Unit 4 | AP Modern World History
The trend shown on the graph above is best explained by A increased production of cash crops like sugar B growth of silver mining in New Spain C industrialized textile mills' demand for raw cotton D African slave-trading kingdoms' demand for European trade goods
A increased production of cash crops like sugar
An important reason for China's rapid population increase in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was A the introduction of new crops from the Americas B the end of the bubonic plague in Asia C the widespread adoption of the European three-field system D unprecedented immigration from the Mughal and Ottoman empires
A the introduction of new crops from the Americas
Which of the following consequences of the Columbian Exchange most affected Amerindians in the sixteenth century? A Diseases caused pandemics. B Newly introduced crops replaced indigenous American crops. C The influx of African slaves displaced Amerindians. D European livestock disrupted Amerindian agriculture.
A Diseases caused pandemics.
The implicit claim made by the image about a connection between religious devotion and maritime exploration best demonstrates which of the following in the period circa 1450-1750 ? A Increasing global connections expanded the reach of existing religions. B Church authorities argued that religious diversity should be respected and protected. C The intensification of cross-cultural interactions resulted in the development of syncretic religions. D Religious motivations for European exploration and colonization were secondary to economic motivations.
A Increasing global connections expanded the reach of existing religions.
The European monarch who made the greatest use of this new technology was
A Prince Henry
The world economic system that developed after 1500 featured unequal relationships between western Europe and dependent economies in other regions. Strong governments and large armies fed European dominance of world trade. Dependent economies used slave or serf labor to produce cheap foods and minerals for Europe, and they imported more expensive European items in turn. Dependent regions had weak governments, which made European conquest and slave systems possible. Which of the following statements would challenge the arguments made in the passage? A Strong governments in the slave-exporting regions of West Africa B The role of Dutch trading companies in Southeast Asia C The use of slaves and the plantation systems in the Americas D European imports of sugar and tobacco
A Strong governments in the slave-exporting regions of West Africa
"There are one hundred and fifty households in Manila. The houses of the city are so suitable and those of the country so charming that life in those islands is altogether delightful. At one end of the city is the quarter for the Chinese merchants. There are about twenty thousand of them. It is a very curious place to see, because of the fine order in which the Chinese live. Every kind of merchandise has its own separate area, and those goods are so rare that they merit admiration. The Spanish merchants of Manila intermix with the Chinese and the Portuguese of Macao so that they may enjoy the freedom to participate in commerce with China. The Spanish do not attempt to hide the fact that they are acting as agents for the inhabitants of Mexico and lately they have sent a great quantity of merchandise to Peru and to Mexico from Asia. The emperor of China could build a palace with the silver bars from Peru that have been carried to his country because of that traffic, without their ships having been registered, and without taxes having been paid to the king of Spain." Jerónimo de Bañuelos y Carrillo, Spanish admiral, description of the trade of the Philippines, published in Mexico, 1638 Which of the following claims made in the second paragraph would a historian likely cite to demonstrate how European expansion created a truly global economy in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? A The Chinese emperor could build a palace from all the silver that arrives from Peru. B Many Spanish merchants have successfully avoided paying taxes to the king of Spain. C Merchants of different ethnic groups seek to engage in trade with China. D The ships that Spanish merchants use are often not registered.
A The Chinese emperor could build a palace from all the silver that arrives from Peru.
The creation of this particular image of the Aztec capital was part of which of the following processes occurring at the time? A The absorption of the Aztec Empire into the Spanish colonial system B The creation of an alliance between the Aztec and Spanish empires C The successful resistance by the Aztecs to Spanish attacks D The adoption of aspects of the Aztec religion by Spanish rulers
A The absorption of the Aztec Empire into the Spanish colonial system
"When we were in Canton, a port in southern China, we came across a woman who cried out in Portuguese 'Our Father, who art in Heaven, hallowed be thy name.' And because she could speak no more of our language, she very earnestly asked us in Chinese to tell her whether we were Christians. We replied that we were, and for proof we repeated all the rest of the Lord's Prayer which she had left unsaid. Being assured that we were Christians, she pulled us aside, and weeping said to us, 'Come along, Christians from the other end of the world, with your true sister in the faith of Jesus Christ.' Furthermore, she told us that she was named Inez de Leyria, and her father was a great ambassador from Portugal to the Emperor of China. The ambassador married her mother, a Chinese woman, and made her a Christian. Along with her, many were converted to the faith of Christ. During the five days we remained in her house, we made them a little book in Chinese, containing many good prayers." Account of Fernão Mendes Pinto, Portuguese explorer and merchant, circa The activities of Inez de Leyria's father as described in the passage best support which of the following conclusions about the period 1450-1750 C.E.? A The intensification of commercial and diplomatic activity across Eurasia was accompanied by increased missionary activity. B The arrival of Nestorian Christians along the Silk Roads introduced European missionaries to China. C Russian expansion in Asia encouraged Christian missionary activity in China. D The intensification of regional patterns of trade in the Indian Ocean spurred Chinese merchants to convert to Christianity. Answer A
A The intensification of commercial and diplomatic activity across Eurasia was accompanied by increased missionary activity.
