Respiratory Syncytial Virus

RSV is a very common virus that leads to mild, cold-like symptoms in adults and older healthy children. can be more serious in infants -Respiratory Syncytial virus - Symptoms usually appear 4 to 6 days after coming in contact with the virus. Older children will have mild, cold-like symptoms, such as croupy cough, stuffy nose, or low-grade fever. Infants will have more severe symptoms such as bluish skin, due to lack of oxygen, difficulty breathing, nasal flaring, rapid breathing, shortness of breath, wheezing. Incubation period is usually 3-6 days but may vary 2-8 days. Virus enters the body through the eye or nose. tHE VIRUS THEN SPREADS along the epithelium of the respiratory tract, and may produce bronchitis or pneumonia. This creates obstruction of airflow. -most common cause of lower respiratory tract infection in children younger than two. In the US, between 1997 and 2000, RSV comprised 77,700 admissions annually and was the leading cause among hospitalize infants younger than one year. -pREVNETION GOOD HYGIENE. no cure.

Trichomoniasis

STD caused by infection with protozoan parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis -More than 160 million infected annually. -No symptoms, can range from mild to severe inflammation. Feels unpleasant to have sex. -Treated with antibiotics

Gonorrhea

STD that causes infections in the genital area, rectum, and the throat. It can infect anyone who has unprotected sex especially with multiple partners. -Neisseria gonorrhoeae -burning while urinating, green/yellow discharge, redness and swelling of genitals, itching and burning in the genital area. Oral: sore/itchy throat as well as some inflammation. -caused by the prevention of phagocytosis by the neutrophils. due to the surface pili containing IgA protease, the disease is allowed to attach to the surfaces and spread. The organism causes acute inflammatory reaction and causes the signs and symptoms of discomfort and inflammation of the parts of the body that it comes in contact with -Ranges from ages 15-49. More common in places like Africa and Western Pacific regions. Pregnant women can infect the fetus. Second most commonly reported disease. - Prevention: protected sex, keeping the areas clean and regular testing. Treated with antibiotics

Ringworm

Skin infection that is common and highly contagious, but not serious. It is sometimes referred to as "tinea corporis". It gets it name from the ring or circle-shaped rash that appears on the body -dermatophytes -S/S start 4-10 days after exposure to the fungus. Rash will be itchy but the skin located inside the ring looks relatively healthy. -Dermatophytes have the ability to invade keratinized tissue. They invade, infect, and persist in the stratum corneum of the epidermis but rarely penetrate below the epidermis. -present in more than 30% children. a higher prevalence is seen in areas with increased urbanization, community showers, sports, etc. People who are likely to obtain ringworm are marathon runners, miners, and soldiers. -Treatments- over the counter topical medications.

Eastern equine encephalitis

Transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito -Alphavirus -Abrupt onset chills, fever, malaise, arthralgia, myalgia, headache, irritability -Large number of immunologically active cells enter the brain and parenchyma and perivascular areas and mediate most of the damage. -US only 12-17 cases a year - No human vaccine or antiviral treatment. Prevention- bug spray, wear clothes that cover you

Syphilis

Treponema pallidum -Development of sores on the genitals or in the mouth area, painless ulcers, vaginal discharge, or wart-like growths on genitals. -Bacteria enters through the genitals, rectum or mouth, from there it enters the blood stream and spreads throughout the body. -Reports show that the disease doubled between 2005 and 2013 -Treatable with antibiotics

