Unit 4
What were the major maritime empires and were did they establish these new places?
- Portuguese (Brazil) - Spanish (Southern US, Mexico, South America, Caribbean) - Dutch (New York, Caribbean) - French (Canada, New England, Caribbean) - Britain (Mid-Atlantic, Caribbean)
What were the two main entrepôts in the Indian Ocean?
- South Africa - South India
What was the effect of the Atlantic Slave Trade (AST) on North America?
- added a substantial African presence to the mix of European and Native American people - The African Diaspora injected into the new societies issue of race. - Introduced elements of African culture - slavery became a metaphor for many kinds of social oppression
What made slavery in America so distinctive?
- the immense size of the traffic in slaves and its centrality to the economics of colonial America - slavery was based on plantation agriculture and treated slaves as a form of dehumanized property, lacking any rights in the society of their owners - slave status was inherited - slavery came to be identified with Africa and "blackness"
What were the buccaneer phases?
1) mid 1500s- mid 1600s --> very peaceful/safe/honorable time for sailing 2) Mid 1600s -late 1600s --> still honorable, but now countries were attacking ships and colonies; England/France attacked Spanish colonies; American independents attack the Indian Ocean (EIC) 3) Early mid-1700s --> unemployed independent agents went EVERYWHERE
What was the cause of the 30 years war?
1) religion - Protestant, Catholic, or Both? 2) Territory/Power
What are the 3 type of industry>
1) small industry enterprise owned by an independent craftsman who had become a small scale industrial capitalist through gradually freezing the vertical mobility of the medieval craft guild 2) larger industrial enterprise (usually textiles) organized around the "putting-out" system 3) a rural "putting-out" system beyond the reach of regulations and municipal control
When did the Russian Empire form?
1500-1800
Qing or Manchu Dynasty
1644-1912
When did the Russian Empire collapse?
1992 ?
What is the difference between the Pirate and Buccaneer?
A pirate was not from your country, but a buccaneer what been given government authority to board ships who were on your side and from your country.
Who was Ivan the great?
AKA Ivan III; He married the niece of last Byzantine emperor and claimed continuity with imperial Rome and Byzantine empire. He proclaimed moscow as the "third Rome" and exploited close ties with the Orthodox church to legitimize wars of territorial expansion. He increased the poor of central russian government and the amount of land under control.
Who was Ivan the Terrible?
AKA Ivan IV; He extended the empire by defeating the Mongols city Kazan by motivating soldiers by telling them "they were fighting for Christ." He commemorated the victory by commissioning the building of St. Basil's cathedral which is a symbol of union of the church and state. he killed many , forced them from homes, and weakened the boyars (top class); the Tsars became the true autocrats, unhindered by pressures /influence of aristocracies.
How did chattel slavery affect africa?
African culture spread all over world; GREAT decrease in African population; many elites were sold as slaves; increase in rivalries; increase in European and Indian textiles/American crops; women required to work more; lack of culture/society development; increase in violence; men marry more wives
What was the most destructive of the imported goods to the Native Americans? What did it do?
Alcohol because the people had no prior experience and little time to adjust to its easy availability. Binge drinking, violence among young men, promiscuity, and addiction resulted.
Where were the major trading-post empires established in Asia by Europe? Africa?
Asia - Kollam, Srivijaya, and Malacca Africa - Cape of good Hope
How did the Europeans get their slaves from Africa?
Because slave raiding was unwise and unnecessary, for many African societies were quite capable of defending themselves against European intrusion and were willing to sell their slaves peacefully. Also, Europeans died like flies when they entered the interior because they lacked immunities to common tropical diseases. Therefore, slave trade became largely carried out by Europeans waiting on the coast to purchase slaves from African merchants and political elites.
What Chinese practices did the Qing adopt?
Chinese language, Confucian teachings, Chinese Bureaucracy, Traditional Confucian gender roles
What was a continuity and change in Sufism?
Continuity: spread of Islam Change: Sufism was more important in spreading Islam Change: Spread due to merchants and now more personal experience with Allah
What were syncretic faiths in the new world?