"There are one hundred and fifty households in Manila. The houses of the city are so suitable and those of the country so charming that life in those islands is altogether delightful. At one end of the city is the quarter for the Chinese merchants. There are about twenty thousand of them. It is a very curious place to see, because of the fine order in which the Chinese live. Every kind of merchandise has its own separate area, and those goods are so rare that they merit admiration. The Spanish merchants of Manila intermix with the Chinese and the Portuguese of Macao so that they may enjoy the freedom to participate in commerce with China. The Spanish do not attempt to hide the fact that they are acting as agents for the inhabitants of Mexico and lately they have sent a great quantity of merchandise to Peru and to Mexico from Asia. The emperor of China could build a palace with the silver bars from Peru that have been carried to his country because of that traffic, without their ships having been registered, and without taxes having been paid to the king of Spain." Jerónimo de Bañuelos y Carrillo, Spanish admiral, description of the trade of the Philippines, published in Mexico, 1638 The author's claim that the Spanish inhabitants of Manila act as agents for the inhabitants of Mexico can best be described as a reference to which of the following? A The mercantilist trade regulations enforced by Spanish colonial authorities B The cultural connections between regions created by Catholic religious orders, such as the Jesuits C The differences between the administrative framework of European trading post empires and settler empires D The resentment of colonial-born Spanish Creole populations against their second-class status in imperial societies
A The mercantilist trade regulations enforced by Spanish colonial authorities
The material used to create the plaque best reflects which of the following historical situations in the Indian Ocean region in the period 1450-1750 ? A Trade networks continued to flourish and gave Europeans direct access to precious luxury goods. B European luxury goods became increasingly popular among Asian populations in the region. C Natural resources from the Americas allowed Asian producers to diversify the products they sold to European merchants. D European artisans in the region increasingly copied Islamic and Indian styles in their artistic productions.
A Trade networks continued to flourish and gave Europeans direct access to precious luxury goods.
"Americans . . . who live within the Spanish system occupy a position in society as mere consumers. Yet even this status is surrounded with galling restrictions, such as being forbidden to grow European crops, or to store products that are royal monopolies, or to establish factories of a type the Peninsula itself does not possess. To this, add the exclusive trading privileges, even in articles of prime necessity . . . in short, do you wish to know what our future held?-simply the cultivation of the fields of indigo, grain, coffee, sugarcane, cacao, and cotton; cattle raising on the broad plains; hunting wild game in the jungles; digging in the earth to mine its gold." Simón Bolívar, "Jamaica Letter," 1815 Bolívar was describing the effects of which of the following economic policies? A Feudalism B Mercantilism C Socialism D Capitalism
B Mercantilism
A likely purpose for including the religious figure in the plaque was to show that A salvation for the Portuguese inhabitants of Goa could be obtained only by rejecting material wealth B Portuguese naval activities in the Indian Ocean region were favored by divine forces C because of their belief in the prophecy of Jesus, the Muslim inhabitants of Goa could also obtain salvation D Jesus was going to provide the Portuguese with new sailing technologies for their ships if they continued to follow him
B Portuguese naval activities in the Indian Ocean region were favored by divine forces
"When we were in Canton, a port in southern China, we came across a woman who cried out in Portuguese 'Our Father, who art in Heaven, hallowed be thy name.' And because she could speak no more of our language, she very earnestly asked us in Chinese to tell her whether we were Christians. We replied that we were, and for proof we repeated all the rest of the Lord's Prayer which she had left unsaid. Being assured that we were Christians, she pulled us aside, and weeping said to us, 'Come along, Christians from the other end of the world, with your true sister in the faith of Jesus Christ.' Furthermore, she told us that she was named Inez de Leyria, and her father was a great ambassador from Portugal to the Emperor of China. The ambassador married her mother, a Chinese woman, and made her a Christian. Along with her, many were converted to the faith of Christ. During the five days we remained in her house, we made them a little book in Chinese, containing many good prayers." Account of Fernão Mendes Pinto, Portuguese explorer and merchant, circa The Portuguese presence in southern China as described in the passage was most directly enabled by which of the following? A The declining role of Muslim and Jewish merchants in transporting goods within Asia B Technological developments in cartography and navigation C Improvements in silver-mining technology D The creation of laissez-faire state policies