Herpes

Virus known as HSV. HSV-1 which is oral herpes and HSV-2 which is genital herpes. -Herpes Simplex Virus -Tingling, itching, burning sensation, small fluid-filled blisters, blisters may burst and have fluid oozing and then crusting over. For first time outbreaks you may experience fever, headaches, muscle aches and swollen lymph nodes. -It affects the nervous system, specifically nerve cell ganglia. One you have the virus it remains latent in the body. Usually HSV-1 is acquired in children thru oral secretions. Children will often pick up things that do not belong to them and put them in their mouths. Genital herpes in caused by sexual contact but can be caused by HSV-1 thru oral sex. 23million cases per year. -Prevention: avoid drinking after others or sharing utensils. use protection. no cure. Antibiotics; acyclovir, famciclovir, and valaciclovir

strep throat

a common type of sore throat that is caused by bacteria -streptococcus bacteria -causes pain when swallowing, swollen red tonsils with white patches, swollen lymph nodes, malaise -the bacteria causes there to be a red painful infection in the back of the throat. it is usually spread through contact with droplets from an infected person. it enters the body through the mouth, nose, or eyes. -Strep throat is very common, especially in younger children. -Swab the back of your throat on your tonsils and send it through the lab. the rapid strep test can have negative results so they almost always do a culture. Antibiotics for treatment. Prevention is proper hand-washing.

Otitis externa

a condition of the external ear canal and outer ear flap called the pinna where it is inflamed. -It can have many different causative agents such as a bacterial or yeast infection, parasite, mites. etc. -itching in the ear, hard hearing, pain, redness/swelling, tinnitus, fever, ear pressure, discharge, cellulitis of face/neck. -Many things can cause the infection such as absence of cerumen, high humidity, retained water in the ear canal, increased temperature, local trauma from cotton swabs, hearing aids, etc. -Occurs in 4 out of every 1000 people annually. Seen in warmer climates and humid conditions like the summer. -Pain management, removal of debris, topical medications to control edema and infection, avoiding causing factors.

Elephantiasis

a condition that involves enlargement of an area of the body, especially the limbs. lymphatic filariasis -enlargment of an area of the body. limb or genital areas. -caused by obstruction of the lymphatic system which results in the accumulation of lymph in the affected areas causing the enlarged appearance. The lymph nodes are supposed to help remove microorganisms and foreign bodies, when they are not functioning properly due to a parasite or disorder, the fluid accumulates -mainly occurs in tropical areas including southeast asia, india, africa, and south america. can affect any gender or age. -antibiotics for treatment. Sometime surgery is necessary to remove the infected lymph nodes and repair damage

Epiglottis

a condition when the epiglottis swells up and blocks the air flow into the lunch most commonly caused by Haemophilus influenza. -Hib -Can remain asymptomatic for several months but will eventually show signs like epiglottis. Fever, severe sore throat, stridor, difficult and painful swallowing and drooling. -The organism enters through the nasopharynx and colonizes in that area. It can then be transported into the bloodstream in some cases or stay close to the upper respiratory tract and cause epiglottis. Having other disease can contribute to when the disease goes. -It does not survive in the environment so it needs a host and it is presumably spread by respiratory droplets. It is common for neonate to get infected by aspiration of amniotic fluid or contact with genital tract secretions during delivery. There was an average of 2,562 infections reported per year and of that number 398 were children younger than 5 years. The number is significantly lower than when it first became a reportable disease in 1991. -Prevention is a vaccine for Hib for infants since more cases have affected young children.

Malaria

a disease caused by a mosquito bite, that causes a medical emergency if left untreated. -plasmodium marariae -fever, chills, sweats, headache, nausea, vomiting -malaria damages the organism by infecting the blood stream with the parasite, which then travels to the rest of the body. anopheles mosquito. only this type of mosquito can transmit malaria. -antimalarial drug

Japanese encephalitis

a disease caused by mosquito-borne Japanese encephalitis virus. -genus flavivirus -Severe rigors may mark the onset of the disease. Feel, headache and malaise are non-specific symptoms of the disease. -Causes inflammation of the brain. The virus enters the body through the bite of infected mosquito's. The virus is transported through the blood up to the brain, then proliferates and damages the neuronal tissue and damages nervous manifestations. -Most prevalent in Southeast Asia, South Asia and East asia. 70,000 cases reported annually. -currently 3 vaccines to prevent JE. No specific treatment

Zika Fever

a disease spread through mosquito bites. -zika virus -no symptoms. in pregnant women, it may cause birth defects. symptoms are mild and last no more than a week. -it is believed that there is viral involvement in the brain and immune system as well as organ systems such as the eye, skin, and male and female reproductive systems. -Zika virus was first described in a febrile rhesus monkey in the Zika forrest. In 2016, 591 cases were reported in the US. -No vaccine and no specific treatment.