Cults of the Saints, Vodun, Palomayumbe, and Santeria
What were the consequences of fur trade in Siberia?
Disease took many natives, indigenous people became dependent on Russian goods, settler frontier took more native land, and fur-bearing animal's s were seriously depleted.
What were Russian motives to expand east? West?
East-> Siberia had "soft-gold" West -> To prevent raids (security)
What negatively affected (fur) trade in the 16th century?
European growth and agricultural expansion had sharply diminished the supply of fur-bearing animals. Furthermore, much of the early modern era witnessed a period of cooling temperatures and harsh winters, known as the Little Ice Age, which increased the demand for furs and thus pushed prices higher.
Who held the highest position in the Spanish colonies?
European settlers who were subjects to the monarch, but were also separate and self-governing
What were the negative effects of the fur-trade and arrival of European on the Native Americans?
Europeans brought over many diseases, such as influence, smallpox and other European-borne diseases. The Native Americans did not have any immunities against the diseases and 80-90% of the population died. The fur-trade generated competition among the Native Americans and thus generated warfare. They also became dependent on European trade goods. A wide range of traditional crafts was lost, without the native people gaining a corresponding ability to manufacture new items for themselves.
How did the trading post empire affect the economy and power balance of West African rulers and merchants
Every time the good is moved between people, the price of goods rose and so the rulers had high profit margins due to slave trade. The coastal people had greater power and sold the interior people were slaves
How did Europeans obtain their North American furs?
Few directly engaged in commercial trapping or hunting. They usually waited for Indians to bring the furs or skins initially to their coastal settlements and later to their fortified trading posts in the interior of North America. They paid with a variety of trade goods, including guns, blankets, metal tools, rum, and brandy.
How did Akbar reform the Mughal Bureaucracy?
He monetized the tax system and required the peasants to sell their grain in the market for cash where oversight of taxation could be more controlled. Having being bypassed in the taxation process, the role of zamindars decreased. Political control became more centralized which increased state profits directly to the government.
Who was Walter Raleigh?
He was a British sailor under Queen Elizabeth during the mid 1500s-mid 1600s, which was a very honorable time in trading.
Who was Peter the Great?
He was a very powerful Tsar and studied shipbuilding/western technology in Europe as well as governing styles and social customs. He decided the only way to get power was by imitating Western Success. He relocated the capital to St. Petersburg and created many new reforms. HE helped push Russia into a modern imperial power at the cost of losing Russian identity.
Where were the British most prominent in fur trade?
Hudson Bay region
Where were the dutch most prominent in fur trade?
Hudson river in what is now New York
Who were mulattoes
In the spanish and portuguese colonies, they were people of a mixed African and European descent
Who were the 5th highest in the social order of the Spanish colonies?
Indio were completely natives and had horrible treatment
What did the increased demand for furs and high prices for them in the 16th-century cause?
It caused incentive for European traders to tap the immense wealth of fur-bearing animals found in North America.
What is a multinational?
It expands many nations but is from only 1 country, and it has business offices in other countries where it operates. The modern version arose in the 17th century in England and Netherlands.It has been viewed as advancers of civilization, empire builders, culture enhancers, and even human rights violators.
What is a joint stock company?
It is a owned by multiple people who hold shares in the company. It gives more people an opportunity to raise the economy and in social class. Ownership proportions are uneven because they are based on the number of shares held. EX: British East India Company (1600) and Dutch East India Company (1602)
What was the Christianity Reformation?
It is when Christianity split into 2: Protestant and Catholic. It began in 1517 with Martin Luther who was against the Church's claim to pardon sins, control your faith, and be completely in charge.
What was the Tupac Amaru revolt?
It occurred in Peru in 1780-1781. It evoked the parallel hierarchies of male and female officials who had earlier governed the Inca empire.
What was Vodun?
