Unit 5 (chapter 20) History of Graphic Design

Masaru Katzumie - 64 Tokyo Olympiad

(and Yusaku kamekura) used square grids to make pictograms designs set standards for designs in other countries

Golden

A corporate philosophy and approach to advertising emerged in 1940s-50s. 1) Advertising was created by internal staff; this permitted CBS to maintain a unified approach to advertising and other graphics. A) Fine artists: Feliks Topolski, René Bouche, and Ben Shahn were commissioned to create illustrations for CBS advertisements. 2) The climate of creative freedom encouraged them to accept these commissions and resulted in a high level of artistry compared to typical newspaper and trade publication advertisements of the period. A) classic example of this approach is "The Big Push" (20-6) which appeared in business and advertising trade publications during a booming economy: -The text says Americans will purchase more than in any other summer in history and recommends television advertising during this big summer sales push. -Shahn's drawing adds an ambience of quality and distinction to the commercial message. 1959 lecture at a design conference, ________ called upon designers to have a sense of responsibility and a rational understanding of the function of their work. 1) He declared the word design a verb "in the sense that we design something to be communicated to someone" and added that the designer's primary function is ensuring that the message is accurately and adequately communicated. Stanton's recognition of the importance of design helped designers gain executive and administrative authority. 2) In 1951 Golden was named creative director in charge of advertising and sales promotion for the CBS Television Network.

Rand, Chermayeff & Geismar

Corporate identification comes of age While World War II left most industrial countries devastated, the manufacturing capacity of the United States escaped undamaged. An era of unprecedented industrial expansion began, with large corporations playing an important role in developing and marketing products and services. 1) During the 1950s-60s many American designers-including ____, Beall, Bass, and design firms such as Lippincott & Margules and ___________ __ __________- embraced corporate visual identification as a major design activity. Paul Rand 1) played a pivotal role in the evolution of American graphic and advertising design during the 1940s-1950s 2) became more involved in trademark design and visual identification systems in the mid-1950s. i) realized that to be functional over a long period of time, a trademark should be reduced to elementary shapes that are universal, visually unique, and stylistically timeless. 1) Rand's trademark for International Business Machines (Fig. 20-15) was developed from an infrequently used typeface called City Medium, designed by Georg Trump in 1930. A) geometric slab-serif typeface was designed along lines similar to Futura. b) Redesigned into the IBM corporate logo, it was transformed into a powerful and unique alphabet image, for the slab serifs and square negative spaces in the B lent the trademark unity and distinction. 2) 1970s Rand updated the logo by introducing stripes to unify the three letterforms and evoke scan lines on video terminals. 3) Package designs by Rand show the application of the logo in the 1950s (Fig. 20-16) and after its redesign in the 1970s (Fig. 20-17). i) Rand's 1981 "Eye Bee M" poster (Fig. 20-18) and the playful cover for the 1996 booklet The IBM Logo: Its Use in Company Identification (20-19) demonstrates that he was prepared to divert from the original logo when a design concept called for it.

George Olden

In 1945, before Jackie Robinson played Major League baseball, or Marian Anderson sang at the Metropolitan Opera, Georg Olden, the grandson of a slave, took a job with CBS. There, as head of the network's division of on-air promotions at the dawn of television, Olden pioneered the field of broadcast graphics. Working under CBS's art director, William Golden, he supervised the identities of programs such as I Love Lucy, Lassie and Gunsmoke; helped produce the vote-tallying scoreboard for the first televised presidential election returns (the 1952 race between Dwight D. Eisenhower and Adlai E. Stevenson);

American Institute of Graphic Arts (AIGA)

In 1974, the United States Department of Transportation commissioned the American Institute of Graphic Arts (AIGA), the nation's oldest professional graphic design organization, to create a master set of thirty-four passenger and pedestrian-oriented symbols for use in transportation facilities. The goal was a consistent and interrelated group of symbols for worldwide transportation facilities meant to bridge language barriers and simplify basic messages.The first step was the compilation and inventory of symbol systems developed for individual transportation facilities and international events Prior solutions to the thirty-four subject areas were evaluated by each member of the advisory committee, and a summary recommendation was prepared to guide the design of the symbol system. Some existing symbols were retained, while in other categories totally new glyphs were developed, with clarity of image their overriding goal. The final set of symbols (Fig. 20-43) was designed and drawn by Roger Cook (b. 1930) and Don Shanosky (b. 1937) of Cook and Shanosky Associates in Princeton, New Jersey. U.S. Department of Transportation commissioned AIGA -34 passenger and pedestrian-oriented symbols for use in transportation facilities 1) complied innovatory of symbols systems developed for individual national events In 1974, the U.S. Department of Transportation commissioned ____________ to create a master set of thirty-four passenger- and pedestrian-oriented symbols for use in transportation facilities as an important first step toward using graphic communications to transcend cultural and linguistic barriers in a shrinking world.

a

Programmed visual identification systems During the 1960s, the impetus of the International Typographic Style and the visual-identity movement joined with the development of highly systematic design programs to combine complex and diverse parts into a unified whole. 1) The 1962 Lufthansa German Airlines identification system was conceived and produced at the Ulm Institute of Design. i) The principles of International Typographic Style were extended into a design program addressing all visual-communication and product-design needs of a large corporation. ii) Otl Aicher designed this program in collaboration with Tomás Gonda, Fritz Querengässer, and Nick Roericht. Aicher 1) believed a large organization could achieve a uniform, and thus significant, corporate image by systematically controlling the use of constant elements. A flying crane trademark used since the 1930s was retained but enclosed in a circle and subordinated to the name Lufthansa in a consistent letterspacing arrangement (20-35). 3) The company's air-freight service combined the crane icon with an isometric package and bold lines to create an arrow configuration (20-36). 4) Grid systems and detailed typographic specifications were worked out to take into account every visual communications need, from foodservice packaging to timetables and aircraft identification. i) The Lufthansa corporate-identity program became an international prototype for the closed identity system, with every detail and specification addressed for absolute uniformity.

