UNIT 4 EXAM PRACTICE

Picture of the Brain In the diagram of the human brain above, the cerebrum is represented by the letter Select one: 1. D 2. B 3. E 4. A 5. C

4. A

In males ____ acts on the Leydig cells to synthesize and secrete ___

LH, testosterone

Starting at fertilization, put the following stages of embryo development in chronological order: 1- 4-cell stage 2- morula 3- blastula 4- zygote Select one: a. 4, 1, 2, 3 b. 4, 1, 3, 2 c. 4, 2, 3, 1 d. 4, 3, 1, 2 e. 1, 4, 2, 3

a. 4, 1, 2, 3

Which of the following is a direct result of depolarizing the presynaptic membrane of an axon terminal? Select one: a. Voltage-gated calcium channels in the membrane open b. An EPSP or IPSP is generated in the postsynaptic cell. c. The postsynaptic cell produces an action potential. d. Synaptic vesicles fuse with the membrane e. Ligand-gated channels open, allowing neurotransmitters to enter the synaptic cleft

a. Voltage-gated calcium channels in the membrane open

The membrane potential that exactly offsets an ion's concentration gradient is called the Select one: a. equilibrium potential b. threshold potential c. action potential d. graded potential. e. inhibitory postsynaptic potential

a. equilibrium potential

In the human knee-jerk reflex, as the calf is raised from the vertical toward the horizontal, the muscles of the quadriceps (flexors on the ventral side of the thighs) and the muscles of the hamstring (extensors on the dorsal side of the thighs) are Select one: a. excited and inhibited, respectively. b. inhibited and excited, respectively. c. both excited and contracting d. both inhibited and relaxed

a. excited and inhibited, respectively.

Which of the following hormones is (are) secreted by the adrenal gland in response to stress and promote(s) the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate substrates? Select one: a. glucocorticoids b. glucagon c. epinephrine d. thyroxine e. ACTH

a. glucocorticoids

When Phineas Gage had a metal rod driven into his frontal lobe, or when someone had a frontal lobotomy, they would _____. Select one: a. have greatly altered emotional responses b. lose their sense of balance c. lose all short-term memory d. have greatly increased long-term memory

a. have greatly altered emotional responses

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for hypothyroidism in a patient whose iodine level is normal? Select one: a. hyposecretion of TSH b. a decrease in the thyroid secretion of calcitonin c. hypersecretion of MSH d. hypersecretion of TSH e. greater production of T3 than of T4

a. hyposecretion of TSH

Central coordination of vertebrate biological rhythms in physiology and behavior reside in the _____. Select one: a. hypothalamus b. pituitary gland c. cerebrum d. thalamus

a. hypothalamus

The point of connection between two communicating neurons is called the _____. Select one: a. synapse b. axon hillock c. dendrite d. glia

a. synapse

Choose the correct match of glial cell type and function Select one: a. Schwann cells — provide nutritional support to non-myelinated neurons b. astrocytes — metabolize neurotransmitters and modulate synaptic effectiveness c. oligodendrocytes — produce the myelin sheaths of myelinated neurons in the peripheral nervous system d. radial glia — the source of immunoprotection against pathogens

b. astrocytes — metabolize neurotransmitters and modulate synaptic effectiveness

Biological rhythms in animals isolated from light and dark cues _____. Select one: a. continue to have cycles of exactly twenty-four hours' duration b. continue to have cycles of approximately twenty-four hours duration; some more rapid, some slower c. cease having any rhythms d. synchronize activity with whatever lighting cycle is imposed on them

b. continue to have cycles of approximately twenty-four hours duration; some more rapid, some slower

Which hypothalamic hormone triggers the secretion of FSH? Select one: a. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) b. gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) c. progesterone d. human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) e. luteinizing hormone (LH)

b. gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

The surgical removal of the seminal vesicles would likely Select one: a. cause sterility because sperm would not be produced. b. greatly reduce the volume of semen c. cause the testes to migrate back into the abdominal cavity. d. cause sterility because sperm would not be able to exit the body e. enhance the fertilization potency of sperm in the uterus.