Epidemic typhus

a disease that is caused by lice that causes a rash all of the body. happens when lice feces are scratched/rubbed into the bite or other wounds. -Rickettsia prowazekii fever, headache, prostration occurs after 2 week. small, pink macule appear and cover the body. rash eventually becomes darker. Splenomegaly can occur -transmitted among humans by body lice when bites are scratched -worldwirde -doxycycline -immunization is the best prevention - not available in US and lice control

Babesiosis

a rare disease that is spread by certain ticks like the black-legged deer tick -Intraerythrocytic protozoan Babesia, which is a microscopic parasite. -do not have symptoms but some people that do experience are fever, hemolytic anemia, and hemoglobinuria -It infects the red blood cells. In the US it is spread when a infected black-legged deer tick bites you. Once the disease is inside of the host it attaches to an erthyrocyte and is engulfed. Then it starts asexual reproduction and produces merozoites. The erythrocyte usually ruptures and invades others. -In the US it peaks during the warm weather and is it the most common in the northeast and upper midwest, europe and asia. more severe in the elderly. -Not a lot of people become sick enough to get treatment but they sometimes use a combination of quinine and clindamycin. To prevent, you should check from attached ticks.

Roseola

a viral illness that usually infects children between 6 months and 2 years - has a very distinct rash along with a fever. AKA sixth disease -Human herpesvirus (HHV-6) -Fever and rash are the two most common symptoms. -Replication of Roseola happens in the leukocytes and the salivary glands. -Children usually recover in about a week. Antibiotics are not effective. Over the counter medications to reduce fever. No vaccine. Avoid exposure to infected child, wash hands frequently

Molluscum Contagiosum

a viral infection also known as water warts. Causes benign bumps on the skin. -poxvirus -S/S: lesions/bumps on the skin. Pink, white or skin colored. Indentation or dimple in the center of the lesion. May itch, become red or inflamed as the immune system fights off the virus. -Replicates in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells. This produces cytoplasmic enlargement of infected cells. Infects only the epidermis. -122 million people infected world wide. Common in children of age 11. Most frequent in Zaire and Papua New Guinea -No specific treatment. Lesions can be surgically removed. Lesions in children tend to disappear as they get older.

Rabies

a virus that attack the CNS and causes disease of the brain and death. -rabies virus. -Contracted from contract or bite from a rabid animal in the wild such as a raccoon or fox. -50 documented death cases annually in the first half of the 20thcentury. -Treatment is not supportive and not very curative. Prevention is rabies vaccine.

Saint Louis Encephalitis

a virus that is transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito. -genus Flavivirus -S/S appear 5-10 days after infection, headache, fever, neck stiffness, etc. -viral replication is initiated in local tissues and regional lymph nodes. Spread occurs initially to extra neural tissues via lymphatics and blood -More common in the Eastern and Central states. only 102 cases annually -No vaccines. Prevention; wear bug repellent.

Gram-Negative Septicemia

a whole body infection cause by gram negative bacilli bacteria and cause organ failure and death -gram negative bacteria -body temp above 101 or below 96.8, heart rate higher than 90 BPM, respiratory rate of more than 20 breaths per min. Severe- decreased urine output, abrupt mental status change, decreased platelet count, difficulty breathing, abnormal heart pumping. -bacteria is introduced n the bloodstream and infects the body. can cause kidney infection. the bacteria spreads throughout the body and can lead to multiple organ failure once infected. -in the us severe sepsis is 300 cases per 100,000 population. 1/4 of patients will die while hospitalized and septic shock is associated with the highest mortality rate at 50% -antibiotics, supportive care and surgery

