Unit 4 history
How did Congress organize the judiciary system?
13 federal district courts, 3 circuit courts, and 1 Supreme Court
Whiskey Rebellion
1794 uprising in western Pennsylvania that opposed the federal excise tax on whiskey
John Jay
1st Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, negotiated with British for Washington
XYZ Affair
A 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats
Battle of New Orleans
A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.
Judicial Review
Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws
Why did the Miami Indians fight the Americans?
American settlers took their land
Why was the treaty with Spain in 1795 important to Americans?
Americans needed access to a port to ship their goods.
At the beginning of the War of 1812, what did Thomas Jefferson believe?
Canada could be conquered easily by the United States.
John Marshall
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
Which of the following occurred in response to the XYZ Affair?
Congress expanded the army and began a small navy to fight French warships.
Treaty of Ghent
December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.
Who started the Whiskey Rebellion?
Farmers in Western Pennsylvania
As Chief Justice of the United States, what was John Marshall's interp retation of state and federal laws under the Constitution?
Federal laws were superior to state laws.
What two political parties emerged during the 1790s?
Federalists and Democratic Republicans
Which two parties emerged after the Whiskey Rebellion?
Federalists and Democratic Republicans
How did the Alien and Sedition Acts divide American political parties?
Federalists supported the acts. Democratic Republicans opposed them.
Which important precedent did George Washington set for the executive branch during his administration?
George Washington formed a group of leaders to advise the president.
How did the United States benefit from the Jay Treaty?
Great Britain gave up their forts on American soil.
What did Jefferson do to stop the Barbary States from pirating American ships?
He blockaded the port at Tripoli.
How did John Marshall interpret the Constitution?
He broadly interpreted the Constitution to find implied powers for the national government
What was one important precedent set by George Washington during his term in office?
He formed a Cabinet approved by the Senate.
Which of the following is not part of Justice John Marshall's four-part legacy?
He insisted that state laws were superior to federal laws.
Which of the following did Chief Justice John Marshall do?
He participated in more than 1,000 court decisions.
How did Thomas Jefferson end the Barbary War?
He refused to pay the bribes and blockaded the port of Tripoli
When Jefferson came to office, what steps did he take to lower the national debt?
He streamlined the bureaucracy and increased the sales of federal land.
In 1813 and 1814, the Americans defeated which British allies?
Indian
What was the result of the embargo Jefferson declared against Britain in 1807?
It angered American voters and led to increased Federalist support.
What was the result of George Washington's proclamation of neutrality in the war between Great Britain and France?
It became the foundation of American policy toward Europe.
How did the French Revolution affect American politics?
It caused a political divide. Democratic Republicans supported the Revolution while Federalists opposed it.
Why did Democratic Republicans speak of the election of 1800 as a revolution?
It changed from the Federalist style of expensive displays.
Why was the Louisiana Purchase an embarrassment to Jefferson?
It contradicted Jefferson's constitutional principles.
How did the United States benefit from the war in Europe?
It created an economic boom.
How did the War of 1812 influence westward expansion of the United States?
It ended Native American resistance for the time being.
What was the significance of the Louisiana Purchase?
It expanded the United States to the Rocky Mountains.
What effect did the end of the British war with France have on the War of 1812?
It freed large numbers of British troops to fight in North America.
What did the treaty Thomas Pinckney negotiated with Spain guarantee?
It guaranteed Americans free shipping rights on the Mississippi River.
Why did Great Britain oppose the reexport trade?
It helped the French economy, which strengthened Napolean's army
What effect did the "sanctity of contracts" have on state governments' power?
It limited the power of states to regulate businesses.
How did the purchase of the Louisiana Territory help the United States avoid war with European powers?
It removed French control of New Orleans and the Mississippi River.
Which is true about the Treaty of Ghent?
It restored the American and British prewar boundaries
What did the Treaty of Ghent do?
It restored the prewar boundaries between the United States and Canada.
What was the result of the XYZ Affair?
It roused public sentiment against France.
Why was the addition of land important to Thomas Jefferson's plan for the U.S. economy?
It would allow farm ownership to continue.
Why did Thomas Jefferson resist building a larger navy to fight British impressment of American sailors?
Jefferson did not want to raise taxes and did not want a large navy.