a

The Federal Design Improvement Program May 1974, the United States government initiated the Federal Design Improvement Program in response to a growing awareness that design could be an effective tool for achieving objectives. 1) This initiative was coordinated by the Architectural And Environmental Arts Program (later renamed the Design Arts Program) of the National Endowment for the Arts. 2) All Aspects of federal design, including architecture, interior space planning, landscaping, and graphic design, were upgraded under the program. 3) The Graphics Improvement Program, under the direction of Jerome Perlmutter, set out to improve the quality of visual communications and the ability of government agencies to communicate effectively to citizens. The prototype federal graphic standards system was designed by John Massey for the Department of Labor. 1) Problems identified by this case study included outmoded, unresponsive, and impersonal images, a lack of uniform and effective communications policies, and insufficient image continuity. 2) Massey's goals for the new design program were "uniformity of identification; a standard of quality; a more systematic and economic template for publication design; a closer relationship between graphic design (as a means) and program development (as an end) so that the proposed graphics system will become an effective tool in assisting the department to achieve program objectives. A graphic standards manual established a cohesive system for visual identification and publication formats. 1) Standards: format sizes, typography, grid systems, paper specifications, and colors realized tremendous economies in material and time. 2) These standards were carefully structured so that the creativity and responsiveness to each communications project would not be seriously hampered. 3) With the mechanics of the printing and format predetermined, Department of Labor staff designers were able to devote their time to the creative aspects of the problem at hand. The Department of Labor communications mark (20-39) is composed of 2 interlocking Ls that form a diamond configuration around a star. 1) set of publication format sizes provided economy of production and minimized paper waste, while a series of grid systems and uniform typographic specifications ensured consistency. b) Routine printed materials, including stationery, envelopes, and forms, were given standardized formats.

a

The New Haven Railroad design program A short-lived but highly visible corporate identity effort occurred in 1954, when Patrick McGinnis, president of the New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railroad, launched a corporate design program. 1) New Haven Railroad was in the midst of a technological updating, with new engines, cars, and signal systems. 2) McGinnis believed a contemporary logo and design program, replacing the old logotype and olive-green and Tuscan-red color scheme, would enable the firm to project a modern and progressive image to industry and passengers. Herbert Matter was commissioned to design the new trademark. 1) He developed a geometric capital N above anHand a red, black, and white color scheme (20-12 and 20-13). The traditional industrial feeling of slab-serif type, long associated with the railroad industry, was updated for a more modern look, based on the mathematical harmony of parts. Marcel Breuer was commissioned to design the interiors and exteriors of the new trains. 1) Using Matter's color scheme and logo, he designed a passenger train that looked like a Russian constructivist painting. 2) The dingy gray and earth tones previously used for freight cars were replaced by solid red or black. Plans called for implementation of a comprehensive corporate-identity program encompassing everything from stations to matchbooks, but the commuter railroad developed financial problems and suffered from a consumer uprising against its late trains, poor scheduling, and rising fares. 1) 20 January 1956, McGinnis resigned as president, and the corporate-identity program came to an abrupt halt, but the new management continued to apply the logo and color scheme whenever possible. 2) Printed pieces designed by Matter offered a degree of guidance, and the strength of the logo and color scheme provided some semblance of continuity. Norman Ives 1) one of the long-neglected masters of corporate image design (20-14). 2) carefully constructed logos clearly reflect the teachings of one of his principal mentors, Josef Albers. 3) 1960, Ives described the designer's mission in logo design: A symbol is an image of a company, an institution or an idea that should convey with a clear statement or by suggestion the activity it represents. ... The symbol, besides being memorable and legible, must be designed so that it can be used in many sizes and situations without losing its identity. The designer must distort, unify, and create a new form for the letter, so that it is unique and yet has the necessary attributes of the letter for recognition.There is no part of a symbol that can be eliminated without destroying the image it creates. It is a true gestalt, in which the psychological effect of the total image is greater than the sum of its parts would indicate.

a

The graphic design program of the 2008 Beijing 29th Olympiad was produced by diverse teams of graphic and product designers led by designer Min Wang, the creative force behind the extraordinary undertaking begun in 2005 in a country that just 30 years earlier had no word for graphic design. Since 2003, Min Wang has also been dean of the School of Design, at the Central Academy of Fine Arts (CAFA) in Beijing. 1) was appointed design director for the 2008 Olympic Games In 2006. 2) At that time, he created a unique working group in the Art Research Center for the Olympic Games (ARCOG) at CAFA. 3) Under his leadership, the center's design teams, including CAFA students, developed an elegant and comprehensive design system for the 2008 Olympic Games. A) Their Work included the athletic pictographic symbols, the Beijing Games emblem (20-62) and its applications, the design of the medals for the Games, the Olympic torch graphics, and extensive promotional and advertising graphic designs. B) The Design group addressed design planning through the development of extensive design standards manuals and reaffirmed the Olympic spirit and significance of this international multisporting event. The presentation of the games in Beijing put the fastest growing nation in the world on center stage with a design program developed in a relatively new design education and business environment. 1) Min Wang's efforts and those of his design teams at the Art Research Center followed in the traditions of the Olympic pictogram designs developed by Katzumie, Wyman, and Aicher. 2) The design process, to create symbols for avast multilingual audience, was based on what Wang called "an effort that combines the Olympic spirit and Chinese values." 3) The teams sought inspiration for the pictograms (Fig. 20-63) in ancient Chinese writing systems, some more than 2,000 years old, that revealed Chinese messages and joined them with a modern Western-style visual language that would communicate visually to people of many cultures. The designs of the Olympic emblem and its applications, athletic pictograms, and Olympic color scheme standards were elegantly presented in 3 large-format design standards manuals: 1) Beijing 2008 Olympic Games Emblem Usage Manual 2) Pictograms of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, and Dancing Colours 3) Beijing 2008 Olympic Games: The Colours. A) The color systems of the Games, as shown in Dancing Colours (20-64), was derived from traditional Chinese cultural sources and organized on a Western design model, bringing China to the world and the world to China. In a sense, graphics helped restore the Olympics as an international celebration after terrorist activities and political boycotts had tainted the games. Similarly, the memory of protests that had unfolded in Tiananmen Square in June 1989 was redeemed by the modern graphic design, architecture, and, of course, the fraternity of sports presented in the Olympic Games in Beijing.

a

The technological advances made during World War II were immense. After the war, productive capacity turned toward consumer goods, and many believed that the outlook for the capitalist economic structure could be unending economic expansion and prosperity. 1) With this bright view of the future in mind, "Good design is good business" became a rallying cry in the graphic design community during the 1950s. 2) Prosperity and technological development appeared closely linked to the era's increasingly important corporations, and the more perceptive corporate leaders comprehended the need to develop a corporate image and identity for diverse audiences. 3) Design was seen as a major way to shape a reputation for quality and reliability. Visual marks had been used for identification for centuries. 1) medieval times, proprietary marks were compulsory and enabled the guilds to control trade. 2) By the 1700s virtually every trader and dealer had a trademark or stamp. 3) The Industrial Revolution, with its mass manufacturing and marketing, increased the value and importance of trademarks for visual identification. 4) But the visual identification systems that began during the 1950s went far beyond trademarks or symbols. The national and multinational scope of many corporations made it difficult for them to maintain a cohesive image, but by unifying all communications from a given organization into a consistent design system, such an image could be projected, and the design system enlisted to help accomplish specific corporate goals.