Vaginal Candidiasis

a yeast infection of the lower female reproductive tract -Candida albicans -itching, burning, unusual discharge, pain during urination or sex. -usually transmitted from mother to infant through childbirth and remains as a part of a normal human's microflora. Occurs when there are imbalances in the normal acidity of the vagina that lead to the symptoms. -3 out of 4 women will experience a yeast infection at one point. Not typical in men. -Prevented by a well balanced diet, eat yogurt or take supplements, wear natural fiber, such as cotton or linen, wash underwear in hot water and replace feminine products frequently -Antibiotics

Acute Flaccid Myelitis

a. A condition that affects the nervous system, specifically the spinal cord, which can result from a variety of causes including viral infections. -Enterovirus -S/S: sudden weakness in arms or legs, along with loss of muscle tone and decreased reflects. -Young children with asthma or other breathing problems can have serious problems when infected. -No treatment or vaccine

Amoebic Meningitis

a. An infection in the lining of the brain that is caused by an amoeba b. naegleria fowleri c. signs/symptoms: severe headache in the frontal lobe, fever, nausea, vomiting, stiff neck d. enters the body and enters the spinal cord/brain and causes inflammation in the meninges e. found in freshwater lake and rivers. Portal of entry in the nose. you cannot get infected from swallowing water. f. No cure. Most cases are fatal. 4 documented survivors in north america

Lassa fever

acute and often fatal virus disease acquired from infected rats. -arenaviridae -fever, weakness, after a few days, headache, sore throat, muscle pain -multiplies at the site of infection, target cells for viral replication are epithelial cells, then multiplies in cells and then escapes by phagocytosis -mostly seen in west africa. 100,000-300,000 deaths annually -treatment- ribavirin, antiviral drugs. avoid contact with rats, put food in rodent safe containers

Tinea Pedis

aka Athlete's foot, is a fungal infection that affects the feet, most commonly between the toes. -T. rubrum -Itching, stinging, and burning between the toes and soles of the feet. Blisters, cracking, peeling of the feet. -Caused by a type of fungus that causes ringworm and jock itch. damp socks and shoes and warm, humid conditions favor the organisms growth. -T. rubrum is the most common cause worldwide. 70% of the population will be infected -over the counter medications, antibiotics, home care, soak feet in salt water and diluted vinegar

Schistosomiasis

aka bilharzia or snail fever, cause by parasitic worms flukes of the genus Schristsoma rash or itchy skin. eggs from the worm travel to intestine or bladder may cause significant damage. -enters humans by attaching to the skin, penetrating it, and then migrating through the nervous system -globablly 200,000 deaths are attributed annually. -medications for treatment.

Dengue Fever

aka breakbone fever dengue virus 1-4 abrupt onset of a high fever, intense headaches, rash, slight nose or run bleeding and extreme muscle joint and bone pain. -These are flavivirus species that are transmitted to humans by A. aegypti or A. albopictus mosquitoes -located in tropical regions. 50-100 million infections occur yearly most among childen -no specific treatment. vector control and bug repellents.

Trench fever

aka five-day fever, transmitted by body lice -bartonella quintana -symptoms- high fever, severe, headache -transitted by contamination of a skin abrasion or louse-bite would with the feces of an infected bout louse. Disappeared decades ago. between 1992 and 1994 20 cases were reported in industrialized countries. most affected the homeless. -Tetracycline-group antibiotics. avoid contact w body lice, good hygiene and housing

Ebola

an acute, infectious, hemorrhagic viral fever. -Ebola Hemorrhagic fever -the envelope glycoprotein and the interaction of some viral proteins with the immune system play a role with the pathogenesis. It is thought that genetically engineered vaccines including plasmid DNA and viral vectors expressing Ebola virus proteins and passive transfer of neutralizing antibodies are feasible options for the control of Ebola. -50% of those who have contracted ebola have died. From 2014-2015 553 cases were reported. -careful hygiene, avoid bats, isolate patients with ebola. Treatment includes supportive intensive care, oxygen therapy, IV fluids and blood transfusions