It was a blending of French and Tribal. It was taking African tribal gods/goddesses and attaching them to a saint. It was mostly from the Caribbean area. They were then used for good/evil purposes and had the power over smaller people. There was belief in one main god and smaller being
What was Palomayumbe used for?
It was a blending of spanish and tribal used for only evil purposes.
What was Sikhism?
It was a combination of Islam and Hinduism that was founded during the Mughal Dynasty because they found the monotheistic part of Islam enticing but they didn't want to give up on their native culture. It has the mysticism of Hinduism and the monotheistic portion of Islam.
What was Cult of the Saints?
It was a particular popular devotion or entrustment of one's self to a particular saint or group of saints in the Spanish colonies
What were the difficulties in state consolidation and expansion?
It was difficult to get new territories to "buy into" a new ruling civilization so there was a lot of rebellions. There was increased resistance, which led to rebellion with a loss of people, weapons, resources, etc. which was very expensive. In addition, there was increased competition over resources and territory.
When was the 30 years war?
It was from 1618-1648 and it started between Spain and France that eventually included all of Europe.
How did the Tokugawa Japan form?
Japanese daimyos or regional lords, had operated fairly independently from shoguns before early 17th century, when the military, feudalistic leaders were unified under 1 powerful family, the Tokugawa.
What was the difference between Louis XIV and ELizabeth the great?
Louis XIV (france): pro-Catholic; revoked edict of nantes so that you could only be catholic Elizabeth:pro-protestant; Elizabethan religious settlement (church of England) which was where the queen controlled the government and church
What were the major land empires?
Manchu (Qing), Mughal (Islamic India, Ottoman (Middle East), and Russia
What was Spain's sole Asian colony and the destination of annual Spanish shipments of silver from Bolivia?
Manilla in the Philippines
How did the fur-trade affect women?
Many women married European traders, providing the traders with guides, interpreters, and negotiators. Then sometimes, women were left abandoned when their husband returned to Europe. Because hunting/trapping animals was generally a male occupation, women were not seen as important. Women generated and controlled the trade in wild rice and maple syrup, both essential to the livelihood of European traders.
Where were the major areas of Old World Slave trade before 1500? From where did most of the slaves come from?
Mediterranean and Indian Ocean Basin; southern Russia
Who were the 4th highest in the social order in the spanish colonies?
Mestizos who were offspring native and Europeans
Who dominated the sugar market?
Portuguese planters from their plantations in Brazil and the British, French, and Dutch followed with their caribbean islands
who organized a school of navigation?
Prince Henry of Portugal organized a school for navigation at Sagres, Portugal and taught navigators how to develop and apply the new sailing innovations.
What was mercantilism?
Rulers encouraged exports (sell products to other countries) and discouraged imports (buy products from other countries). The trade with colonies was expected to supply the home country with great wealth and new products.
What were the effect on the expansion on Russia?
Russians decreased as the overall dominant population, Russian became more powerful due to rich agricultural land, valuable fur, and mineral deposits; loss of Russian culture
What was santeria used for
Santeria was a blending of Spanish and tribal; used for good and evil purposes
Who produced 85% of silver during early modern era
Spanish Armerica
Where were the french most prominent in fur trade?
St. Lawerence valley around the Great Lakes and later among the Mississippi River
Example of Ruler using art to legitimize their rule?
Taj Mahal During the Mughal empire
Where did most of the African slaves come from?
The West African coast and as POW, criminals, debtors, people who had been pawned during difficult times. Also, because Africa was divided into many states, cities, etc., those whom they captured as outsiders were usually sold.
What were the negative environmental effects of fur-trade on North America?
There was near extinction of the beaver due to high demand in beaver hats. Many other fur-bearing animals were seriously depleted as the trade moved inexorably westward.
What is a capitalist?
They control all buying of material, make products with their own tools, sell finished products, and keep the profit. They are economically independent
What did the maritime empires do?
They could expand the territory and labor source and get new natural resources without challenging large established empire
What were the benefits of the fur-trade for Native Americans?