How were Thomas Jefferson's actions toward the Barbary States different from those of previous presidents?
Jefferson refused to pay protection money to the Barbary States
What actions did Thomas Jefferson take to lower the national debt?
Jefferson streamlined government and increased sales of federal land.
How did Thomas Jefferson's view of the national debt differ from that of Alexander Hamilton?
Jefferson wanted to pay off the debt; Hamilton did not.
Aaron Burr
Jefferson's Vice President; killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel
During the British invasion, the British were defeated in every attack on the United States except where?
Maine and Washington, D.C.
Hartford Convention
Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence
How did the War of 1812 affect U.S. expansion?
Millions of acres of southern land opened up for settlement
What was the result of the defeat of Native Americans in the South during the War of 1812?
Millions of acres of southern land opened up for settlement.
Why did Federalists target immigrants in the Alien and Sedition Acts?
Most immigrants supported the Democratic Republicans.
Alien and Sedition Acts
Series of four laws enacted in 1798 to reduce the political power of recent immigrants
Tecumseh
Shawnee Indian warrior who wanted to preserve Native American culture
War Hawks
Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.
Why was Thomas Jefferson wrong when he advised President James Madison that American forces would easily win the War of 1812?
Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.
What was the effect of settlers pouring into Spanish Florida after the war?
Spain's decision to cede Florida to the United States
What was the result of the British attack on Washington, D.C., in 1814?
The British burned the White House and the Capitol.
What took place at the Hartford Convention?
The Federalists demanded constitutional amendments
What was the result of the Battle of Tippecanoe?
The Native American movement lost some of its power.
Why was Andrew Jackson's battle at New Orleans unnecessary?
The Treaty of Ghent had already been signed.
In 1814, what happened to the number of British troops fighting in the United States?
The defeat of Napoleon in Europe freed British troops to fight in North America.
Why did the United States remain neutral in the war between France and Great Britain?
The economy of the United States depended on trade with Great Britain.
How did the XYZ Affair affect politics in the United States?
The nation was unified by anger at the French.
What did Alexander Hamilton believe was one of the benefits of his plan regarding the national debt?
The plan would enrich investors and promote new businesses.
What was significant about the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions?
The resolves hinted that states had the power to nullify federal laws
French Revolution
The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.
What was a surprise to Americans and a shock to the British during the early fighting in the War of 1812?
The small American navy fought well.
What was a surprise to Americans and a shock to the British during the early fighting in the war of 1812?
The small American navy fought well. Disabled
Why did the authors of the Constitution want to avoid political parties?
They believed political parties threatened the unity of a republic.
Why did many Americans initially welcome news of the French Revolution?
They considered the French to be fellow republicans
Why were Alexander Hamilton's plans to tax the American people opposed by many southerners?
They did not want to bail the northerners out.
In 1790, how were Native Americans, led by chief Little Turtle, able to defeat American troops?
They had arms and ammunition provided by the British.
Why were precedents set by the Supreme Court with Marshall as Chief Justice important?
They influenced the legal and economic systems in the United States
How did Great Britain react to the proclamation of American neutrality in 1793?
They seized American merchant ships.
What happened to the Federalists after the War of 1812?
They were mocked as defeatists and traitors.
Marbury v. Madison
This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review
Who led the Democratic Republicans?
Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
What was the goal of Macon's Bill No. 2 ?
To persuade France and Great Britain to recognize American neutrality
What ended the War of 1812?
Treaty of Ghent
Battle of Tippecanoe
U.S. forces defeated Tecumseh and his followers
loose construction
a broad interpretation of a statute or document by a court.
Lewis and Clark Expedition
an expedition sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories of the United States
Which cabinet position was established by an act of Congress?
attonrney general
British embargo
bankrupted American merchants, threw American sailors out of work, and hurt farmers who could no longer export crops .
How did Alexander Hamilton plan to handle the national debt?
by selling government bonds to fund the debt
What did British forces do during their invasion of the United States?
captured and burned Washington, D.C.