Lou Dorfsman

Unlike so many product advertisements created by Madison Avenue, which in the 1940s and '50s were visually mundane and text-heavy, Mr. Dorfsman's designs featured clear typography, simple slogans and smart illustration. 1) combined conceptual clarity with a straightforward and provocative visual presentation (20-8). Typography and image were arranged in well-ordered relationships using blank space as a design element. 3) 1954, was director of advertising and promotion for the CBS Radio Network. i) As its art director during the 1950s, Dorfsman forged a design approach that combined a pragmatic sense of effective communication with imaginative problem solving. ii) did not advocate continuity in typefaces, spatial layouts, or imagery; rather, the high quality of his solutions to communications problems during his four decades with CBS enabled him to project an exemplary image for the corporation Became an art director at cbs after William goldens death. Worked at cbs for over 42 years. (20.9 black American with flag, 4 column)

William Golden

William Golden (March 31, 1911 - October 23, 1959) was an American graphic designer. He is best known for his work at Columbia Broadcasting System, starting in the CBS Radio promotion department (before broadcast television existed) and culminating in his tenure as creative director of advertising and sales promotion for CBS Television Network. Golden developed the famous CBS Eye logo. Kurt Weihs recalled that the eye was inspired by an article in Alexey Brodovitch's Portfolio about the subject of Shaker design. "Among the illustrations was an eye symbol. Golden picked it up and used it for a CBS sales portfolio. Then he felt there was more to it and used it for an ad. ... We had done eyes before. Everybody had done eyes; but this one was something that really worked. I felt the eye could have become the corporate symbol. We saw the eye as symbolizing CBS 'looking at the world'" (Remington and Hodik, 72). CBS: creative advertisement responsible for all phases of CBS for publicity -designed CBS eye. Wanted the designers and corp objectives to be in harmony, aesthetics secondar

Massimo Vignelli, Unimark

________: an international design firm that grew to 402 employees in forty-eight design offices around the world, was founded in Chicago in 1965 by a group of partners including Ralph Eckerstrom, James K. Fogleman, and _______ _________(b. 1931). Unimark rejected individualistic design and believed that design could be a system, a basic structure set up so that other people could implement it effectively. 1) The basic tool for this effort was the grid, standardizing all graphic communications for dozens of large Unimark Clients, including Alcoa, Ford Motor Company, JCPenney, Memorex, Panasonic, Steel case, and Xerox. 2) Helvetica: the preferred typeface for all Unimark visual identity systems, as it was considered the most legible type family. 3) Objectivity was Unimark's goal as it spread a generic conformity across the face of multinational corporate communications. The design programs it created were rational and so rigorous systematized that they became virtually foolproof as long the standards were maintained. The graphic excellence of Unimark design programs can be seen in the Knoll program (20-38), directed by Massimo Vignelli, who was Unimark's director of design and head of the New York office. 1) This program set the standard for furniture-industry graphics for years to come. But Unimark's far-flung design empire-with offices in major North American cities, England, Australia, Italy, and South Africa-proved vulnerable to the effects of recession in the early 1970s, and a retrenchment process began. The Unimark philosophy continued as its founders and the legion of designers they trained continued to implement its ideals. 1) When the New York office closed, Massimo and Leila Vignelli founded Vignelli Associates in 1971. 2) Their typographic range expanded beyond Helvetica to include such classical faces as Bodoni, Century, Garamond, and Times Roman, but the rational order of grid systems and emphasis on lucid and objective communication remained a constant. 3) Vignelli continues to put his imprint on the evolution of information design.

Lou Dorfsman

_________ ___________ 1) became art director for CBS Radio in 1946. 2) combined conceptual clarity with a straightforward and provocative visual presentation (20-8). Typography and image were arranged in well-ordered relationships using blank space as a design element. 3) 1954, was director of advertising and promotion for the CBS Radio Network. i) As its art director during the 1950s, Dorfsman forged a design approach that combined a pragmatic sense of effective communication with imaginative problem solving. ii) did not advocate continuity in typefaces, spatial layouts, or imagery; rather, the high quality of his solutions to communications problems during his four decades with CBS enabled him to project an exemplary image for the corporation. 4) After Golden's death Dorfsman became the creative director of CBS Television (20-9). 5) was named director of design for the entire CBS Corporation in 1964 and vice president in 1968, which kept with Stanton's philosophy that design is a vital area that should be managed by professionals. 6) When architect Eero Saarinen designed a new CBS headquarters building in 1966, Dorfsman designed all aspects of the typographic information, right down to the numerals on the wall clocks and elevator buttons, exit signs, and elevator-inspection certificates. 7) he also applied his graphic design sense to film, computer animation in the production of promotional spots, informational materials, and network title sequences. CBS approach to corporate image and design: 1) not dependent on a system or style but rather on the management policy toward design and the creative abilities of its design personnel. 2) strength of this approach is a varying and dynamic corporate design that can shift with company needs and evolving sensibilities; the potential danger is the lack of a fallback position if management or design authority moves into less astute hands. 3) CBS's era of design leadership lasted until the late 1980s. i) new owners (purchased the company): its philosophy on design changed and Dorfsman resigned.

corporate identity, William Golden

Design at CBS The Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) of New York City moved to the forefront of ________ _________ design as a result of 2 vital assets: 1) CBS president Frank Stanton, who understood art and design and their potential in corporate affairs 2) ______ ________, the CBS art director for almost 2 decades. Golden 1) brought uncompromising visual standards and keen insight into the communications process. A) effectiveness of the CBS corporate identity did not depend on a regimented design program or application of specific graphic elements (like single corporate typeface, to all corporate communications) but rather, the quality and intelligence of each successive design solution enabled CBS to establish an ongoing and successful corporate identity. 2) designed 1 of the most successful trademarks of the 20th century for CBS (Fig. 20-5). A) When the pictographic CBS eye first appeared as an on-air logo on 16 November 1951, it was superimposed over a cloud-filled sky and projected an almost surreal sense of an eye in the sky. B) After one year, Golden suggested to Frank Stanton that they might abandon the eye and seek another logo. Stanton re-minded Golden of the old advertising adage, "Just when you're beginning to get bored with what you have done is probably the time it is beginning to be noticed by your audience." C) The eye remained. D) applying this trademark to the corporation's printed material, from shipping labels to press releases, care and concern were used in even the most modest graphic designs. Dogmatic consistency in how the CBS trademark was used was not considered necessary. It was used in print with a variety of different company signatures, and Golden and his staff avoided forcing it where it did not belong. i) in printed advertising, sometimes omitted if it conflicted with the rest of the design. E) effectiveness of the CBS symbol demonstrated to the larger management community that a contemporary graphic mark could compete successfully with more traditional illustrative or alphabetic trademarks.