They received a variety of trade goods, such as copper pots, metal axes, knives, cloth, firearms, and alcohol. They were assured safety from Europeans due to their important port in the fur trade
Who were independent agents?
Traders who worked for themselves and were considered dangerous
How did Atlantic slavery come about?
When Europeans learned about sugar from Arabs and how to produce it, they established sugar-producing plantations within the Mediterranean and later various islands off of the West African coast. This modern industry required huge capital investment, substantial technology, factory-like discipline among workers, and a mass market of consumers. The difficulty and danger of the work, limitations attached to the serf labor, and absence of wage largely pointed to slavery as a source of labor.
What stopped slavic people from being slaves?
When the ottomans seized Constantinople in 1453, the supply of Slavic slaves was effectively cut off and while Portuguese mariners were exploring the West African coast, they found a source of slaves who were skilled farmers, had some immunity to both tropical and European diseases, they weren't Christians (couldn't have Christian slaves), they were relatively close, and were readily available in substantial numbers.
What was the difference between North American and Russian fur trade?
While several European nations competed in North America and generally obtained their furs through commercial negotiations with Indian societies, no such competition accompanied Russian expansion across Siberia. Russian authorities imposed a tax or tribute, payable in furs, on every able-bodied Siberian male b/t 18-50 years. To enforce the payment, they took hostages from Siberian society. a further difference lay in the large-scale presence of private Russian hunters and trappers, who competed directly with their Siberian counterparts.
What was the Qing's take over and rule of central Eurasia like?
a conquest, making use of China's more powerful military technology and greater resources. Furthermore, the area was ruled separately from the rest of China through the Court of Colonial Affairs. They used local notables as they attempted to govern the region inexpensively as possible. They did not seek to assimilate the local people in Chinese culture and showed considerable respect for the Mongolian, Tibetan, and Muslim cultures of the region - nolbes/elites excused from taxes and in some places, Chinese settlers not allowed
What protected the frontier towns and trading centers?
a growing line of wooden forts and mounting numbers of Russian farmers
What was encomienda?
a legal system in Spanish colonies that granted the land and the labor of Native Americans on that land to European Colonies
What was the results of the brutal conquest from 1526-1707 by the Mughal empire
a rare period of relative political unity while the Mughal emperors exercised a fragile control over a diverse and fragmented subcontinent, which had been divided into a variety of small states, principalities, etc.
Who were double agents?
a ship who took over their own country's ship for a different country for more money
caravel
a ship with two sails one each for running with the wind and for sailing into the wind. The hull design was improved and could ride out ocean storms. They could also put canons on the decks of these ships).
Who were the Zunghars?
a substantial state among Western Mongols who attempted to conquest China
What was the "divine Faith?"
a syncretic religion drew on Islamic, Hindu, and Zoroastrian beliefs created by Akbar. It pointed to the emperor as leader of all faiths in the empire, which created anger in Muslim teachers and Mughal leaders fell under the sway of conservatives and the toleration policy was abandoned.
Who became the source of wealth for the Europeans?
americas
What did Russian authorities demand of the conquered people?
an allegiance by which natives swore "eternal submission to the grand tsar"; yasak (tribute) paid in cash or in kind
what is capitalism
an economic system based on the private ownership and use of capital (goods and services).
When was the Ottoman Empire created?
around 1300
What was the interaction of the Islamic world and Christendom in the Ottoman empire?
as the ottoman empire expanded across anatolia, its mostly Christian population converted in large numbers to Islam as the Byzantine state visibly weakened and large numbers of Turks settled in the region.
When and who were the first capitalists?
between 1460 -1560 and they were craftsmen who produced for a local market, employed few, and belonged to a local craft guild
What did African sellers seek in exchange for slaves?
both European and Indian textiles, cowries shells, European metal goods, firearms and gunpowder, tobacco and alcohol, and various decorative items such as beads.
What was a change in Buddhism?
buddha became more of a divine being than a philosopher
Who were the 3rd highest in the social order in the Spanish Colonies?
creoles who were people born in the Americas from European Parents
what caused mercantilism?
economic growth and expanding royal power.