Undulant Fever

an infection spread from animals to people, mostly by ingesting unpasteurized dairy products -Brucella =fever, sweats, fever is typically undulant, rising and falling like a wave. Transmission can be through abrasions of the skin from handling and in direct contact with infected animals with contaminated and untreated milk and milk products. -millions of people world wide are at risk for the disease, especially in developing countries when the infection in animals has not been brough under control. antibiotics

Chagas disease

an infectious disease caused by a parasite found in the feces of the triatomine bug -protozoan Trypanosome cruzi, spread by Triatominae or kissing bugs -Acute and chronic stages- lasts for a few weeks and usually goes unnoticeable. Often have fever, fatigue, body aches, nausea, and vomiting. Local swelling where the parasite entered the body (the chagoma) Chronic- has long term affects against nervous, digestive and heart. The most recognized marker of Chaga's is called Romana's sign, which includes swelling of the eyelids on the side of the face near the bite wound. Once inside the host, the trypomastigotes bugs invade cells, where they differentiate into intracellular amastigotes. The amastigotes multiply by binary fission and differentiate into trypomastigotes, which are then released into the bloodstream. -affects 8-10 million people living in endemic Latin american countries, with and additional 300,000-400,000 living in non endemic countries. -prevention- focused on decreasing the numbers of the insect that spreads and decreasing contact with humans, bug sprays -treatment antibiotics. no cure

Polio

an infectious viral disease that affects the CNS and can cause temporary or permanent paralysis -poliovirus -Most people don't become sick and are never aware they've been infected. -transmitted by fecal-oral route. Virus multiplies initially in epithelial cells of the mouth and the lymphatic tissue (tonsils). Destroys the anterior horn cells in the spinal cord. -In 2013, only 3 countries remained polio-endemic: Nigeria, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. -Prevention is pool vaccine. No cure. Treatment is antibiotics.

Impetigo

bacterial skin infection. it is the most common bacterial infection in children but anyone can get it. -Streptococcus pyogenes or staphylococcus aureus -Beings with small red spots that turn into itchy blisters that open and can ooze fluid -It is acute and infects the superficial laters of the epidermis. It enters damaged skin like cuts and insect bites. -It is most common in children who live in hot and humid areas. Commonly found in northern Europe, northern USA and Canada -Antibiotics

Klebsiella Pnuemonia

can cause destructive changes to human lungs if it is aspirated -Pneumoniae -Flu-like symptoms, cough which produces yellow, green or bloody mucus, and can cause breathing issues. -Gram0negative, non-motile, rod-shaped bacteria. Spread through exposure to the bacteria in the respiratory tract. Surrounded by a capsule which acts as a physical barrier to evade the host's immune response. It is usually antimicrobial resistant. -occurs in sick patients who are receiving treatment in the hospital for something else that uses ventilators or intravenous catheters or someone who is taking a long course of antibiotics. Healthy people are not at risk. Spread through direct contact. -Wash hands and wash food before and after eating food. Antibiotics.

severe acute respiratory syndrome

contagious and sometimes fatal respiratory illness. -Coronavirus -Fever, dry cough, headache, muscle aches, and difficulty breathing. Targets epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, resulting in diffuse alveolar damage. Several organs/ cell types may be infected in the course of the kidneys, neurons of the brain, and several type of immune cells and certain organs may suffer from indirect injury. -2,781 cases with 111 deaths. tHE GLOBAL CASE-FATALity rate for probable SARS is 4% -No treatment except supportive care such as intubation, ventilation, oxygen therapy.

