Unit 4 Test APES WITH PICTURES
lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer core, inner core
what are the layers of the earth (top to bottom)
Oceanic Spreading Center (Ridge) Continental Rift Zone
what are the two types of diverging plates
plant vegetation that can absorb runoff of any sorts
what are ways to protect waterways and watersheds
Ferrel cells and polar cells lift air and create precipitation around 60 degrees latitude north and south, causing air to descend at 30 degrees latitude and at the poles.
what do Ferrel cells and polar cells do?
The Hadley, Ferrel, and polar cells interact with Earth's rotation to produce bands of wind patterns that alternate directions.
what do Hadley, Ferrel, and polar cells interact with
Forms mountain ranges
what does a Continental-Continental boundary form
Creates a long narrow deep trench. Creates an island arc.
what does a ocean-ocean convergent boundary create
Latitude, Elevation, topography, bodies of water, atmospheric circulation, & vegetation
what factors affect climate
La Niña events are the opposite of El Niño events; trade winds strengthen causing more upwelling off the west coast of the Americas
what happens during La Nina
Occurs when two plates collide. Lithosphere is recycled into the mantle. Plate Area Decreases
what happens during a converging plate boundary
Plates move apart New lithosphere created on BOTH plates as magma rises from the spreading. Plate Area Increases
what happens during a diverging boundary
When both plates contain oceanic crust. One will plate is pushed downward and descends into the mantle. Process called Subduction.
what happens during a ocean-ocean convergent boundary
Occur when plates slide past each other. Lithosphere is not created or destroyed
what happens during a transform boundary
Removing large trees would cause an increase in temperature and keep the surrounding water and soil warmer.
A developer wants to develop a large tract of land near a watershed, which will require the removal of several large trees. Which of the following statements best describes the impact that the development would have on the watershed?
June solstice
Based on the diagram, which of the following days in Earth's yearly orbit would have the longest period of daylight in the Northern Hemisphere?
At this time of year, the tilt of Earth causes Australia to receive highly concentrated solar radiation.
Based on the diagram, which of the following describes why the summer solstice in Australia occurs in December and not in June?
Increased upwelling off the coast of South America resulting in increased productivity of fisheries
During a La Niña event, what environmental changes would the tropical Pacific Ocean and its surrounding landmasses most likely experience?
Wetter and warmer weather that increases soil moisture
During an El Niño event, farmers in the southwestern United Stated often benefit from which of the following climatic changes?
provide critical services, such as clean drinking water, productive fisheries, and outdoor recreation, that support our economies, environment and quality of life.
Why are watersheds important?
Less nutrient-rich water reaches surface waters, disrupting the food web.
Peru's commercial anchovy industry would most likely be harmed during an El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the decline in anchovy during an El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event?
South The latent heat of water keeps climate more stable with less variations in temperature. Since land heats faster and loses heat faster as well, the Northern Hemisphere has more variations.
So which hemisphere is going to be slightly milder in terms of climate? North or South Why?
It is in the rain shadow of the Andes Mountains.
The Atacama Desert lies to the west of the Andes Mountains in northern Chile. It is the oldest, most consistently arid place in the world. Based on the map above, which of the following best explains why the Atacama Desert has a consistently arid climate?
The east coast would have a more moderate climate because of the Brazil Current.
The Atacama Desert lies to the west of the Andes Mountains in northern Chile. It is the oldest, most consistently arid place in the world. Based on the map above, which of the following best identifies and explains the region of South America that would have a more moderate climate?
More rivers would be located on the east side of the Andes Mountains because the trade winds are coming from the east.
The Atacama Desert lies to the west of the Andes Mountains in northern Chile. It is the oldest, most consistently arid place in the world. Based on the map, which of the following best explains the area of the Andes Mountains that would have the greatest number of rivers?
A divergent plate boundary exists at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge where plates move away from one another, leading to seafloor spreading.
The Atlantic Ocean is expanding as a result of plate tectonics. Which of the following explanations best identifies the type of plate boundary and processes occurring at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, as shown in the diagram below?
An increase in stormwater runoff in urban areas
The Chesapeake Bay is a watershed that is located in six states and the District of Columbia. Which of the following can cause an increase in water pollution in the watershed?
Plant grass and shrubs on the slope.
The Mississippi watershed is the largest in North America, draining all or part of thirty-two states in the United States and two Canadian provinces. A new apartment complex is being built on a steep slope near the source of the Mississippi River outside of Minneapolis, Minnesota. Which of the following measures should be taken to best reduce erosion at the construction site to protect the Mississippi watershed?
Global wind patterns are created because uneven solar radiation results in warm air at low latitudes and cool air at high latitudes, resulting in density differences between the air masses.
The diagram below represents how solar radiation strikes the surface of Earth differently, depending on location, during the June solstice. Which of the following combinations correctly identifies and explains the effects of the differences in the distribution of solar radiation on Earth as seen in the diagram above?
The enclosed area shows a hot spot in the middle of the Pacific Plate in the Hawaiian Islands.
The map above shows the locations of known volcanoes and earthquakes. Which of the following explains what is being illustrated in the enclosed area in the northwest portion of the map?