How was Christianity speed in the Americas?
encomienda system and African slaves.... they were not given the option to convert. This led to a silent rebellion
What are the gunpowder empires?
england, france, ming China, Mughal Empire, Ottoman Empire, Poland, Portugal, spain, russia, sa'adian in Morocco, Safavid, Spain, Tokugawa shogunate
What occurred in the areas Russia conquered, similar to what occurred in the Americas?
epidemics killing many people because they lacked immunities
What was society like in Potosí?
european elites lived in luxury, while native americans worked in horrendous conditions. The environment suffered from erosion, deforestation, and flooding.
Was the Caribbean piracy carried out by natives or europeans?
europeans
What was the result of chattel slavery in the Caribbean?
exhausted natural resources, increase agriculture production, increased mortality rate for slaves, which required more slaves to come over
What were the effects of the Qing imperial state?
expanded the territory of China, added a small but important minority of non-Chinese people into the empire's vast pop., created the borders of contemporary China. now under Chinese or Russian rule, Eurasia became impoverished and backwards (less land-based commerce; nomads had to beg and couldnt have land)
What type of systems weakened with the rise of industrial capitalism?
feudal systems, trade systems increased, and an increase in the use of currency
Who created the Qing Dynasty? How? Why?
foreigners and nomads from Manchuria through an 80-year military effort (1680-1760) due to security concerns
What did capitalism result from>
from the growth of town and city life and the expansion of trade
What was the new major good of the early modern era?
fur
What was the negative effect of the silver trade on Europe?
generated increased inflation of prices than real economic growth, aristocratic class preferred leisure over enterprise which prevented productive use of silver; silver increased prices, which further impoverished many, caused many more uprisings, and increased instability.
What did Akbar do to relieve the religious tension?
he accommodated the Hindu majority by marrying several Hindu princesses, incorporating more Hindus into the political-military elite of the empire, supported the building of Hindu temples, mosques, and forts, created rules to moderate Hindu seclusion on their homes; imposed a policy of toleration, deliberately restraining the more militantly Islamic ulama (religious scholars) and removing the special tax (jizya) on non-Muslims; Constructed a special House of worship were the presided over intellectual discussion with reps of many religions
What religion did Akbar create?
he created his own state cult, a religious faith aimed at the Mughal elite, drawing on Islam, Hinduism, and Zoroastrianism and emphasizing loyalty to the emperor himself
Who was emperor Aurangzeb and what did he do?
he was the emperor who reversed Akbar's policy and sought to impose Islamic supremacy
where did skin color tone affect class status?
in brazil and Latin America
How was the Russian expansion carried out?
in military rivalries with the major powers of the region- the Ottoman Empire, Poland, Sweden, Lithuania, etc.-
What was the result of the slave trade socially on Africa?
increase in moral corruption, and rise of cults
What was the result of Aurangzeb's religious policies combined with intolerable demands for taxes to support his many wars of expansion?
it antagonized Hindus and prompted various movements of opposition to the Mughals. the opposition movements fatally fractured the Mughal Empire, especially after Aurangzeb's death in 1707, and opened the way for a British takeover in the second half of the 18th century
how did the vast size of the empire affect Russia politically?
it became highly militarized and reinforced the highly autocratic character of the Russian Empire in order to hold its vast domains and diverse peoples together)
How did the trading post empire affect the economy of European rulers and merchants
it created high profit margins
How did silver affect China?
it increased commercialization of the economy. Its large and prosperous population, increased operating within a silver based economy fueled global commerce and increase int eh quality of goods exchanged and the geographic range of world trade
How did the SLave Trade affect African women?
it increased labor due to lack of males and import of American crop (cassava) which required labor-intensive work. Men married more women to increase the population. Increase in female slaves as male population decreased.