Tularemia

disease found in animals, rabbits, hares, and rodents. highly virulent in humans and domestic rabbits. usually caused by tick or deer fly bite -Francisella tularensis -ranges from mild to life-threatening all of which are accompanied by fever. Skin ulcers usually appear at site of bite where the bacteria enter the skin -bacteria can penetrate the body through damaged skin, mucus membranes and inhalation. humans are most often infected by tick/deer fly bite or through handling an infected animal. -Endemic in north america and parts of europe and asia. extremely rare in the us today -there is a vaccine but it is only intended from use for high risk groups. other antibiotics for treatment.

Lung Fluke

food-borne parasitic infection. cause sub-acute to chronic inflammation of the lungs, caused by eating undercooked crab or cray fish -Paragononimus westermani -can resemble pneumonia or stomach flu, malaise, diarrhea, belly pain, itching and hives, cough, shortness of breath, chest pain made worse by deep breathing or coughing. -Once in the lungs, the worm stimulates an inflammatory response that allows it to cover itself in granulation tissue, forming a capsule. The capsules can ulcerate and heal over time. -20 million people infected world wide. Mostly in Asia, china, philippines, japan, vietnam, south kora, taiwan and thailand. Rare in the US but several cases have been associated with ingestion of uncooked crawfish during river raft float trips in MO. -Prevention- not eating raw or undercooked freshwater crabs and crayfish. Treatment- prescription drug called praziquantel or surgery may be needed.

Whooping cough

highly contagious respiratory tract infection that involves a severe hacking cough and a high pitch intake of breath that sounds like whoop. another name is Pertussis. -Bordertella pertussis bacterium -early symptoms- runny noe, low-grade fever, mild cough, apnea -later symptoms- paroxysms of many rapid coughs, followed by a high-pitched whoop. vomiting during or after coughing fits. and exhaustion after coughing -Bacteria attach to the cilia of the respiratory epithelial cells, produce toxins that paralyze the cilia, and cause inflammation of the respiratory tract, which interferes with the clearing of pulmonary secretions. -In the us about 5,000-7,000 cases are reported each year. Pertussis is an endemic illness, epidemics occur every 3-5 years -antimicrobial agents for treatment of pertussis are azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erthyromycin

Fifth disease

highly contagious, causes a distinctive face rash in children -Human Parvovirus B19 -Headache, fatigue, low-grade fever, sore throat, nausea. -has a unique tropism for human erythroid progenitor cells. Virus requires the P blood antigen receptor to enter the cell. Once inside the cell the viral DNA enters the nucleus. DNA strands fold back on themselves and forms a hairpin like bend, which functions as a self-primer for viral replication. Cytotoxic to host cells. -Worldwide. Outbreaks occur in primary schools, 40% of children can be infected. usually seen in 4-10 year olds. -No treatment, Tylenol for achy joints and fever. Drink lots of fluids and get a lot of rest

Toxocariasis

illness that is often called visceral larva migrans caused by larvae of either dog roundworm, cat roundworm or fox roundworm. -dog- Toxocara canis -cat- Toxocara catl fox- toxocara canis -asymptomatic, especially in adults. When symptoms do occur, they are the result of migration of the second stage of Toxocara larvae throughout the body. Toxocariasis is the least serious of the three syndromes, due to chronic exposure. Coughing, fever, abdominal pain, headache, and changes in behavior and ability to sleep -usually through ingestion of infected eggs. They can lay around 200,000 eggs a day and are passed through cat or dog feces. Both require a several week incubation period in moist, humid, weather outside of host before coming infective. Files that feed on feces spread Toxocara eggs to surfaces or foods. -Seen throughout the world. Most under the age of 20. In the US it is 14% of the population and 5% of that is children -Will often resolve itself because toxocara larvae cannot survive mature within human hosts. Corticosteroids are prescribed in severe cases. Anti-parasitic drugs such as albenzadole and mebendazole

Hep C

infection caused by a virus that attacks the liver and leads to inflammation -hep c virus -usually asymptomatic, otherwise bleeding, bloating, ascites, fatigue -spread by contact with infected blood. It is a single stranded RNA virus. In 60-80% of patients, it is able to escape innate and adaptive immune surveillance. Thus is establishes itself as an agent of chronic Hepatitis -HCV has infected an estimated 130 million people, most of whom are chronically infected -antivirals, avoid alcohol, liver transplantation, don't share needles, no cure, professional tattoos

