Unit 4
When is snowball sampling typically used?
- When the defined target population is unique and small -When it is very difficult to compile a complete list of sampling units
Identify the features of nonsampling error.
-It can occur at any stage of the research process. -It occurs due to incorrect question/scale measurements.
Identify the true statements about the factors that play an important role in determining sample sizes with probability designs.
-The higher the level of confidence desired, the larger the sample size required. -The greater the variability in the data being estimated, the larger the sample size required.
Which of the following are factors that play a significant role in determining sample sizes with probability designs?
-The level of confidence desired in the sample estimate -The degree of precision desired in estimating the population characteristic -The population variance
Which of the following are advantages of quota sampling?
-The sample generated consists of specific subgroups in the proportions desired by researchers. -It ensures the identification and inclusion of appropriate subgroups in a survey.
Identify the true statements about research panel samples.
-They are quota samples drawn based on behavioral patterns, demographic quotas, and similar information. -They are nonprobability samples but are considered representative of the target population.
Identify a difficulty associated with detecting sampling errors in a research study.
A census is rarely conducted in survey research.
Which of the following is an example of convenience sampling?
A consumer psychology professor interviews his students to measure the success of a new advertising campaign.
Identify an advantage of convenience sampling.
A large number of respondents can be interviewed in a relatively short time.
Identify a true statement about determining the sample size for nonprobability samples.
A researcher makes subjective, intuitive judgments based on either past studies or the amount of resources available when deriving samples.
Arrange the steps in developing a good sampling plan in the order of their occurrence. (Place the first step at the top.)
Defining Selecting Identifying Selecting Determining Creating
True or false: Nonprobability sampling results are often used by researchers to make statistical inferences about the true population parameters.
False
Identify a disadvantage of simple random sampling.
It is difficult to obtain a precise and complete listing of the target population elements.
Which of the following is an advantage of simple random sampling?
It produces unbiased estimates of the characteristics of the target population.
In the context of stratified random sampling, which of the following is true of dividing a target population into homogeneous strata?
Researchers have the opportunity to study each stratum and compare strata.
Identify the formula to calculate the sample size when researchers work with small populations.
Sample size = (Specified degree of confidence × Variability/Desired precision)2 × N/(N + n - 1)
Which of the following is true of detecting sampling errors in a research study?
Sampling error determination can be done only after a sample is drawn and data collection is completed.
Arrange the steps involved in drawing a stratified random sample in the order of their occurrence.
Segregating Deriving Merging
_____ or referral sampling is a nonprobability sampling method in which a set of respondents is chosen by a researcher, and they help the researcher identify additional people to be included in the study.
Snowball sampling
_____ involves the separation of the target population into different groups and the selection of samples from each group.
Stratified random sampling
Which of the following is true of convenience sampling?
The data are not generalizable to the members of the defined target population.
Which of the following is a feature of judgment sampling?
The representativeness of the sample cannot be measured.
Which of the following is a specific rule followed when members from a population are selected in probability sampling?
The sample population must be a proper representation of the defined target population.
Identify a purpose of quota sampling.
To ensure the representation of prespecified subgroups of the population
The standardized formula used to estimate the sample size for a simple random sample in a situation where estimates of a population proportion are of concern is n = (Z2B,CL)Z2B,CL ([PXQ]e2)PXQe2. Match the elements of the formula (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).
ZB,CL matches Choice, The standardized z-value associated with the level of confidence The standardized z-value associated with the level of confidence P matches Choice, Estimate of expected population proportion having a desired characteristic based on prior information or intuition Estimate of expected population proportion having a desired characteristic based on prior information or intuition Q matches Choice, The estimate of expected population proportion not holding the characteristic of interest The estimate of expected population proportion not holding the characteristic of interest e matches Choice, Acceptable tolerance level of error (stated in percentage points) Acceptable tolerance level of error (stated in percentage points)
In systematic random sampling, sampling units are selected _____.
according to their position using a skip interval
A probability sampling method in which the sampling units are divided into mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subpopulations is called
cluster sampling
Sampling is often used when _____.
conducting a census is impossible or unreasonable
A nonprobability sampling method in which samples are drawn at the convenience of the researcher is called
convenience sampling
The primary difficulty researchers encounter when using stratified sampling is _____.
determining the basis for stratifying the target population
Systematic random sampling has become a popular method of drawing samples in research practices because _____.
it can be done relatively quickly and is less expensive than simple random sampling
A nonprobability sampling method in which participants are selected according to an researcher's belief that they will meet the requirements of a study are called
judgement sampling
The selection of sampling units in nonprobability sampling is based on the _____.
knowledge or intuitive judgment of a researcher
Identify the standardized formula used to calculate the sample size for a simple random sample in a situation where estimates of population proportion are of concern.
n = (Z2B,CL)Z2B,CL ([PXQ]e2)
Identify the formula used to estimate the sample size for a simple random sample when the situation involves estimating a population mean.
n = (Z2B,CL)Z2B,CL (σ2e2)
Sampling designs in which the probability of selection of each sampling unit is not known are called _____.
nonprobability sampling
A bias that occurs in a research study regardless of whether a sample or census is used is called
nonsampling error
In _____, each sampling unit in the defined target population has a known possibility of being selected for the sample.
probability sampling
A nonprobability sampling method in which participants are selected according to prespecified quotas regarding demographics, attitudes, behaviors, or some other criteria is called
quota sampling
Research panel samples are most often considered _____.
quota sampling
Any type of bias that is attributable to mistakes in either drawing a sample or determining the sample size is called
sampling error
The blueprint or framework needed to ensure that the data collected are representative of the defined target population is called a(n)
sampling plan
Unlike stratified random sampling, the sampling units in cluster sampling are _____.
segregated into mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subpopulations
A probability sampling procedure in which every sampling unit has a known and equal chance of being selected is called _____.
simple random sampling
In _____, a defined target population is ordered in some way, usually in the form of a taxpayer roll, customer list, or membership roster, and selected systematically.
systematic random sampling
A marketing researcher hired by an electronics company wants to identify the impact of the new features of the company's toasters on its sales. She identifies the names of the people who bought the toasters from January 2013 to January 2014 and sends them a survey. The sampling unit in the scenario given above is _____.
the people who bought the toasters
An inherent limitation of quota sampling is that _____.
the success of a study is dependent on subjective decisions made by researchers
Random sampling error occurs because _____.
there can be chance variations in the selection of sampling units