B Technological developments in cartography and navigation
"In the course of the fifth year [1519] the terrible pestilence began. First there was a cough, then blood. The number of deaths at this time was truly terrible. In 1520 the pestilence spread. Truly, the number of deaths among the people was terrible and the people could not escape from the pestilence. In 1521 my father, King Hunyg, died. The elders and the priests died alike from the pestilence. Half the people threw themselves into the ravines to escape it. The oldest son of the king died at the same time as well as his young brother. Thus, our people became poor. In 1524 the Spanish arrived in our country and destroyed our people. The Spanish conquered all the towns. In 1542 Dominican friars arrived from Mexico, and they taught us the Doctrine of Christ in our language. Until that time we had been ignorant of the word and the commandments of God. In 1560 the pestilence that had formerly raged among the people returned again. It was truly terrible when this death was sent among us by the great God. Many families disappeared. All here were soon attacked, and I was also attacked with the disease." Historical chronicle of the Maya Kaqchikel people, composed and edited by different members of the Maya political elite in the Kaqchikel language, circa 1571-1604 Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use to support his implicit argument that Maya society underwent a dramatic cultural change in the sixteenth century? A Dominican friars knew the Maya language. B The Maya were converted to Christianity. C The Maya nobility lost its social status. D Maya people before the conquest were illiterate.
B The Maya were converted to Christianity.
"In the course of the fifth year [1519] the terrible pestilence began. First there was a cough, then blood. The number of deaths at this time was truly terrible. In 1520 the pestilence spread. Truly, the number of deaths among the people was terrible and the people could not escape from the pestilence. In 1521 my father, King Hunyg, died. The elders and the priests died alike from the pestilence. Half the people threw themselves into the ravines to escape it. The oldest son of the king died at the same time as well as his young brother. Thus, our people became poor. In 1524 the Spanish arrived in our country and destroyed our people. The Spanish conquered all the towns. In 1542 Dominican friars arrived from Mexico, and they taught us the Doctrine of Christ in our language. Until that time we had been ignorant of the word and the commandments of God. In 1560 the pestilence that had formerly raged among the people returned again. It was truly terrible when this death was sent among us by the great God. Many families disappeared. All here were soon attacked, and I was also attacked with the disease." Historical chronicle of the Maya Kaqchikel people, composed and edited by different members of the Maya political elite in the Kaqchikel language, circa 1571-1604 Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use to support his claim that the arrival of the Spanish "destroyed our people"? A The Spanish spread infectious disease among the Maya. B The Spanish conquered all Maya towns. C Maya people became poor. D The Spanish assassinated the king's eldest son.
B The Spanish conquered all Maya towns.
The following questions refer to the passage below. "[In the 1500s and 1600s] maize, manioc, sweet potatoes, peanuts, squash and cacao quickly became staples of West African agriculture. The first three spread rapidly over wide stretches of the continent. Presumably, the resemblance of the African climate to that of Central and South America facilitated the rapid acceptance of these new crops. So did the shifting 'garden' type of cultivation prevailing in Africa. In Africa, no fixed system of crop rotation or established agricultural routine inhibited experimentation with these new plants." William McNeill, American historian, The Rise of the West, 1963 The process described by McNeill in the passage is most closely related to which of the following in the same period? A The export of large food surpluses from West Africa to Europe and the Americas B The growth of the transatlantic slave trade C The consolidation of large empires in West Africa D Large-scale immigration to West Africa from overpopulated regions
B The growth of the transatlantic slave trade
The historical trend represented by the table is most similar to which of the following? A The spread of the Black Death along the Silk Roads in the fourteenth century B The impact of the Columbian Exchange on American populations in the sixteenth century C The effects of the trans-Atlantic slave trade on West African populations in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries D The results of the development of reliable birth control methods in the twentieth century
B The impact of the Columbian Exchange on American populations in the sixteenth century
Which conclusion about the Portuguese is best supported by the passage above?