Pulmonary Aspergilloma

infection caused by the fungus aspergillum that grows in a clump in the lung cavity. -can be caused by tuberculosis, coccidodmycosis, cystic fibrosis, histoplasmosis, lung access, lung cancer and sarcoidosis. -chest pain. cough, coughing up blood, fever, fatigue, unintentional weight loss -fungus is either inhaled or grows from previously made lung cavity. It causes severe problems with breathing and coughing. It can be spread through the air. -Uncommon, yet life-threatening in patients of AIDS. In 1996 a study of 35,252HIV+ patients the incidence was 3.5 cases per 1000 persons a year. -No treatment is needed unless patient is coughing up blood. Anti fungal medication can be used. Surgery to remove it or embolization to treat.

Endocarditis

infection of the hearts inner lining, usually involving heart valves -left untreated, endocarditis can damage or destroy your heart valves and can leaf to life-threatening complications. -fever, chills, fatigue, malaise, and night sweat -fewer than 200,000 us cases per year antibiotics some surgery is needed

Viral meningitis

inflammation of the lining around the brain and spinal cord. -Virus enters the host through the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract or breaks in the skin. Replicates near the entry site and gain access to the CNS. After replication the virus spreads to lymphatic tissues, where there may be amplification of the virus load, and then into the bloodstream causing a primary viremia -more than 10,000 cases reported annually.

Walking pneumonia

nonmusical term to describe a mild case of pneumonia. It is a sieges of the lungs resulting from a lung infection. -Mycoplasma pnuemoniae -symptoms usually appear 15 to 25 days after exposure to the bacteria and develop slowly over a period of two to four days. symptoms include coughing that may come in violent spams but produce very little mucus, mild flu-like symptoms, like fever or chills, sore throat, headache, tiredness, lingering weakness that persist after symptoms go away. -transmitted through the airborne droplets from person to person and it is exclusively a human pathogen. It has an extracellular pathogen that has evolved. It has a close relation to the host cells and prevents the bacterium from being removed by the host's mucocilliary clearance systems. It attaches to and damages the respiratory epithelial cells at the base of the cilia. The immune system then produces cytotoxic effects -recognized as one of the most common causes of community acquired pneumonia in healthy patients under 40 years old. It is most common in the first two decades of life. Highest rate of infection occurs in ages 15-20 years old. -prevention stay away from sick people. see hands clean. don't smoke, cover mouth when coughing or sneezing. exercise. Treated with antibiotics if infection is severe enough. OTC medications may help with symptoms.

Heartworm

parasitic roundworm that is spread from host to host through the bite of mosquitoes -Dirofilaria immitis, is transmitted by infected mosquitoes when d. immitis larvae are transferred to a healthy dog -soft, dry cough. multiplies in the lungs, inactivity or lethargy, weight loss, rapid or difficult breathing -adult heart worms primarily live in the pulmonary arteries of infected dogs. Microfolaremia, the presence of heart worm offspring in the blood of infected dogs, is relatively common. -heartworm has been known to exist in america for more than 150 years. The first human case reported in 1887 and the first feline case in 1921 -Once your dog has completed the course of steroids, heart worm prevention and antibiotics, he should be ready to start the actual adult heart worm treatment. The treatment takes at least 60 days to complete and consists of a series of drug injections that kills the worms.