What is mercantilism?
it is buying goods to sell somewhere else at a higher price and then putting that money in the country treasury
What was the effect of mercantilism?
it is where colonies gave back to the original country and resulted in the development of the EIC, VOC, and entrepôt
How was Expansion usually carried out?
it relied on increased use of gunpowder and armed trade in order to protect the new more expensive and a lot of goods. It was carried out by large empires in both hemispheres and was carried out by land based and maritime empires.
What was the Lemba cult?
it was a cult that brought together the mercantile elite in order to seek protection against the envy of the poor people and sorcery it provoked. It sought to encounter the disruptive impact of the slave trade and to maintain elite privileges in a n area that lacked an overarching state authority.
What made Spain so rich?
it was the initial destination of latin America's silver which enriched the crown and made it the envy of Europeans. Mines supported the empire
Hernando cortes
landed on the shores of Mexico with his conquistadors • He claimed the land for Spain. • Cortés and 600 men reached the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán • By 1521, they had conquered the Aztec empire and captured Montezuma.
the Russian pressure to convert was < , > , or = the Spanish pressure
less than
What occurred to Siberian culture as a result of the influx of Russian settlers?
loss of Siberian culture and population; destroyed agricultural land; natives more dependent on Russian markets; increase in mix offspring
How did the Christians react to the Ottomans?
many welcomed the conquests because the taxes were lighter and oppression less pronounce than under their former Christian rulers. Christian women had more property rights in Muslim courts.
francisco Pizarro
marched a small force into South America. • He conquered Atahualpa and the Inca Empire.(1532)
Who the 2nd highest in the social order in the Spanish colonies?
peninsular who were the people for in Spain
Where was the world's largest silver mine?
potosí, Bolivia
What pressures were placed on Siberian pastoralists?
pressure to abandon their nomadic way including the requirement to pay fees and to obtain permission to cross agricultural lands
What replaced encomienda?
repartamiento, which limited the number of working hours for laborers and provided fair wages
Ferdinand Magellan
sailed around the world (1519-1522)
What gave birth to a global network of trade more than the spice trad?
silver trade
What modifications occurred as industrial production and the market grew?
specialization and price working in large industries, production places moved to villages which freed the process of taxes and municipal control thus giving capitalist more control and extension of ownership
What caused many peasant uprisings?
taxes, religious/social injustice, serfdom, invasion or external threats, natural disasters
Who was the Mughal Empire from?
the Muslims and Turks who claimed descendency from Chinggis khan and Timur
What was the Great Clearance decree? Who issued it?
the Qing emperor, Kangxi, decreed that 90% of each coastal town that might come into contact with Europeans told to move inland
What is different about the Conquest on Russia in comparison to America's conquest with the Native Americans?
the Russians absorbed the natives into the culture and society instead of driving them into reservations
devshirme
the collecting or gathering of young Christian boys trained for the Turkish military
Treaty of Nerchinsk
the diplomatic resolution between the Russian Eastward expansion and China; marked the boundaries between China and Russia; 1689
What was the effect of the AST on Africa?
the disruption of societies, strengthening some and corrupted many. People were captured and sold, displaced from home cultures, had to endure forced labor and beating/brandings, and families were broken.
What was the central division within Mughal India?
the division between the Muslim ruling dynasty (20%) and the rest who mainly practiced Hinduism
how did chattel slavery affect North America?
the economies became dependent on it; increase in plantation agriculture; generations of African families stuck in slavery so constant supply; stimulated racial problems
What were the food riots in Russia?
the food riot that occurred in Russia over the universal tax. a novgorod Uprising over holdback on grain
What increased furs's significance in global trade?
the integration of North America and of northern Asia (Siberia) into a larger world economy
What happened to society and classes as the prices rose?
the labor gap widened
What was the hacienda system?
the large estate owners directly employed native workers in the 17th century
What was the Tsar
the monarch of the Russian Empire
What happened when the manorial lords focused on 1 cash crop?
the peasants were evicted and landowners thrived while they starved; aristocrats began to enforce the claim that they still had to maximize their prosperity at the peasants expense; gap between the capital/laborer and poor/rich widened
Who were peons?