B They made great profits transporting goods between Asian countries.
Which of the following best explains a similarity between the earliest English and French voyages across the North Atlantic in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? A They succeeded despite receiving little support from their respective state governments. B They were often launched in the hopes of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia. C They were ended after encountering violent resistance from Portuguese and Spanish naval forces. D They helped convince western European monarchies to abandon mercantilist policies in favor of free-trade policies.
B They were often launched in the hopes of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia.
The following questions refer to the passages below. Source 1 "Vasco de Gama, a gentleman of your household, came to my country, at which I was pleased. My country is rich in cinnamon, cloves, ginger, pepper, and precious stones. That which I ask of you in exchange is gold, silver, corals, and scarlet cloth." Letter from the ruler of Calicut, a Hindu-Muslim state on the western coast of India, to the king of Portugal, 1498 Source 2 "In this year the vessels of the Franks [Portuguese] appeared off our shores en route for India, Hormuz [at the opening of the Persian Gulf], and other places. They captured about seven vessels, killing many of those on board and taking others as prisoners. This was their first action, and may God curse them." Umar al-Taiyib Ba Faqih, Muslim scholar, Yemen, southern part of the Arabian Peninsula, describing events in 1503 The Portuguese activities referenced in the two passages were most enabled by a combination of improved maritime technology and A support from a coalition of other European states B acquisition of the knowledge of monsoon wind patterns C mass conversions of Muslims to Christianity D the spread of European diseases to South and Southwest Asia
B acquisition of the knowledge of monsoon wind patterns
"Seeing how vile and despicable the idol was, we went outside to ask why they cared about so crude and ungainly a thing. But they, astounded at our daring, defended the honor of their god and said that he was Pachacamac, the Maker of the World, who healed their infirmities. According to what we were able to learn, the devil appeared to their priests in that hut and spoke with them, and they entered there with petitions and offerings from the entire kingdom of Atahualpa, just as Moors and Turks go to the house in Mecca. Seeing the evil of what was there and the blindness of all those people, we gathered together their leaders and enlightened them. And in the presence of all, the hut was opened and torn down and with much solemnity a tall cross was raised over the seat which for so long the devil had claimed as his own." Miguel de Estete, Spanish mercenary soldier, account of an expedition to The Spanish actions described in the passage differed from European attempts to promote Christianity in South and East Asia in the period 1450-1750 in that A in South and East Asia, Europeans relied on established minority groups for help in spreading Christianity B in South and East Asia, Europeans were unable to subjugate politically the powerful existing states C in South and East Asia, Europeans encountered strong local resistance and mass revolts against their attempts to establish political and cultural uniformity D in South and East Asia, Europeans became too closely involved in local sectarian conflicts to be able to effectively promote Christianity
B in South and East Asia, Europeans were unable to subjugate politically the powerful existing states
The development of Indian Ocean trade routes in the period 600 B.C.E. to 600 C.E. and the development of transatlantic trade routes in the period 1450 C.E. to 1600 C.E. were similar in that both depended on A the impetus of missionizing religions B understanding of currents and wind patterns C the political consolidation of newly conquered regions into empires D innovations in ship design that originated in Europe
B understanding of currents and wind patterns
Which of the following was a major similarity among European colonial empires in the Americas in the period 1450-1750 ? A Widespread religious tolerance and diversity B Encouragement of the development of industrial manufacturing in their territories C Enslavement of African peoples and subjugation of Amerindians D Settlement of millions of Europeans in each of their colonial territories
C Enslavement of African peoples and subjugation of Amerindians
Which statement best describes the point of view of the source, Ralph Fitch?
C He was hoping to make profits just as the Portuguese were doing
Which statement best explains why Portugal established a trading post empire>
C It had only enough people and power to maintain trading posts rather than a large empire.