Paul Rand

20.15-18 IBM 18: IBM rebus 22: 23: CBS design annual report The American designer who defined the art and spirit of modern graphic design. Perhaps the best known as a freelance corporate identity designer consultant, he created the famous corporate logos for IBM, Cummins engines, Westinghouse, and United parcel service Lester Beall: pioneered corporate identify programs 20.27: International paper copy logo contribute to modern movement and development corporate identify manual

Corporate identity manual

A firm's book of guidelines and standards for implementing its corporate identity program (a firm's book of guidelines and standards for implementing its program. i) Beall's manuals specifically prescribed the permissible uses and forbidden abuses of the trademark. ii) If a plant manager in a small town retained a sign painter to paint the trade mark and name on a sign, for example, the corporate design manual specified their exact proportions and placement. )

Lance Wyman

A theme—"The young of the world united in friendship through understanding"-was adopted by the organizing committee of the 19th Olympiad in Mexico City, chaired by Mexican architect Pedro Ramírez Vázquez. 1) Realizing that an effective information system encompassing environmental directions, visual identification, and publicity is needed, Vázquez assembled an international design team, with American _______ _______ as director of graphic design and British industrial designer Peter Murdoch as director of special products. Because the 19th Olympiad took place in and around Mexico City itself, rather than in a special location built for the purpose, the design system had to be deployed throughout one of the world's largest cities. 1) Traffic control, urban logistics, and a multilingual audience compounded the challenge. 2) Wyman's initial analysis of the problem determined that the solution should reflect the cultural heritage of Mexico. 3) An exhaustive study of ancient Aztec artifacts and Mexican folk art led him to employ 1 design ideas: A) the use of repeated multiple lines to form patterns and the use of bright, pure hues. B) Throughout the country, arts and crafts, adobe homes, paper flowers, marketplaces, and clothing sang with joyous, pure color, and this exuberant color spirit figured prominently in Wyman's planning. Designing a logotype for the Olympiad (Fig. 20-47) formed a basis for the further evolution of the design program. 1) The 5 rings of the Olympiad symbol were overlapped and merged with the numeral 68 and then combined with the word Mexico. 2) The repeated-stripe pattern observed in traditional Mexican art was used to form the letters. 3) Following Development of the logotype, Wyman extended it into a display typeface (fig 20-48) that could be applied to a range of graphics, from tickets to billboards and from uniform patches to giant color-coded balloons hovering over the arenas. 4) The system encompassed pictographic symbols for athletic (fig 20-49) and cultural events, formats for the Department of Publications, site identification, directional signs for implementation by the Department of Urban Design throughout the city, informational posters, maps, postage stamps (20-50), film titles, and television spots. 5) for exterior environmental signage, Wyman and Murdoch collaborated on the development of a complete system of modular functional components with interchangeable parts (20-51). i) These combined directional and identification signage with pictures of objects such as mailboxes, telephones.and water fountains. This design system was so effective that the New York Times proclaimed, "You can be illiterate in all languages and still navigate the surroundings successfully, so long as you are not color-blind." Wyman's goal: 1) to create a completely unified design system easily understood by people of all language backgrounds and flexible enough to meet a vast range of applications. 2) Measured in terms of graphic originality, innovative functional application, and its value to thousands of visitors to the Mexican Olympiad, the graphic design system developed by Wyman and his associates in Mexico was 1 of the most successful in the evolution of visual identification. 3) After completing the 2-year Olympiad project, Wyman returned to New York City and reestablished his design firm, where he applied the expertise gained on the Mexican project to comprehensive design programs for shopping plazas and zoos.

Masaru Katzumie

Design systems for the Olympic Games By early 1960s, the concept of comprehensive design systems was becoming a reality. Planners realized that comprehensive planning for large organizations and events was not only functional and desirable but also necessary. 1) This particularly true in the case of international events, including world's fairs and Olympic Games, where an international and multilingual audience had to be directed and informed. 2) Among many outstanding efforts, the design programs for the 1964 Tokyo Eighteenth Olympiad, 1968 Mexico City Nineteenth Olympiad, the 1972 Munich Twentieth Olympiad, the 1984 Los Angeles Twenty-Third Olympiad, and the 2008 Beijing Twenty-Ninth Olympiad were milestones in the evolution of graphic systems. Summer of 1964, Tokyo hosted the 18th Olympic Games: 1) was the first use of a comprehensive identity program, setting a standard for all subsequent games. _________ _________ (art director) and Yusaku Kamekura (graphic designer) were the creative visionaries and team leaders behind this remarkable project. A) The focus of their research efforts was on an internationally standardized signage system based on their concern with the social significance of graphic design. b) They identified that simple pictographs were the most efficient method of communicating to an international audience. c) Using a squarefield with a grid, the team created an extensive range of geometrically stylized pictograms. i) This comprehensive identity program, included 20 multisport symbols (Fig.20-44) and 39 general information pictograms (20-45) emphasized the athletes' physical movements and were designed for immediate identification by a multilingual audience (Fig. 20-46). ii) This pictogram system served as a standard that influenced Lance Wyman for the 1968 Mexico City Olympics, Otl Aicher for the 1972 Munich Olympics, and Min Wang and his team for the 2008 Beijing Olympics And has become a guide for universal public visual design systems and worldwide events.

a

Eliot Noyes 1) IBM's consulting design director, wrote that the IBM design program sought "to express the extremely advanced and up-to-date nature of its products. To this end we are not looking for a theme but for a consistency of design quality which will in effect become a kind of theme, but a very flexible one." TheIBM design program was flexible enough to avoid stifling the creativity of designers working within the guidelines of the program. The model developed by IBM, with design consultants such as Rand and internal staff design departments whose managers have the authority to maintain the corporate visual identity, produced an evolving design program of consistently high quality. Jon Craine 1) was 1 of the 2 lead graphic designers in the White Plains, New York, office from 1979-1988. 2) Among other assignments, this office was responsible for product announcements for the Data Products Division (DPD), IBM's largest product sector. 3) Craine's "Buy U.S. Savings Bonds" poster from 1979 was designed while he was working for the White Plains office on a freelance basis before joining its staff (20-20), and his poster for the IBM "Selectric" III typewriter was designed when he was employed by IBM (20-21).

Giovanni Pintori

In 1936 the Olivetti Corporation , an Italian typewriter and business machines company hired twenty-four-year-old Giovanni Pintori (1912-1998) to join the publicity department. For thirty-one years, Pintori put his personal stamp on Olivetti's graphic images. The logotype he designed for Olivetti in 1947 consisted of the name in lowercase sans-serif letters, slightly letterspaced. Identity was achieved not through a systematic design program but through the general visual appearance of promotional graphics. In one of Pintori's most celebrated posters Olivetti's mission is subtly implied by a collage created solely from numbers and the company logo. 20.1 san serif font other posters: cubist, Italian GD who was the art director at Olivetti for 31 years. Colorful juxtaposition.