the people with low wages, high taxes, large debts, and worked the estates in the hacienda system
How did chattel slavery affect South America?
the plantation system was entirely dependent on African slaves; slaves were used in all economic areas; slavery allowed industries to rise; increase in african culture
What motivated Russia's rapid expansion during the 16th and 17th centuries across Siberia?
the profitability of fur trade and Siberia's great puppy of "soft gold"
What became the major source of furs for Western Europe, China, and the Ottoman Empire?
the rapidly expanding Russian Empire
How did the large Ottoman empire transform Turkish social life?
the relative independence of of Central Asian pastoral women, their open association with men, and their political influence in society that diminished as the the turks adopted Islam and acquired an empire in the Heartland of ancient and patriarchal Mediterranean civilizations; they did however still retain something of social power they had enjoyed in pastoral societies; Islamic law permitted women important property rights, which enabled some to become quite healthy
What was the peace of eight?
the standard silver coin used by merchants in North America, Europe, India, Russia, and West Africa as a medium of exchange
How was silver used in Japan?
the tokugawa shoguns used silver generated profits to defeat hundreds of rival feudal lords and unify the country. They also allied with he merchant class to develop a market based economy and to invest in heavy agricultural/industrial enterprises
How did gunpowder affect the economy?
the weapons became more deadly so states had to compete to keep up with times and fund and build armies to avoid being taken over through taxes, custom revenues, gov't fees, and booty from wars
What was the result of Russia's new territories in the Baltic region in the 17-18th century?
there was an extensive program of westernization (vast administration changes, more modern military, new education system for noblemen's sons, manufacturing enterprises, dress European)
How did the decrease in Africa's population due to the slave trade affect it?
there was economic stagnation, political disruption, no technological breakthrough to increase wealth,
What was China's trading situation during the end of the Qing Dynasty?
they closed all ports to the Europeans except for Canton because they did not want westernization of the culture, anything to do with Europeans, or forced labor systems that the New World had.
How did the Ottomans deal with Christianity?
they dealt with it with similar tolerance that Akbar did with the Hindu majority
What role did China play in silver trade?
they had a high demand for it because taxes had to be paid in silver which increased the demand for it and allowed foreigners who had it to buy asian goods
What did the conquest of Aztec and Inca in the 16th century create for spain?
they had access to most wealthy, urbanized, ad densely populated regions of the West Hemisphere
bourgeois
they rarely spend money and the family order was very important (it was stable, hierarchical, subservient to the father's needs) and personal merit, not status determined it
What was life like for women in Potosí?
they were able to have more power and do things like run a store, rent buildings for commercial purposes, etc.
What were food riots?
they were the result of lack of food or from uneven distribution. It occurred especially in Russia in the 1600s.
What were the major land empires life?
they were usually already large and existent when the gunpowder revolution occurred. They were not interested in maritime empires.
What was the pressure put on people who were conquered by Russia? Why did they want to convert?
to convert to Christianity because it meant tax breaks, exemptions from paying tribute, and the promise of land or cash; also there was the destruction of many mosques and the forced resettlement of Muslims
What was the cultural goal of the Qing Dynasty? How did they carry out this goal?
to maintain ethnic distinctiveness after conquering China by forbidding intermarriages
What were many wartime empires based on?
trading posts (entrepôts)
What did you have to have in order to have a gunpowder army/.?
wealth
How did the 30 years war end?
with the Peace of Westphalia. It was the last major religious war in Europe. It gave territorial integrity and set borders. Kingdoms became viewed as states.
Who were signares?
women involved in cross-cultural marriages who became quite wealthy and operated their own empires, employed a lot of slaves, and owned nice houses, clothes , etc.
What was the line of demarcation?
• The Line of Demarcation was established to prevent disputes over newly discovered lands in the America's. • The imaginary line was drawn north to south, through the Atlantic Ocean. • Spain was given possession of lands west of that line, while Portugal could claim lands to the east of the line. (1493) • Treaty of Tordesillas moved the line of Demarcation west. Portugal received Brazil as a colony. (1494)