The world economic system that developed after 1500 featured unequal relationships between western Europe and dependent economies in other regions. Strong governments and large armies fed European dominance of world trade. Dependent economies used slave or serf labor to produce cheap foods and minerals for Europe, and they imported more expensive European items in turn. Dependent regions had weak governments, which made European conquest and slave systems possible. Which of the following best supports the contentions of the world economic theory in the passage? A China was not massively affected by world patterns in the period. B The rise of Protestantism and the Scientific Revolution transformed European cultures. C Latin America exported sugar and silver and imported manufactured items. D Britain had a relatively weak central government compared to France.
C Latin America exported sugar and silver and imported manufactured items.
Which of the following best explains the overall population trend shown in the table? A Large-scale migration from the Pacific Islands to the Americas for plantation labor B Conflict between Pacific Island states C The spread of epidemic diseases as a result of contact with Westerners D The expansion of the Japanese empire in the Pacific
C The spread of epidemic diseases as a result of contact with Westerners
Which of the following best explains an effect of Spanish voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in Europe in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? A They encouraged many governments to expand the use of coerced labor in Europe. B They led to the rapid spread of epidemic diseases such as smallpox. C They greatly increased interest in transoceanic travel and trade in other European countries. D They led to the introduction of new staple crops such as sugar.
C They greatly increased interest in transoceanic travel and trade in other European countries.
"When we were in Canton, a port in southern China, we came across a woman who cried out in Portuguese 'Our Father, who art in Heaven, hallowed be thy name.' And because she could speak no more of our language, she very earnestly asked us in Chinese to tell her whether we were Christians. We replied that we were, and for proof we repeated all the rest of the Lord's Prayer which she had left unsaid. Being assured that we were Christians, she pulled us aside, and weeping said to us, 'Come along, Christians from the other end of the world, with your true sister in the faith of Jesus Christ.' Furthermore, she told us that she was named Inez de Leyria, and her father was a great ambassador from Portugal to the Emperor of China. The ambassador married her mother, a Chinese woman, and made her a Christian. Along with her, many were converted to the faith of Christ. During the five days we remained in her house, we made them a little book in Chinese, containing many good prayers." Account of Fernão Mendes Pinto, Portuguese explorer and merchant, circa The ability of Portuguese merchants and explorers to communicate with the local population of Canton was most likely an effect of which of the following? A Mandarin had replaced Cantonese as the primary spoken language in southern China. B Migrations and commercial contacts led to the use of printing in southern China. C Portuguese merchants had established trading posts in southern China. D Portuguese had replaced Arabic and Persian as the language of trade in southern China.
C Portuguese merchants had established trading posts in southern China.
[Testimony by the creole (European-ancestry) members of a lay religious brotherhood in the town of San Juan Peribán.] "Cristobál Bernal was elected chair of our brotherhood by a margin of only two votes. Most votes in Bernal's favor came from mulatto and mestizo brothers. However, we, the creole brothers, elected Don Carvajal, a resident of the town and owner of the hacienda and sugar mill there. We urge you to command that only creoles should vote for the positions of chair and deputy chairs and that neither mulattoes nor mestizos can serve in those positions, and that a new election must be held for these positions." [Response by the mulatto and mestizo brothers] "Since the brotherhood was founded, it has had the ancient custom of voting for and electing mulattoes and mestizos as deputies. And mestizos and mulattoes make up most of the membership and help the brotherhood grow. And mestizo and mulatto brothers had donated land, which earns 25 pesos rent per year for the brotherhood. And mulatto and mestizo brothers also collect alms for the brotherhood. If this brotherhood were actually two—one for creoles only and the other for mulattoes and mestizos—then the petitioners might have a case. But there is only one brotherhood in which creoles, mestizos, and mulattoes are mixed and, being members of it, they must enjoy the rights and advantages of the said brotherhood. Without question these rights should include voting and electing their own chair and deputies." [Judge's decision] "The election is declared valid, and Bernal is confirmed as chair." The existence of a sugar mill in the Mexican town in the passage indicates that the region of Mexico in which the lawsuit took place was part of which of the following? A The Manila galleon trade route B The pre-Columbian pochteca traveling-merchant network C The Atlantic trade system D The indentured-labor migration system
C The Atlantic trade system