Stratosphere
The vast majority of ozone (O3)(O3) is found in a thin layer due to a lack of circulation in which of the following atmospheric layers?
Ocean-Ocean Ocean-Continent Continent-Continent
What are the three types of convergent boundaries?
The dependent variable is the variable that is measured
What is a dependent variable?
A watershed is an area of land that drains into local waterways (like rivers, creeks, streams).
What is a watershed?
the group that receives the treatment
What is the experimental group?
The independent variable is the variable that is changed
What is the independent variable?
North
Which hemisphere has more land? North or South
Temperature gradients
Which of the following abiotic factors, when graphed on the x-axis, leads to the curved line in the graph due to variation in the different layers of the atmosphere?
The wind is deflected west because of Earth's rotation.
Which of the following is the best explanation for the deflection of the trade winds in both hemispheres, as seen in the diagram above?
The Sun warms the moist air at the equator and causes it to rise because of its lower density. As the warm air moves away from the equator, it cools, becomes denser, and then sinks.
Which of the following is the best explanation for the formation of Hadley cells in the tropics, as seen in the diagram, between 30°N and 30°S latitude?
Thermosphere
Which of the following layers of the atmosphere contains charged gas molecules that glow and produce light when hit by solar energy, leading to glowing gases such as the northern lights, found over 90 kilometers above Earth's surface?
The map illustrates a transform boundary, where tectonic plates slide past each other as the Pacific Plate moves northwest and the North American Plate moves southeast
Which of the following statements best describes the boundary between the two tectonic plates seen in the map?
The season changes from summer to autumn, daylight hours decrease, and infrared radiation is the strongest during the June solstice.
Which statement is best illustrated in the diagram above regarding how the Sun's energy affects the Earth's surface from June through September in the Northern Hemisphere?
the equatorial trade winds weaken, allowing warm water to flow eastward, and suppressing upwelling along the Pacific coast of the Americas. This can create storm activity in normally arid regions like California and drier conditions in Indonesia.
what are the conditions during El Nino
troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere
what are the layers of the atmosphere
continental plate is less dense than the oceanic plate (denser plate is pushed down)
is the oceanic plate or continental plate less dense
Near the equator, solar radiation sets in motion a pair of convective cells called Hadley cells.
what are Hadley cells
Hot region in the mantle melts through lithosphere to form islands as plate passes over.
what are hot spots
Warm air, being less dense, rises and creates vertical currents. As air rises, it cools, causing moisture to condense and fall down as rain. The cooler, denser air sinks, and the cycle repeats
what happens to warm and cool air during convection currents
Atmospheric pressure measures the force per unit area produced by a column of air, less at higher altitudes due to the lower number of air molecules
what is Atmospheric pressure
The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a systematic shift in atmospheric pressure, sea surface temperature, and ocean circulation in the tropical Pacific Ocean
what is ENSO
Relative humidity is the ratio of water vapor within air at a given temperature to the maximum amount it could hold.
what is Relative humidity
The group that does not receive the experimental treatment in an experiment.
what is a control group
Also called an archipelago. Chain or cluster of islands.
what is an island arc
Climate describes patterns of atmospheric conditions in a location over long periods of time (years or longer).
what is climate
Forms volcanic mountains by crumpling the continental edge Very deep sea trench parallel to the mountains.
what is created during a Oceanic-Continental plate boundary
The Earth is tilted on its axis by about 23.5 degrees, resulting in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres being tilted toward the sun for half of each year. This creates seasonal differences in temperature and amount of daylight in areas away from the equator.
what is earths tilt at and what does result in
Also called faults. Results in lots of Earthquakes
what is formed by a transform boundary
The Coriolis effect deflects objects to the right in the northern hemisphere and the left in the southern, resulting in curving wind patterns
what is the coriolis effect
Cool air blowing across large bodies of water can cause the air to pick up moisture and heat. The air will rise and then cool dumping all of its moisture as rain or snow downwind of the lakes.
what is the lake-effect snow
meteors burn up in this layer, the coldest temps occur here
what is the mesosphere
a dry area on the leeward side of a mountainous area (away from the wind). The mountains block the passage of rain-producing weather systems and cast a "shadow" of dryness behind them. The air, without much moisture left, advances across the mountains creating a drier side called the "rain shadow"
what is the rain shadow effect
The stratosphere is much drier and less dense than the troposphere, with very little vertical mixing (has ozone)
what is the stratosphere
it has the aurora borealis, hottest temperatures, and the ISS orbits here
what is the thermosphere
The troposphere is the bottom layer containing the air we breathe and our weather.
what is the troposphere
Weather specifies atmospheric conditions in a location over short time periods (weeks or shorter).
what is weather
Sunlight is most intense when it meets the planet's surface at a perpendicular angle
when is sunlight more intense
The doldrums lies near the equator, and receives few winds.
where are the doldrums
Trade winds blow from east to west between the equator and 30° latitude.
where are the trade winds
Between 30° and 60° latitude, westerlies blow from west to east.
where are the westerlies