Georg Olden

In 1945 CBS hired ________ _______ to establish a graphics department to design on-air visuals for its new television division. 1) Television was a fledgling medium poised to grow rapidly in the next few years. i) about ten thousand television sets were in use when wartime restrictions on their manufacture were lifted in 1946 ii) number grew rapidly to a million sets in 1949 and soared past the fifty-million mark when Olden left CBS to become television group art director at BBDO Advertising in 1960. 1) During his 15-year tenure at CBS, Olden played a major role in defining the early development of television broadcast graphics. Olden realized the limitations of early black-and-white television. 1) The medium was incapable of differentiating between subtle color and tonal contrasts, and television sets often markedly cropped the edges of the signal. 2) 2D titles were only on the air for a few seconds, requiring rapid viewer comprehension. 3) To overcome these problems, he designed on-air graphics from the center out, using simple symbolic imagery with strong silhouettes and linear properties. i) Emphasis was placed on concepts that quickly captured the essence of each program using the connotative power of simple signs, symbols, and images. Olden 1) grandson of a slave from a northern Kentucky plantation who escaped to the north as the Civil War broke out and eventually joined the Union army 2) was the first African American to achieve prominence as a graphic designer. He accomplished this in the era before the civil rights movement, when few blacks held professional positions in America. Reynolds Ruffins, another African American to achieve early prominence in graphic design, was a founding partner of Push Pin Studios (see Fig. 21-17). 3) United States Postal Service commissioned Olden to design a postage stamp for the one 100th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation (fig 20-7), making him the first African American designer accorded the honor of designing a United States postage stamp. Olden's stamp design possesses the economy and directness of his television graphics.

Massimo Vignelli - Unimark and the Unigrid

Massimo Vignelli was an Italian designer who worked in a number of areas ranging from package design through houseware design and furniture design to public signage and showroom design. He was the co-founder of Vignelli Associates, with his wife, Lella. His ethos was, "If you can design one thing, you can design everything," and this was reflected in the broad range of his work. Vignelli worked firmly within the Modernist tradition, and focused on simplicity through the use of basic geometric forms in all his work. The Unigrid unified the hundreds of informational folders used at about 350 national park locations. It is based on simple basic elements: ten format sizes, all derived from the Unigrid; broadside or full-sheet presentation of the folders, instead of layouts structured on folded panels; black title bands with park names serving as logotypes; horizontal organization of illustrations, maps, and text; standardized typographic specifications; and a master grid coordinating design in the studio with production at the printing plant. package design, furniture, signage, etc Italian modernist tradition: simplified through geometric forms started Unimark International: design form -information graphics -made Corporate identity 20.40: unigrid 20.41: descending size in image gives it hierarchy for National Park Service

Muriel Cooper

Muriel Cooper was a pioneering book designer, digital designer, researcher, and educator. She was the longtime art director of the MIT Press, instilling a Bauhaus-influenced design style into its many publications. Cooper designed more than five hundred books, including the seminal 1969 Bauhaus, by Hans Wingler, perhaps her best-known design (Fig. 20-34). This was the first complete Bauhaus book in English.

Manhattan Design - MTV logo

New York studio, music clients concept of logo that changed: animate it, change color, etc Logo: cartoon look, Music Television (MTV), a round-the-clock music television station, first went on the air in 1981 at a time when music videos had not yet reached their peak as a creative medium. ___________, a New York City studio noted for its independence and risk-taking experimentation, especially for music-industry clients, was commissioned to design the logo.

a

Over 40 federal departments and agencies initiated visual identification programs, and many of the leading designers in America were called upon to develop them. 1) One of the most successful is the Unigrid system, developed in 1977 for the United States National Park Service by Vignelli Associates in collaboration with the Park Service Division of Publications, headed by Vincent Gleason. The Unigrid (Fig. 20-40) unified the hundreds of informational folders used at about 350 national park locations. 1) based on simple basic elements: i) 10 format sizes, all derived from the Unigrid ii) broadside or full-sheet presentation of the folders, instead of layouts structured on folded panels ii) black title bands with park names serving as logotypes v) horizontal organization of illustrations, maps, and text iv) standardized typographic specifications; and a master grid coordinating design in the studio with production at the printing plant. 2) Typography is restricted to Helvetica and Times Roman in a limited number of sizes and weights. The standardized format of the Unigrid enables the Park Service publications staff to focus on achieving excellence in the development and presentation of pictorial and typographic information (Fig. 20-41). 1) The program proved so successful that a format was also developed for the Park Service's series of 150 handbooks To attract outstanding architects and designers to government service, traditional civil service procedures were supplemented by portfolio reviews conducted by professionals. 1) Designers were recruited by a publicity campaign with the theme "Excellence attracts excellence." 2) by 1980 momentum for federal design excellence became a casualty of tax cuts and huge federal deficits. Many established design programs for such agencies as the Park Service were maintained, while others sank back toward mediocrity.

a

The 1984 Los Angeles 23rd Olympiad: 1) saw a sprawling city transformed into a joyous environment of color and shape that unified 28 athletic sites, 42 cultural locations, and 3 Olympic Villages for housing athletes. 2)Hundreds of designers and architects working for more than 60 design firms were involved. Continuing the practice of combining a symbol specifically designed for each edition of the Olympics with the traditional linked rings, the Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee selected a dynamic star-in-motion configuration (20-58) in a 1980 competition among leading Los Angeles design firms. The design problem was well defined: how to temporarily transform these far-flung facilities to create a unified celebratory feeling, express the international character of the games, and invent a designed environment that would work effectively both on-site and for the global television audience. 1) For help in addressing these challenges, the organizing committee called on 2 design firms to spearhead the effort. A) An architectural firm, the Jerde Partnership, directed by Jon Jerde and David Meckel, collaborated with an environmental and graphic design firm, Sussman/Prejza & Co., headed by Deborah Sussman and Paul Prejza, in Planning the visual vocabulary-architecture, color, graphics, and signage-for this massive event." 1) "parts kit": assembled to provide a uniform idiom for designing components and environments. Forms were simple and basic. A) Sonotube columns, normally used as molds for casting concrete columns but used here as columns themselves, were decorated with colorful painted stripes. B) sonotubes were lined up to make colonnades, combined with rented tents to make colorful pavilions, or topped with flat graphic pediments echoing the forms of earlier Olympiads. A poster-size design guide (20-59) was produced to provide all participants with consistent parameters for using the parts kit. Sussman 1) selected a bright, vibrant palette with hot magenta as the basic color. Its primary supporting palette consisted of vivid aqua, chrome yellow, and vermilion. 2) A secondary palette: yellow, green, lavender, and light blue, with violet, blue, and pink accents. 3) Graphic forms were derived from the stars and stripes of the American flag combined with the stripes of the star-in-motion logo. 4) program was infinitely adaptable, while adherence to the color palette, stripe-and-star motif, and approach to spatial organization permitted diverse materials (20-60) to evoke the Los Angeles Olympics. 5) Each sports arena was transformed with its own color combinations and visual motifs developed from the design guidelines. Entryways to the sporting events became festive colonnades (20-61).

cca

The Container Corporation of America (CCA) became an early advocate of systematic corporate identity in the 1960s. Eckerstrom stated the requirements of a corporate identification program: As a function of management, design must be an integrated part of overall company operation and directly related to the company's business and sales activities. It must have continuity as a creative force. It must reflect total corporate character.