The following questions refer to the passages below. Source 1 "Vasco de Gama, a gentleman of your household, came to my country, at which I was pleased. My country is rich in cinnamon, cloves, ginger, pepper, and precious stones. That which I ask of you in exchange is gold, silver, corals, and scarlet cloth." Letter from the ruler of Calicut, a Hindu-Muslim state on the western coast of India, to the king of Portugal, 1498 Source 2 "In this year the vessels of the Franks [Portuguese] appeared off our shores en route for India, Hormuz [at the opening of the Persian Gulf], and other places. They captured about seven vessels, killing many of those on board and taking others as prisoners. This was their first action, and may God curse them." Umar al-Taiyib Ba Faqih, Muslim scholar, Yemen, southern part of the Arabian Peninsula, describing events in 1503 The two passages differ most strongly with respect to which of the following? A The authors' attitudes toward Islam B The authors' beliefs in the legitimacy of mercantile activity C The authors' attitudes toward European expansion D The authors' views of proper social hierarchy
C The authors' attitudes toward European expansion
The object in Image 2 best illustrates which of the following cultural processes in the period circa 1450-1750? A The spread of Ethiopian cultural traditions in West Africa B The influence of the Columbian Exchange on artistic traditions C The development of religious syncretism as cultural traditions spread D The intensification of pre-existing religious conflicts and rivalries
C The development of religious syncretism as cultural traditions spread
The production of the plaque in Goa is best understood in the immediate context of which of the following? A The establishment of plantation economies B The spread of printing-press technology C The development of trading-post empires D The decline of Asian states such as the Mughal Empire
C The development of trading-post empires
"Seeing how vile and despicable the idol was, we went outside to ask why they cared about so crude and ungainly a thing. But they, astounded at our daring, defended the honor of their god and said that he was Pachacamac, the Maker of the World, who healed their infirmities. According to what we were able to learn, the devil appeared to their priests in that hut and spoke with them, and they entered there with petitions and offerings from the entire kingdom of Atahualpa, just as Moors and Turks go to the house in Mecca. Seeing the evil of what was there and the blindness of all those people, we gathered together their leaders and enlightened them. And in the presence of all, the hut was opened and torn down and with much solemnity a tall cross was raised over the seat which for so long the devil had claimed as his own." Miguel de Estete, Spanish mercenary soldier, account of an expedition to Which of the following long-term changes in the period circa 1550-1700 best demonstrates that the actions described by de Estete in the passage failed to fully achieve their goals? A The development of a global economy based on Spanish exports of Andean silver B American foods becoming staple crops in Eurasia C The emergence of syncretic religious practices in the Americas D The growing Spanish dependence on coerced labor in the Americas
C The emergence of syncretic religious practices in the Americas
Which of the following changes best justifies the claim that the late 1400s mark the beginning of a new period in world history? A The rise of the Aztec and Inca empires B The economic recovery in Afro-Eurasia after the Black Death C The incorporation of the Americas into a broader global network of exchange D The emergence of new religious movements in various parts of the world
C The incorporation of the Americas into a broader global network of exchange
The technological innovation depicted in the above image was first used in
D the Indian Ocean
In the period 1450—1750, which of the following, produced on large plantations by slave labor, were significant commodities in the growing world market? A Grains such as wheat and barley B Tropical fruits such as bananas and oranges C Animal products such as wool and beef D Cash crops such as sugar and tobacco
D Cash crops such as sugar and tobacco
The following questions refer to the passage below. "[In the 1500s and 1600s] maize, manioc, sweet potatoes, peanuts, squash and cacao quickly became staples of West African agriculture. The first three spread rapidly over wide stretches of the continent. Presumably, the resemblance of the African climate to that of Central and South America facilitated the rapid acceptance of these new crops. So did the shifting 'garden' type of cultivation prevailing in Africa. In Africa, no fixed system of crop rotation or established agricultural routine inhibited experimentation with these new plants." William McNeill, American historian, The Rise of the West, 1963 All the following statements are factually accurate. Which most strongly supports McNeill's hypothesis about the factors enabling the rapid spread of New World crops in West Africa? A Compared to the crops originating in other world regions, the combination of American crops described by McNeill afforded a more varied and nutritious diet. B Compared to Central and South America, West Africa had fewer large urban centers prior to the adoption of American crops in the 1500s and 1600s. C Compared to farmers in pre-Columbian Central and South America, West African farmers in the 1500s and 1600s had greater access to metal tools for various purposes. D Compared to their spread in West Africa, American crops spread more slowly in northern Europe, where many peasants had rigidly defined labor and payment obligations to landowners.
