Unit 4 Study Guide - Honors American History 1 - Grube
Protective Tariff
import tax on goods produced overseas
Moving of nation's capital
-Alexander Hamilton was Secretary of treasury -Thomas Jefferson was Secretary of State - Hamilton proposes the Bank of the United States: - funded by govt, private investors - issue paper money, handle taxes • Disagreement over Congressional authority to establish bank • Debate begins over strict (Jefferson) and loose (Hamilton) interpretation (construction) of Constitution To win Southern support for his debt plan, Hamilton suggests moving nation's capital from NYC to South • Washington, D.C. planned on grand scale
Louisiana Purchase
-Jefferson buys Louisiana Territory from France $15 million -April 30, 1802 -doubts he has constitutiona1 authority (strict interpretation—gov't power to buy new territory?) -Purchase doubles size of U.S.
Pinckney's Treaty of 1795
-Spain gives up claims to western U.S. -all land claims east of the Mississippi, except Florida - Florida-U.S. boundary set at 31st parallel - Mississippi River open to U.S. traffic -allowed American traders to use the portof New Orleans
Strict v. Loose Interpretation
-Thomas Jefferson believed in a strict construction of the Constitution. He believed people should follow exactly what was stated and allowed in the document -Alexander Hamilton and his followers favored a loose interpretation of the Constitution, which meant they believed that the document permitted everything that it did not expressly forbid
Cabinet
-Under the doctrine of separation of powers, a cabinet under a presidential system of government is part of the executive branch. In addition to administering their respective segments of the executive branch,cabinet members are responsible for advising the head of government on areas within their purview Department heads are Cabinet State Dept., War Dept., Treasury Dept.
Marbury v. Madison
-William Marbury sues to have papers delivered -Judiciary Act of 1789 requires Supreme Court order -Marshall rules requirement unconstitutional -Judicial review—Supreme Court able to declare laws unconstitutional
Formation of Political Parties
-competing for control of the presidency, Congress, and the states: the Federalist Party, created largely by Alexander Hamilton, and the rival Jeffersonian Democratic-Republican Party, formed by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, usually called at the time the Republican Party Split in Washington's cabinet leads to first U.S. political parties: - Jefferson's allies: Dem-Rep - Hamilton's allies: Federalists Two-party system established as two major parties compete for power
XYZ Affair
-diplomatic incident between French and United States diplomats that resulted in a limited, undeclared war known as the Quasi-War. -French officials demand bribe to see foreign minister-$250,000 bribe = anti-French feelings at home -Congress creates navy dept—American ships seize French vessels -Undeclared naval war rages between France, U.S. for 2 years
Judiciary Act of 1789
-established the federal judiciary of the United States -creates Supreme, circuit, district courts -State court decisions may be appealed to federal courts—federal laws "supreme Law of the Land"
Embargo Act of 1807
-was a law passed by the United State Congress and signed by President Thomas Jefferson on December 22, 1807. It prohibited American ships from trading in all foreign ports ban on exports The war of 1812
War of 1812
Between US and Britain
War of 1812 events
British Burn the White House The Battle of New Orleans The Treaty of Ghent
War of 1812 - British burn White House
British burn Washington D.C. in retaliation -federal officials flee the capital
Alien and Sedition Acts
Federalists suspicious of immigrants • push Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 through Congress • Alien Acts raise residence requirements for citizenship - permit deportation, jail • Sedition Act: fines, jail terms for hindering, lying about govt • Some Dem-Rep editors, publishers, politicians jailed
The War of 1812 - Battle of New Orleans
General Andrew Jackson fights N-Ams, gains national fame • In 1815, defeats superior British force at Battle of New Orleans -Jackson's greatest victory -war was over when battle took place
George Washington's Farewell Address
George Washington urged Americans to avoid excessive political party spirit and geographical distinctions. In foreign affairs, he warned against long-term alliances with other nations.
Whiskey Rebellion
In 1794, Pennsylvania farmers refuse to pay excise tax on whiskey - beat up federal marshals, threaten secession • Federal govt shows it can enforce laws by sending in militia -militiamen called up -scattered rebels without loss of a single life -event was a milestone in consolidation of federal power
Why the British violated the Treaty of Paris
Neither side fully enforced the treaty once it was ratified. Many Americans refused to pay British debts. ... Britain violated the treaty in a variety of ways, such as by occupying American territory in the Great Lakes region and refusing to return confiscated slaves.
The War of 1812 - Treaty of Ghent
Peace agreement signed December 1814 • Declares armistice or end to fighting; does not resolve all issues • 1815, commercial treaty reopens trade between Britain and U.S. • 1817, agreement limits war ships on Great Lakes • 1818, northern boundary of Louisiana Territory set at 49th parallel • Agree to jointly occupy Oregon Territory for 10 years • Americans were unable to resolve issues differences that began to divide the nation
Hamilton's Financial Plan
Plan—pay foreign debt, issue new bonds, assume states' debt Hamilton proposes Bank of the United States: funded by govt, private investors issue paper money, handle taxes Disagreement over Congressional authority to establish bank Debate begins over strict (Jefferson) and loose (Hamilton) interpretation (construction) of Constitution To win Southern support for his debt plan, Hamilton suggests: moving nation's capital from NYC to South Washington, D.C. planned on grand scale
War of 1812 - War at sea
The War at Sea •U.S. navy only 16 ships •British blockade U.S. ports along east coast -most American ships bottled up in port
War of 182 events- war in Canada
The War in Canada •Madison chooses war, thinks Britain is crippling U.S. trade, economy •U.S. army unprepared; early British victories •N-Ams fight on both sides; Tecumseh killed in battle
Laissez-faire capitalism
an economic system in which the market makes all decisions and the government plays no role
Sedition Act
fines, jail terms for hindering, lying about govt
Alien Acts
raise residence requirements for citizenship - permit deportation, jail
Marshall Court
refers to the Supreme Court of the United States from 1801 to 1835, when John Marshall served as the fourth Chief Justice of the United States Federalist John Marshall is chief justice Judicial Review- Supreme Court able to declare laws unconstitutional Adams pushes Judiciary Act of 1801, adding 16 federal judges—to control future federal judicial decisions Appoints Federalist midnight judges on his last day as president Jefferson argues undelivered appointment papers are invalid Marbury Vs. Madison William Marbury sues to have papers delivered Judiciary Act of 1789 requires Supreme Court order Marshall rules requirement unconstitutional
Hamilton's political philosophy
reformer and federalist. His philosophy rested, in true colonialist fashion, on the notion of "the public good" and the superiority of a government which derived its power from the consent of the governed: the essence of republicanism. •strong central govt led by wealthy, educated, "elite/upper class", Northern support
Election of 1800
sometimes referred to as the "Revolution of 1800," Vice President Thomas Jefferson defeated incumbent president John Adams. Campaign between Adams and Jefferson Jefferson beats Adams, but ties running mate Aaron Burr House of Representatives casts ballots without breaking tie Hamilton intervenes with Federalists to give Jefferson victory Reveals flaw in electoral process; 12th Amendment passed: electors cast separate ballots for president, vice-president
Proclamation of Neutrality
was a formal announcement issued by U.S. President George Washington on April 22, 1793 that declared the nation neutral in the conflict between France and Great Britain. It threatened legal proceedings against any American providing assistance to any country at war.
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
were political statements drafted in 1798 and 1799, in which the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures took the position that the federal Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional States have fundamental rights that the federal government cannot abridge THe US Constitution exists as a bridge between the federal and state govt. States can nullify federal laws that they judge to be unconstitutional