Manhattan Design

The Music Television logo Music Television (MTV) first went on the air in 1981. Media visionary Bob Pittman initiated the idea of a round-the-clock music television station at a time when music videos had not reached full flower as a creative medium and only 18 million American households subscribed to cable television. 1) The fledgling network commissioned a logo design from _________ _______, a New York City studio noted for its independent, risk-taking experimentation, especially for music-industry clients. 2) Partners Pat Gorman, Frank Olinsky, and Patti Rogoff all had fine-arts background and had a bold, iconoclastic approach gained from an interest in comic-book art. i) Olinsky's father was an animator and illustrator, ii) Gorman's father was an actor, she had spent many hours in studios and playing with equipment, so television became her native language. During the design process, Gorman felt Olinsky's sketch of a bold, three-dimensional sans-serif M needed further development, so she scrawled a large, graffiti-like TV on its face, creating a memorable and influential trademark (Fig. 20-65). A moment of insight occurred when the designers realized the potential of varying the color, decoration, material, dimensionality, viewing angle, and motion of the logo (Figs. 20-66 through 20-68), with its broad flat M and vigorous TV. 1) With these variations, the logo could assume different personalities, participate in animated events, and be demolished. 2) concept of a logo with a constantly changing persona runs contrary to the widely held belief that trademarks and visual identifiers should be absolutely fixed and used in a consistent manner. 3) Once this concept was decided upon, Manhattan Design produced hundreds of sketches to show Visual possible variations. During the network's early years, the MTV logo appeared as a 10-second network identification spot at the top of each hour. 1) Manhattan Design, MTV internal staff, and several animation studios storyboarded an unending stream often-second identification spots and quick station tags. 2) The Constant creation of new identification sequences led to an ongoing collaboration involving animation, illustration, photography, and direct manipulation of the video medium. 3) Gorman observed that the MTV logo "changed the face, the idea, and the speed of graphic design"; it played a major role in redefining visual identity in the electronic age. 4) During 1980s print graphics began to reflect the influence of television in the use of color, texture, decorative graphic elements, and sequence. The MTV logo was a harbinger of the world of motion graphics that would soon open up as cable television, video games, and computer graphics expanded the variety and range of kinetic graphic messages. 1) On 8 September 1996, the New York Times observed, "The move of information from the printed page to other media has changed the nature of graphic identity. The MTV logo, which emerges from an unexpected metamorphosis, is probably the ultimate in animated identity." 2) 1995 MTV reached more than 250 million homes in 58 countries, and it had the 2nd most recognized logo in the world, trailing only that of Coca-Cola. In the 2nd half of the 20th century, visual identity gained increased importance as the world entered the information age. Multipart international events, large governmental entities, and multinational corporations required complex design systems developed by graphic designers to manage information flow and visual identity. While accomplishing these pragmatic goals, design systems can also create resonance, helping express and define the very nature of the large organization or event. The identity of a large organization can be created or redefined by design.

American Institute of Graphic Arts

Transportation signage symbols Major international events, large airports, and other transportation facilities handling international travelers have commissioned graphic designers to create pictographic signage programs to communicate important information and directions quickly and simply. 1) The development of these sign-and-symbol systems involved considerable time and expense, and near duplication of effort often occurred. In 1974, the United States Department of Transportation commissioned the ________ __________ __ _________ (AIGA), the nation's oldest professional graphic design organization, to create a master set of 34passenger and pedestrian-oriented symbols for use in transportation facilities. The goal was a consistent and interrelated group of symbols for worldwide transportation facilities meant to bridge language barriers and simplify basic messages. 1) The 1st step was the compilation and inventory of symbol systems developed for individual transportation facilities and international events (20-42). 2) A committee of 5 prominent graphic designers, headed by Thomas H. Geismar, acted as evaluators and advisers on the project. The Department of Transportation provided the AIGA with a list of messages areas. 3) Prior solutions to the 34 subject areas were evaluated by each member of the advisory committee, and a summary recommendation was prepared to guide the design of the symbol system. i) Some existing symbols were retained, while in other categories totally new glyphs were developed, with clarity of image their overriding goal. 3) The final set of symbols (Fig. 20-43) was designed and drawn by Roger Cook and Don Shanosky of Cook and Shanosky Associates in Princeton, New Jersey. i) These signs combined overall harmony with a visual consistency of line, shape, weight, and form. ii) This effort represented an important first step toward the goal of unified and effective graphic communications transcending cultural and language barriers in a shrinking world. 4) A 288-page book published by the Department of Transportation provided invaluable information about the design and evaluation process used to arrive at the system.

Chermayeff & Geismar

_______________ ___ _____________ Associates moved to the forefront of the corporate-identity movement in 1960 with a comprehensive visual image program for the Chase Manhattan Bank of New York. 1) Chase Manhattan's new logo was composed off our geometric wedges rotating around a central square to form an external octagon (Fig. 20-28). i) was an abstract form unto itself, free from alphabetic, pictographic, or figurative connotations. ii) Although it had overtones of security or protection because four elements confined the square, it proved a completely abstract form could successfully function as a large organization's visual identifier. 1) A distinctive sans-serif typeface was designed for use with the logo. The selection of an expanded letter grew out of the firm's study of the bank's design and communications needs. i) Urban signage, for instance, is often seen by pedestrians at extreme angles, but an extended letterform retains its character recognition even when viewed under these conditions. ii) The uncommon presence of the expanded sans-serif type in this design system launched a fashion for this kind of letterform during the first half of 60s. iii) Consistency and uniformity in the application of both logo and letterform enabled redundancy to become a 3rd identifying element. The Chase Manhattan Bank corporate identification system became a prototype for the genre. 1) Other financial institutions seriously evaluated their corporate image and the need for an effective visual identifier. 2) recognition value gained by the Chase Manhattan mark indicated that a successful logo could, in effect, become an additional character in the inventory of symbolic forms carried in each person's mind. 3) Tom Geismar observed that a symbol must be memorable and have "some barb to it that will make it stick in your mind." At the same time it must be "attractive, pleasant, and appropriate. The challenge is to combine all those things into something simple." One of Chermayeff & Geismar's most far-reaching corporate design programs was for Mobil Oil. 1) Executed in elemental geometric sans-serif typeface, the Mobil Oil trademark is the ultimate in simplicity (20-29). 2) The name Mobil is executed in five vertical strokes, the diagonals of theM, and two circles. The name became the trademark, with the round, red O separating it from the visual presentation of other words. Chermayeff & Geismar has produced more than 100 corporate design programs, including the trademarks illustrated in Figure 20-30. 1) The firm continues to accept a steady stream of smaller projects, like posters, requiring immediate, innovative solutions. 2) Rather than maintaining design consistency from project to project, the company allows each solution to evolve from its problem.