State Department
carried out the nation's foreign policy
After American settlers poured into Spanish Florida following the War of 1812, Spain decided to _____.
cede Florida to the United States
reexport trade
created a boom for the American economy, which grew from $300,000 in 1790 to $59 million in 1807
What was a result of the Judiciary Act of 1789?
creation of a system of thirteen federal district courts
Supreme Court
decided contested cases and served as a trial court in certain cases involving state or foreign affairs
What did Alexander Hamilton believe his plan for the nation's economy would do?
establish the nation's financial credibility
Judiciary Act of 1789
established the system of federal courts
Because of John Marshall, what type of laws does the Supreme Court review for constitutionality?
federal
What did the Judiciary Act of 1789 establish?
federal courts system and the office of Attorney General
What was one precedent that Washington set?
formation of a Cabinet
Cabinet
group of leaders who led the major departments of the executive branch and advised the President
Which British actions caused the War Hawks to push for war against Britain?
impressment of American sailors and support for Native Americans
What type of economy did Alexander Hamilton want to develop?
industrial and commercial
Why was the Battle of Fallen Timbers significant?
it opened the Northwest Territory for U.S. settlement.
What power did John Marshall give to the Supreme Court that allowed the justices to determine the constitutionality of federal laws?
judical review
What constitutional principle did the Supreme Court ruling on Marbury v. Madison establish?
judicial review
Nonintercourse Act
law intended to restore trade with Great Britain and France
Macon's Bill No. 2
law that restored trade with Great Britain and France
Tippecanoe
location where a battle was waged against Native Americans
Department of the Treasury
managed the nation's finances
Who were the main supporters of the Federalists in the newly emerged two-party system?
northern merchants
British impressment
outraged Democratic Republicans and Federalists alike, which helped unite Americans against the British
War Department
oversaw national defense and managed U.S. military operations
Attorney General
prosecuted and defended cases on behalf of the federal government
What did America gain from the 1795 treaty with Spain?
shipping rights on the Mississippi River and access to New Orleans
Virginia and Kentucky resolutions
state resolutions passed in 1798 declaring the Alien and Sedition Acts unconstitutional
Louisiana Purchase
territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million
What laws did the Federalists pass to prevent Democratic Republican opposition?
the Alien and Sedition Acts
In what area did the British keep forts after the American Revolution?
the American territory along the Great Lakes
What prompted the passage of the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions?
the Sedition Act
What event opened the Northwest Territory to American expansion?
the Treaty of Greenville
What action by Thomas Jefferson did he say was "an act beyond the Constitution"?
the U.S. purchase of land from a foreign government
What event inspired Francis Scott Key to write "The Star-Spangled Banner"?
the defeat of the British attack on Baltimore, Maryland
What was the main cause of the Whiskey Rebellion?
the excise tax on whiskey
Which of Thomas Jefferson's Constitutional principles did the Louisiana Purchase go against?
the principle of limited federal government
Which of Thomas Jefferson's constitutional principles did the Louisiana Purchase go against?
the principle of limited federal government
Which of the following is an accurate description of the French Revolution?
the republican uprising against the French monarchy and aristocrats
What was the purpose of the Cabinet formed during Washington's term?
to advise the President
What was one reason Thomas Jefferson offered to buy the Louisiana Territory
to avoid war with France
Why did the War Hawks push for the invasion of British-held Canada?
to deprive the Indians of their main source of arms
What was the purpose of the Hartford Convention?
to discuss the withdrawal of the New England states from the Union
Why did Jefferson call for an embargo?
to end the impressment of U.S. sailors
Why did Alexander Hamilton ask Congress to charter a Bank of the United States?
to ensure that government and business interests were aligned
What was one effect of the Alien and Sedition Acts?
to limit the power of the Democratic Republican Party
Why did some Americans form political clubs, known as the Democratic Societies?
to oppose the Federalists
Why did Native Americans fight American forces in the Northwest Territory?
to protect their land
Why did Jefferson want the United States to expand in the early 1800s?
to provide more farm land for its growing population
What power does judicial review give the Supreme Court?
to review acts of Congress and the President to decide if they are constitutional
Why did Hamilton want to add to the national debt?
to stabilize the economy
In 1807, Thomas Jefferson persuaded Congress to declare an embargo on Great Britain. What was Jefferson's strategy?
to starve the British and close their factories
What was one reason that Alexander Hamilton asked Congress to charter a National Bank?
to strengthen ties between business and government
Barbary Wars
war between the Barbary States and the United States
strict construction
way of interpreting the Constitution that allows the federal government to take only those actions the Constitution specifically says it can take