b. greatly reduce the volume of semen

Shortly after ingesting a big plate of carbohydrate-rich pasta, you measure your blood's hormone levels. What results would you expect, compared to before the meal? Select one: a. low insulin, high glucagon b. high insulin, low glucagon c. high insulin, high glucagon d. low insulin, no change in glucagon e. low insulin, low glucagon

b. high insulin, low glucagon

A graded hyperpolarization of a membrane can be induced by Select one: a. decreasing its membrane's permeability to H+. b. increasing its membrane's permeability to K+. c. decreasing its membrane's permeability to Cl-. d. increasing its membrane's permeability to Ca++. e. increasing its membrane's permeability to Na+.

b. increasing its membrane's permeability to K+.

Short-term and long-term memory are related but have important differences. Short-term memory _____. Select one: a. is essential for acquiring and retaining long-term memories b. is essential for acquiring new long-term memories but not for maintaining them c. and long-term memory store information in the cerebellum but use different neurotransmitters d. involves temporary links formed in the cerebral cortex while long-term memory involves permanent connections within the hippocampus

b. is essential for acquiring new long-term memories but not for maintaining them

Because the hormone ecdysone causes both molting and metamorphosis in the caterpillar, what determines when metamorphosis takes place? Select one: a. rising levels of ecdysone and high levels of juvenile hormone (JH) b. low JH levels c. decreasing levels of ecdysone d. High levels of juvenile hormone (JH) e. rising levels of ecdysone

b. low JH levels

For which of the following is the number the same in oogenesis and spermatogenesis? Select one: a. different cell types produced by meiosis b. meiotic divisions required to produce a gamete c. gametes produced in a given time period d. interruptions in gamete production e. functional gametes produced by meiosis

b. meiotic divisions required to produce a gamete

The stretch receptors of the sensory neurons in the human knee-jerk reflex are located in the Select one: a. cartilage of the knee. b. quadriceps, the flexor muscles on the ventral side of the thighs c. gastrocnemius muscle, in the calf. d. brain, the sensorimotor relay. e. hamstring, the extensor muscles on the dorsal side of the thighs.

b. quadriceps, the flexor muscles on the ventral side of the thighs

Although the membrane of a "resting" neuron is highly permeable to potassium ions, its membrane potential does not exactly match the equilibrium potential for potassium because the neuronal membrane is also Select one: a. fully permeable to sodium ions b. slightly permeable to sodium ions c. impermeable to sodium ions d. highly permeable to chloride ions. e. fully permeable to calcium ions

b. slightly permeable to sodium ions

Wernicke's and Broca's regions of the brain affect _____. Select one: a. olfaction b. speect c. hearing d. vision

b. speech

Five hormones work to coordinate the human menstrual and ovarian cycles. Which of the following are correctly matched? Select one: a. GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH b. LH stimulate follicles to grow and secrete estrogen AND FSH stimulate follicles to grow and secrete estrogen c. FSH stimulate follicles to grow and secrete estrogen AND GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH d. FSH stimulate follicles to grow and secrete estrogen e. LH stimulate follicles to grow and secrete estrogen

c. FSH stimulate follicles to grow and secrete estrogen AND GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH

The cerebrospinal fluid is _____. Select one: a. cytosol secreted from ependymal cells b. a secretion of glial cells c. a filtrate of the blood d. secreted by the hypothalamus

c. a filtrate of the blood

In mammals, advanced cognition is usually correlated with a large and very convoluted neocortex, but birds are capable of sophisticated cognition because they have _____. Select one: a. a more advanced cerebellum b. microvilli to increase the brain's surface area c. a pallium with neurons clustered into nuclei d. a cerebellum with several flat layers

c. a pallium with neurons clustered into nuclei

Different body cells can respond differently to the same peptide hormones because Select one: a. the hormone is chemically altered in different ways as it travels through the circulatory system. b. each cell converts that hormone to a different metabolite. c. a target cell's response is determined by the components of its signal transduction pathways. d. different target cells have different sets of genes. e. the circulatory system regulates responses to hormones by routing the hormones to specific targets.

c. a target cell's response is determined by the components of its signal transduction pathways.