D Compared to their spread in West Africa, American crops spread more slowly in northern Europe, where many peasants had rigidly defined labor and payment obligations to landowners.
In recent decades, many world historians have challenged the commonly held view that Europeans controlled the largest share of world trade in the seventeenth through the eighteenth centuries. Which of the following evidence from the period would best support this historical reinterpretation? A Prices for Chinese goods were much higher in Europe than in China. B European trading companies often backed their long-distance trading ventures with the threat of military force. C Asian trading companies dominated trade in the Indian Ocean region. D European merchants transported only a fraction of the goods shipped globally.
D European merchants transported only a fraction of the goods shipped globally.
The following questions refer to the passages below. Source 1 "Vasco de Gama, a gentleman of your household, came to my country, at which I was pleased. My country is rich in cinnamon, cloves, ginger, pepper, and precious stones. That which I ask of you in exchange is gold, silver, corals, and scarlet cloth." Letter from the ruler of Calicut, a Hindu-Muslim state on the western coast of India, to the king of Portugal, 1498 Source 2 "In this year the vessels of the Franks [Portuguese] appeared off our shores en route for India, Hormuz [at the opening of the Persian Gulf], and other places. They captured about seven vessels, killing many of those on board and taking others as prisoners. This was their first action, and may God curse them." Umar al-Taiyib Ba Faqih, Muslim scholar, Yemen, southern part of the Arabian Peninsula, describing events in 1503 Over the next century, the Portuguese activities referenced in the two passages resulted in which of the following changes in the region? A The establishment of an effective Hindu-Muslim alliance that successfully resisted the Portuguese in India B The conquest of large areas of the Indian interior by the Portuguese C An influx of precious metals to Europe that caused price inflation D The creation of a Portuguese trading-post empire
D The creation of a Portuguese trading-post empire
"In the course of the fifth year [1519] the terrible pestilence began. First there was a cough, then blood. The number of deaths at this time was truly terrible. In 1520 the pestilence spread. Truly, the number of deaths among the people was terrible and the people could not escape from the pestilence. In 1521 my father, King Hunyg, died. The elders and the priests died alike from the pestilence. Half the people threw themselves into the ravines to escape it. The oldest son of the king died at the same time as well as his young brother. Thus, our people became poor. In 1524 the Spanish arrived in our country and destroyed our people. The Spanish conquered all the towns. In 1542 Dominican friars arrived from Mexico, and they taught us the Doctrine of Christ in our language. Until that time we had been ignorant of the word and the commandments of God. In 1560 the pestilence that had formerly raged among the people returned again. It was truly terrible when this death was sent among us by the great God. Many families disappeared. All here were soon attacked, and I was also attacked with the disease." Historical chronicle of the Maya Kaqchikel people, composed and edited by different members of the Maya political elite in the Kaqchikel language, circa 1571-1604 All of the following pieces of evidence in the passage directly support the author's claim that the "pestilence" was "terrible" EXCEPT: A The Maya king died in the epidemic. B Fear of the disease drove Maya people to commit suicide. C The disease killed members of the Maya elite, including elders and priests. D The disease led to the arrival of Dominican friars.
D The disease led to the arrival of Dominican friars.
Which of the following best explains a similar motivation behind the establishment of Portuguese trading posts in Africa and the establishment of Portuguese trading posts in Asia? A The trading posts in both regions were intended to prevent economic collapse following the disintegration of powerful local empires. B The trading posts in both regions were intended to facilitate commercial cooperation between European states. C The trading posts in both regions were intended to facilitate the transfer of slaves to the Americas. D The trading posts in both regions were intended to allow the Portuguese to control access to heavily trafficked maritime routes.
D The trading posts in both regions were intended to allow the Portuguese to control access to heavily trafficked maritime routes.
The specific technological innovation depicted here that improved deep water navigation was the
D lateen sails