Hep B

potentially life-threatening viral infection that attacks the liver and can cause both acute and chronic disease -Hep B virus -hep B virus can survive outside the body for at least 7 days. most people do not experience symptoms during acute phase. chronic-yellow skin and eyes, dark urine, fatigue -the virus can still cause infection if the person is not vaccinated against it. The incubation period is 75 days on average but can range from 30-180. it can be spread from mother to child at birth. it can also be spread by infected blood and other various body fluids. -1% of people that live with Hep B are also infected with HIV. 20-30% of chronic patients will develop liver cancer. 257 million are living with hep b -chronic treatment can be treated w medication, treatment can slow progression of cirrhosis, and reduce liver cancer

Botulism

rare poisoning caused by toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum growing on improperly sterilized canned meats and other preserved foods. -Clostridium botulinum -Constipation, difficulty feeding, tiredness, irritability, drooling -Caused by ingestion of C botulinum spores, with subsequent colonization of the GI tract. The spores germinate and produce toxin, which is then absorbed into the circulation. -1,000 cases reported annually. -Prevention includes boiling canned foods for 10 minutes before eating, do not give infants younger than 12 months honey, corn syrup, or undercooked foods. Treatment include ways to induce bowel movements or inducing vomiting to clear out the digestive systems. Antitoxin injections also reduce the risk of complications

Legionnaires Disease

respiratory disease caused by Legionella bacteria and is very similar to other types of pneumonia -Legionella pneumophilia -Cough, shortness of breath, fever, muscle aches, and headaches. -infect human macrophages and monocytes. Intracellular replication of the bacterium is observed within these cells in the alveoli. Legionella transmission is thought to occur via inhalation of aerosolized mist from water sources that have been contaminated with the bacteria. -8,000 to 18,000 cases per year. More common in the summer ad is slightly more prevalent in the northern US, although it is reportable in all 50 states. -There is no vaccine that can prevent LD. The key is making sure that the water systems in buildings are maintained in order to reduce the risk of growing and spreading legionella. Requires treatment with antibiotics.

Infectious Monomucleosis

sometimes referred to as the kissing disease, spread through saliva. -Epstein-Barr virus -fever, sore throat, fringe, swollen glands -EBV is transmitted by intimate contact with body secretions. Infects the B cells in the oropharyngeal epithelium. Circulating B cells spread the infection throughout the entire reticular endothelial system -frequent in younger adults. -no vaccine, prevention by not sharing food, drinks, or personal items with people who have mono. OTC medications

Plague (black death)

transmitted via fleas that feed on infected animals, typically wild rodents -Yersinia pestis -tissue bleeding and death may cause dying tissue to appear black -regurgitated from the flea with it takes it next blood meal, transferring the infection to the new host. the organism kills the macrophage and are released into the extracellular environment, where they resist phagocytosis antibiotics

Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV)

uncommon STI and is a subtype of genital ulcer disorders. -Chlamydia trachomatis -symptoms can occur a few days after infection to a month after coming in contact with the bacteria. Symptoms include drainage through the skin from lymph nodes in the groin, blood or pus in the rectum, swollen lymph nodes on one or both sides of the groin, and swelling and redness of the skin in the groin area. -LGV travels by lymphatics to regional lymph nodes. It then replicates within macrophages and causes systemic disease. LGV enters through skin breaks and abrasions or it can cross the epithelial cells of mucous membranes -most common in the caribbean, central america, southeast asia, and africa. Does not penetrate unbroken skin. -Treated with antibiotics.

Yellow fever

viral infection spread by a particular species of mosquito. -Flavivirus Fibricus found in forest areas. the Aedes aegypti mosquito with become infected and become a vector -vaccinatino is recommended before traveling t certain areas. no specific treatment

Middle east respiratory syndrome

viral respiratory illness that was recently recognized in humans. First reported in Saudi Arabia in 2012 and has been since spread to the US. Many have died -coronavirus -fever, cough, shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting diarrhea. -Mostly associated with the respiratory, enteric, and nervous systems. Severe lines of evidence suggest that dromedary camels have been the major cause of transmission to humans. -Rare, but spreading to other countries. From april 11 to June 9, 2014, a total of 515 cases were reported. -Wash hands often with soap and water, cover your nose when coughing or sneezing, avoid toughing your eyes, nose and mouth with unwashed hands. No specific antiviral treatment