Corporate identity

materials such as logos, brochures, building design, and stationery that communicate an image of the organization

Lance Wyman - 1967 Mexico Olympiad

note the influence of 1960s Op Art reflect cultural heritage of Mexico- aztec (patterns) and folk art in design ideas (pure bright colors)

Rand

After 1959 study of the "public faces" of the Westinghouse Corporation, a decision was made to redesign its "Circle-W"trademark. 1) _____ was commissioned to symbolically incorporate the nature of the company's business in a new mark that would be simple, memorable, and distinct (fig 20-22). i) General graphic forms, rather than specific signs or symbols, suggest Westinghouse products by evoking wires and plugs, electronic diagrams and circuitry, and molecular structures. 2) he also developed a typeface for Westinghouse, applied these new elements to packaging, signage, and advertising. 3) he redesign the trademark for the American Broadcasting Company (Fig. 20-23) reduced the information to its essence while achieving a memorable and unique image. 4) The NeXT computer logo (fig 20-24) was designed in 1986 after IBM agreed to loan its longtime design consultant to a competitive computer company. The black box at a twenty-eight-degree angle signified the NeXT computer, which itself looked like a black box.

Chermayeff & Geismar

Chermayeff & Geismar Associates moved to the forefront of the corporate-identity movement in 1960 with a comprehensive visual image program for the Chase Manhattan Bank of New York. Chase Manhattan's new logo was composed of four geometric wedges rotating around a central square to form an external octagon (Fig. 20-28). It was an abstract form unto itself, free from alphabetic, pictographic, or figurative connotations. Although it had overtones of security or protection because four elements confined the square, it proved a completely abstract form could successfully function as a large organization's visual identifier. The Chase Manhattan Bank corporate identification system became a prototype for the genre. 1957 founded by Issac Chermayeff and Tom Geismar New York branding and graphic design firm 1950-60 corporate branding wide spread, famous for designed logos for business like Chase, 20.28: suprematist solution, abstract sign,

a

For 1972 20th Olympiad in Munich, Germany Otl Aicher 1) directed a design team in the development and implementation of a more formal and systematized design program. 2) An identification manual (20-52) established standards for use of the event's symbol, a radiant sunburst/spiral configuration centered beneath the Olympic rings and bracketed by two vertical lines. 3) Univers was selected as the typeface, and a system of publication grids was established. 4) The color palette consisted of a partial spectrum composed of 2 blues, 2 greens, yellow, orange, and 3 neutral tones (black, white, and a middle-value gray). i) Excluding 1 segment of the spectrum in this way created harmony and projected a festive air. An extensive series of pictographs were drawn on a modular square grid divided by horizontal, vertical, and diagonal lines (20-53). 1) For each Olympic sport a pictograph was designed (20-54) that emphasized the motion of the athletes and their equipment. Immediate identification was achieved in spite of language barriers. These pictographs were widely used in printed graphics (20-55) and identification signs. 2) The geometry of the pictographs served as a counterpoint to another level of imagery: high-contrast photographs used on publications (20-56) and a series of twenty-two commemorative posters depicting major Olympic sports. i) These used the modified-spectrum palette of four cool and two warm colors. ii) The track events poster (20-57), for example, defines the track and runners in the lighter green and two shades of blue against a dark-green field.

a

Like Stanton, Raymond Loewy recognized the significance of comprehensive design systems, and he left in indelible mark on America's history of visual styling. 1) His steamlined and moderne aesthetic can be seen across a range of industrial products, packaging, architecture, interiors, and corporate identities. 2) He first gained attention through his industrial product design with a commission for British manufacturer Sigmund Gestetner. Loewy's Gestetner mimeograph machine emphasized the form by hiding the device's messy inner mechanics inside a smooth paneled exterior. The look and concept became the genesis of a new streamlined aesthetic. Future industrial designs emphasized this smoothness and sensuousness of form. 1) Loewy's forms followed function, if only symbolically, as his streamlined aesthetic suggested speed, economy, and modernity. 2) he specialized in design for the locomotive and automotive industries, where speed and innovation defined success, and he reimagined how trains, planes, buses, and cars looked and performed. 1) His flashy personality preceded his brilliant design work. i) Sophisticated and charismatic, he considered himself a visionary and an impresario of good design across a number of mediums. ii) His persona remained an ongoing design project, as he tailored his appearance and refined his artistic vision, making his voice heard across a broad design spectrum. 2) Through this effort, he changed the way industrial designers engaged with corporate design culture by assuming more control over entire industrial and visual campaigns. i) Product designs for blue chip companies-BP, Shell, Exxon, (20-10) Nabisco,US Mail, Studebaker, Lucky Strike (Fig. 20-11), Canada Dry, and TWA-were not limited to packaging or industrial objects but also included complete identity designs. ii) New York Railroad hired him to redesign one of its locomotives, he also designed the interiors, menus for table service, and matchbooks. 3) Loewy defined and pursued areas of growth in even more comprehensive systems and processes via his industrial design work. Loewy initiated a study of his audience-the public-as he aimed to define their needs and wants. 1) This analysis affected the way he introduced designs into consumer culture. 2) he expertly negotiated the balance between familiarity and innovation, as he developed his Most Advanced Yet Acceptable (MAYA) credo. 3) While he endeavored to deliver the most advanced product, he recognized the point at which unfamiliarity bred undesirability. With respect to his corporate identity work he said: "I'm looking for a very high index of visual retention. We want anyone who has seen the logotype, even fleetingly, to never forget it." Loewy's work of the twentieth century is hard to forget; he succeeded in leaving a lasting impression. His designs not only are recognizable at a fleeting glance but also have endured the test of time.

Giovanni Pintoriin, logotype

Pintori at Olivetti The first phase in the development of postwar visual identification resulted from pioneering efforts by strong individual designers who put their personal imprint on a client's designed image. 1) the case with Behrens at AEG 2) with the Olivetti Corporation, an Italian typewriter and business machines company whose dual commitment to humanist ideals and technological progress dated from its 1908 founding by Camillo Olivetti. Adriano Olivetti 1) son of the founder, became president in 1938. 2) had a keen sense of the contribution that graphic, product, and architectural design could make to an organization. 3) In 1936 he hired _________ ________ to join the publicity department. Giovanni Pintoriin 1) for 31 years put his personal stamp on Olivetti's graphic images. 2) The _________ he designed for Olivetti in 1947 consisted of the name in lowercase sans-serif letters, slightly letterspaced. Identity was achieved not through a systematic design program but through the general visual appearance of promotional graphics 3) one of his most celebrated posters (20-1) Olivetti's mission is subtly implied by a collage created solely from numbers and the company logo. 2) His ability to generate graphic metaphors for technological processes is shown in a 1956 poster for the Olivetti Elettrosumma 22 (20-2). A) There is a casual and almost relaxed quality to Pintori's organization of space. B) Even his most complex designs have a feeling of simplicity, because he is able to combine small elements into unified structures through a repetition of size and visual rhythms. This complexity of form was well suited to Olivetti's publicity needs during the 1940s-950s, for the firm sought a high-technology image to promote advanced industrial design and engineering. 1) He was particularly adept at using simplified graphic shapes to visualize mechanisms and processes (20-3). 2) His abstract configurations often playfully suggest the function or purpose of the product being advertised (20-4). Olivetti received international recognition for its commitment to design excellence.