Calculation, contemplation, and cognition are human activities associated with increased activity in the _____. Select one: a. hypothalamus b. spinal cord c. cerebrum d. cerebellum

c. cerebrum

Which of the following structures or regions is correctly paired with its function? Select one: a. cerebellum — homeostatic control b. limbic system — motor control of speech c. corpus callosum — communication between the left and right cerebral cortices d. medulla oblongata — emotional memory

c. corpus callosum — communication between the left and right cerebral cortices

Assume that excessive consumption of ethanol increases the influx of negative chloride ions into "common sense" neurons whose action potentials are needed for you to act appropriately and not harm yourself or others. Thus, any resulting poor decisions associated with ethanol ingestion are likely due to Select one: a. increased membrane depolarization of "common sense" neurons. b. more EPSPs in your "common sense" neurons. c. decreased membrane depolarization of "common sense" neurons. d. fewer IPSPs in your "common sense" neurons e. more action potentials in your "common sense" neurons

c. decreased membrane depolarization of "common sense" neurons.

The main target organs for tropic hormones are Select one: a. kidneys b. muscles c. endocrine glands d. nerves e. blood vessels

c. endocrine glands

Regeneration, the regrowth of lost body parts, normally follows Select one: a. all types of asexual reproduction b. fission c. fragmentation d. parthenogenesis e. all types of sexual reproduction

c. fragmentation

When Phineas Gage had a metal rod driven into his frontal lobe, or when someone had a frontal lobotomy, they would _____. Select one: a. lose all short-term memory b. have greatly increased long-term memory c. have greatly altered emotional responses d. lose their sense of balance

c. have greatly altered emotional responses

Aspirin and ibuprofen both Select one: a. inhibit the release of nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator b. stimulate vasoconstriction in the kidneys. c. inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins. d. activate the paracrine signaling pathways that form blood clots. e. stimulate the release of oxytocin.

c. inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins.

Hormones that promote homeostasis Select one: a. initiate signal transduction in the target cell without binding to receptors. b. utilize receptors that bind any hormone. c. usually operate as part of a negative feedback system. d. travel to target cells without passage in the plasma e. are not found as members of antagonistic signaling mechanisms.

c. usually operate as part of a negative feedback system.

In a positive-feedback system where hormone A alters the amount of protein X Select one: a. an increase in X always produces a decrease in A, which results in a decrease in X b. it is impossible to predict how A and X affect each other. c. a decrease in A always produces an increase in X, which results in an increase in A. d. an increase in A always produces an increase in X, which results in an increase in A. e. a decrease in X always causes a decrease in A, which causes an increase in X.

d. an increase in A always produces an increase in X, which results in an increase in A.

The different effect of the hormone epinephrine on the blood vessels of the intestines and skeletal muscle involve Select one: a. different signal transduction pathways b. varying levels of the hormone in the blood c. different receptors for the hormone d. different signal transduction pathways and different receptors for the hormone different receptors for the hormone e. all of the above

d. different signal transduction pathways and different receptors for the hormone different receptors for the hormone

Food and water appetites are under the regulatory influence of the _____. Select one: a. thalamus b. cerebrum c. medulla oblongata d. hypothalamus

d. hypothalamus

Steroid and peptide hormones typically have in common Select one: a. the location of their receptors b. the building blocks from which they are synthesized c. their reliance on signal transduction in the cell. d. their requirement for travel through the bloodstream e. their solubility in cell membranes.

d. their requirement for travel through the bloodstream

An organism that lacks integration centers Select one: a. cannot receive stimuli. b. can be expected to lack myelinated neurons c. will not have a nervous system d. will not be able to interpret stimuli

d. will not be able to interpret stimuli

Neurotransmitters can affect postsynaptic cells by Select one: a. initiating signal transduction pathways in the cells. b. causing molecular changes in the cells c. affecting ion-channel proteins d. altering the permeability of the cells. e. All of these options are correct

e. All of these options are correct

Oxytocin and ADH are produced by ____ and stored in the ____

hypothalmus, posterior pituitary

Preparation for the fight-or-flight response includes activation of the____ nervous system

sympathetic