Muriel Cooper

Saul Bass's mastery of elemental form can be seen in the iconic and widely imitated trademarks produced by his firm Saul Bass & Associates, later renamed Saul Bass/Herb Yeager & Associates. 1) Bass believed a trademark must be readily understood yet possess elements of metaphor and ambiguity that will attract the viewer again and again. 2) Many Bass trademarks, such as the mark for Minolta, became important cultural icons (20-31). 3) Within two years after Bass redesigned the Bell Telephone System trademark, public recognition of the symbol rose from 71% to more than 90%. 4) After the AT&T long-distance telephone network was split from the local Bell system telephone companies in 1984, Bass designed a new mark to reposition the firm as "a global communications company" rather than the national telephone system," with information bits circling the globe. This concept was expressed by making computer-graphics animation the identification tag for AT&T television commercials (20-32). _______ _______ had two careers— 1) first as a print designer for MIT publications and books 2) second as founder and director of the Visible Language Workshop (VLW). i) From her student years at Massachusetts College of Art, she was fascinated with animation and pushing the border between the static medium of print and the x, y, and z axes of the computer screen. 3) 1963 she designed the MIT Press logo, a series of vertical lines suggesting half a dozen books on a shelf, and spelling out a gestalt MIT (20-33). 4) designed more than 500 books, including the seminal 1969 Bauhaus, by Hans Wingler, perhaps her best-known design (20-34). i) This was the first complete Bauhaus book in English. 5) Cooper made a film version of the thick Bauhaus, a speed-reading version of what one design historian has dubbed the King James Version. i) her pursuit of dynamic media that led to the 1978 founding of the VLW at MIT, which she said was an attempt to recreate the atmosphere of Paris in the 1920s. ii) In the VLW, where workstations were in the open, Cooper encouraged her interdisciplinary graduate students to formulate good questions rather than pat answers. While most graphic designers were limited to off-the-shelf software, Cooper's work was accelerated by powerful computers at MIT that allowed her to create almost anything she could imagine. a) She was the first graphic designer to employ such new electronic media as 3-D text, which allowed vast amounts of complex data to be read in context, the top layer sharp, the layers below successively lighter. b) she was able to combine the traditional x and y axes of the flatscreen with the z axes of depth, but she did not stop there. c) she pushed her programmers for additional tools-color, transparency, and eventually type that could pulse and move. d) Her goal was to move graphic design from form to content; to create clear, compelling communication that could be plucked and digested from an ocean of print and the electronic sea of the World Wide Web. e) was also a founding member of the MIT Media Lab (1985), perhaps the most advanced graduate research program on new media in the world.

a

The Container Corporation of America (CCA) became an early advocate of systematic corporate identity in the 1960s. 1) A new corporate logo (20-37) was created by design director Ralph Eckerstrom and his staff. 2) The corporate initials were packaged in a rectangle with two corners shaved at a forty-five-degree angle to imply an isometric box. Eckerstrom stated the requirements of a corporate identification program: As a function of management, design must be an integrated part of overall company operation and directly related to the company's business and sales activities. It must have continuity as a creative force. It must reflect total corporate character. Unless it meets these requirements, the company image it seeks to create will never coalesce into a unified whole, but will remain a mosaic of unrelated fragments. The "Great Ideas of Western Man" advertising campaign had varied widely in its typographic approaches during the 1950s; 1) now it entered a 2-decade period of typographic continuity. 2) 1964 CCA established the Center for Advanced Research in Design, an independent design studio that worked on advanced and experimental projects and received commissions from other organizations. i) The center developed a comprehensive visual identification system for Atlantic Richfield, a major petroleum products company whose name later changed to Arco. 2) CCA was purchased by Mobil Oil in 1976 and sold to the Jefferson Smurfit company in 1986. Decentralized and lacking an autonomous identity, CCA's era as a design patron drifted to a close.

annual report, Rand, corporate-identity manual,

The _________ _________ to stockholders, a legal publication required by federal law, evolved from a dry financial report into a major communications instrument during the postwar period. 1) Landmarks in this evolution include the IBM annual reports designed by ______ during the late 1950s. 2) The 1958 IBM annual report (20-25) established a standard for corporate literature. Imagery included close-up photography of electronic components that almost became abstract patterns, and simple dramatic photographs of products and people. Lester Beall helped launch the modern movement in American design during the late 1920s and early 1930s. 1) During last 2 decades of his career, he created pioneering corporate identity programs for many companies: Martin Marietta, Connecticut General Life Insurance, and International Paper Company. 2) contributed to the development of the _______-_________ ________, a firm's book of guidelines and standards for implementing its program. i) Beall's manuals specifically prescribed the permissible uses and forbidden abuses of the trademark. ii) If a plant manager in a small town retained a sign painter to paint the trade mark and name on a sign, for example, the corporate design manual specified their exact proportions and placement. 3) In discussing his mark designed with Richard Rogers for the International Paper Company, Beall wrote: Our assignment was to provide management with a strong mark that could be readily adapted to an immense variety of applications. This ranged from its bold use on the barks of trees to its intricate involvement in repeat patterns, carton designs, labels, and trucks. In addition to its functional strength, the new mark is a powerful force in stimulating and integrating divisional and corporate identity with positive psychological effects on human relations. (fig 20-26 and 20-27) 4) The International Paper Company trademark was initially controversial: the letters I and P are distorted to make a tree symbol, and critics questioned whether letterforms should be altered to this extreme. The continuing viability of this mark since its inception indicates that Beall's critics were overly cautious.

Logotype

a single piece of type that prints a word or group of separate letters. The technological advances made during World War II were immense. After the war, productive capacity turned toward consumer goods, and many believed that the outlook for the capitalist economic structure could be unending economic expansion and prosperity. With this bright view of the future in mind, "Good design is good business" became a rallying cry in the graphic design community during the 1950s. The more perceptive corporate leaders comprehended the need to develop a corporate image and identity for diverse audiences. Design was seen as a major way to shape a reputation for quality and reliability A graphic symbol for a company, brand, or organization; logo.

Annual report

a yearly statement of the financial condition, progress, and expectations of an organization