Unit 5 (quizzes)

The human sleep cycle repeats itself about every a. 90 minutes. b. 4 hours. c. 2 1/2 hours. d. 30 minutes. e. 1.5 days.

a. 90 minutes.

Shane, a straight-A student, remembers dreaming that he failed an important chemistry test. According to Freud, Shane's account represents the ________ content of his dream. a. latent b. paradoxical c. manifest d. dissociated e. delusional

c. manifest

Alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and a wide variety of other chemical agents that alter perceptions and moods are called a. hallucinogens. b. narcotic agents. c. psychoactive drugs. d. stimulants. e. physiological dependents.

c. psychoactive drugs.

Participants in a sexual stimulation study who mistakenly thought they had consumed alcohol were more likely to report having strong sexual fantasies and feeling guilt-free than those who thought they had not consumed alcohol. This study best illustrated the impact of a. neuroadaptation. b. drug tolerance. c. user expectations. d. physical dependence. e. dissociation.

c. user expectations.

The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during NREM-2 sleep are called a. amplitude waves. b. alpha waves. c. circadian rhythms. d. delta waves. e. sleep spindles.

e. sleep spindles.

The hypnagogic sensations of falling or floating are most likely to occur during which sleep stage? a. NREM-1 sleep b. NREM-2 sleep c. REM d. REM rebound e. NREM-3 sleep

a. NREM-1 sleep

Which of the following is evidence for cultural influences on sleep patterns? a. People in countries without electric lights generally sleep longer. b. Sleep patterns reflect differences in latent and manifest dream content. c. Brain waves are generally elevated and variable during REM sleep. d. Newborn babies spend more time in REM sleep than in NREM sleep. e. The sleep patterns of identical twins are usually similar.

a. People in countries without electric lights generally sleep longer.

What is most likely to occur when the brain is repeatedly flooded with artificial opiates? a. The brain stops producing endorphins. b. The level of serotonin is permanently decreased. c. The immune system is suppressed. d. The brain stops making dopamine. e. The brain shrinks.

a. The brain stops producing endorphins.

Traffic accident rates have been found to ________ after the spring change to daylight savings time and to ________ after the fall change back to standard time. a. increase; decrease b. decrease; increase c. decrease; decrease d. increase; increase e. stay the same; stay the same

a. increase; decrease

Research on the use of addictive drugs indicates that a. many people are able to stop using addictive drugs without professional help. b. regular marijuana smokers typically experience an irresistible craving for THC. c. all categories of psychoactive drugs are associated with dependence. d. individuals who receive morphine from physicians for pain relief usually develop the irresistible cravings of an addict. e. an occasional cigarette smoker almost always becomes a heavy smoker.

a. many people are able to stop using addictive drugs without professional help.

THC, the active ingredient in ________, is classified as a ________. a. marijuana; hallucinogen b. cocaine; hallucinogen c. cocaine; stimulant d. marijuana; stimulant e. heroin; depressant

a. marijuana; hallucinogen

Near-death experiences are a. often accompanied by visions of bright lights. b. examples of REM rebound. c. typically recalled as very scary and unpleasant. d. typically experienced during delta wave sleep. e. recalled by nearly all who have been revived from a cardiac arrest.

a. often accompanied by visions of bright lights.

Unpleasant withdrawal symptoms are indicative of a. physical dependence. b. narcolepsy. c. dissociation. d. REM rebound. e. neuroadaptation.

a. physical dependence.

Deep sleep appears to play an important role in a. physical growth. b. posthypnotic amnesia. c. paradoxical sleep. d. sleep apnea. e. narcolepsy.

a. physical growth.

Although Max never experiences caffeine withdrawal symptoms, he feels that he needs coffee every morning as part of his daily routine. Max best illustrates a. psychological dependence. b. dissociation. c. REM rebound. d. the pop-out phenomenon. e. narcolepsy.

a. psychological dependence.

Obesity is a risk factor for developing which of the following sleep disorders? a. sleep apnea b. insomnia c. night terrors d. sleepwalking e. sleep talking

a. sleep apnea

Researchers have demonstrated that people trained to perform tasks recall them better after a night's sleep than after several hours awake. This finding suggests that sleep a. patterns suit a species' ecological niche. b. is involved in the memory process. c. inspires creative achievements and problem solving. d. helps restore and repair brain tissue. e. plays a role in the growth process.

b. is involved in the memory process.

When cocaine is injected or smoked, it produces a rush of euphoria that lasts 15 to 30 minutes. But the stimulant drug ________ can trigger 8 hours or so of heightened energy and euphoria. a. heroin b. methamphetamine c. Amytal d. LSD e. nicotine

b. methamphetamine

About three hours after he falls asleep, Bobby often sits up in bed screaming incoherently. His mother tries to awaken him, but with no success. His pulse races and he gasps for breath. The next morning, he remembers nothing. It appears that Bobby suffers from a. sleep spindles. b. night terrors. c. insomnia. d. sleep apnea. e. narcolepsy.

b. night terrors.

REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because a. it leads to highly imaginative dreams that are perceived as colorless images. b. our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move. c. we are deeply asleep but can be awakened easily. d. our brain and nervous system are less active and our muscles are very active. e. our heart rate is slow and steady, while our breathing is highly irregular.

b. our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move.

The circadian rhythm is influenced by light-sensitive retinal proteins that trigger signals to the a. dopamine reward system. b. suprachiasmatic nucleus. c. MDMA. d. sleep spindles. e. thyroid gland.

b. suprachiasmatic nucleus.

The altered state of consciousness that is most similar to a drug-induced hallucination is a. hypnosis. b. the near-death experience. c. narcolepsy. d. REM sleep. e. withdrawal.

b. the near-death experience.

Which of the following is bad advice for a person trying to overcome insomnia? a. Avoid taking short naps during the day. b. Awaken at the same time every day even if you have had a restless night. c. Drink a glass of wine 15 minutes before bedtime. d. Avoid caffeine during the evening. e. Drink a glass of milk 15 minutes before bedtime.

c. Drink a glass of wine 15 minutes before bedtime.

The release of stored serotonin and the eventual damage of serotonin-producing neurons is most closely associated with the long-term use of a. amphetamines. b. morphine. c. Ecstasy. d. barbiturates. e. alcohol.

c. Ecstasy.

Which of the following is true of melatonin? a. Production of melatonin during sleep boosts our immune system, which helps us fight off viral infections. b. It helps restore and repair brain tissue by increasing the production of free radicals. c. It is a sleep hormone released by the pineal gland into the bloodstream. d. It is produced by the brain during the hypnagogic stage in NREM sleep. e. It alters metabolic and hormonal functioning in ways that mimic aging.

c. It is a sleep hormone released by the pineal gland into the bloodstream.

The brain waves associated with REM sleep are most similar to those of a. waking alpha. b. NREM-3 sleep. c. NREM-1 sleep. d. waking beta. e. NREM-2 sleep.

c. NREM-1 sleep.

Paradoxical sleep is to slow-wave sleep as ________ sleep is to ________ sleep. a. REM; NREM-2 b. NREM-1; REM c. REM; NREM-3 d. REM; NREM-1 e. NREM-2; REM

c. REM; NREM-3

LSD and other powerful hallucinogens are chemically similar to, and therefore block the actions of, a subtype of the neurotransmitter serotonin. At the synapse, these drugs act as a(n) a. stimulant. b. agonist. c. antagonist. d. endorphin. e. depressant.

c. antagonist.

One of the immediate effects of Ecstasy is a. decreased blood pressure. b. lethargy. c. dehydration. d. pupil constriction. e. increased appetite.

c. dehydration.

The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep are called a. alpha waves. b. theta waves. c. delta waves. d. sleep spindles. e. beta waves.

c. delta waves.

Sleep deprivation has been shown to a. reduce hypertension. b. decrease tolerance and increase withdrawal. c. diminish immunity to disease. d. increase attentiveness to highly motivating tasks. e. decrease narcolepsy.

c. diminish immunity to disease.

The need to take larger and larger doses of a drug in order to experience its effects is an indication of a. withdrawal. b. dissociation. c. narcolepsy. d. resistance. e. tolerance.

e. tolerance.

When light strikes the retina, it signals the suprachiasmatic nucleus to alter ________ production by the pineal gland. a. acetylcholine b. serotonin c. endorphin d. dopamine e. melatonin

e. melatonin

Which of the following sleep disorders would be the most incapacitating for a commercial bus driver? a. insomnia b. night terrors c. sleep apnea d. sleepwalking e. narcolepsy

e. narcolepsy

After a stressful day at the office, Arthur has five or six drinks at a local bar before going home for dinner. Research suggests that Arthur's heavy drinking will have the most adverse effect on his ability to remember a. the next day the names of the people he talked to and what he said while drinking. b. at the time he is drinking the name of his employer and his own home address. c. at the time he is drinking how to do long division. d. the next day the names of the business associates he talked to before going to the bar. e. at the time he is drinking the names of the people he has just met.

a. the next day the names of the people he talked to and what he said while drinking.

Margie insists that she never dreams, but her sister feels she can prove otherwise. To prove that Margie does dream, the sister should a. wake Margie after 5 minutes of REM sleep and ask her what she's dreaming. b. use posthypnotic suggestion to increase the chances of dream recall. c. feed Margie lots of rich food just before bedtime. d. make an all-night audiotape of the sounds Margie makes while sleeping. e. wake Margie after she has been asleep for about 5 minutes and ask her what she's dreaming.

a. wake Margie after 5 minutes of REM sleep and ask her what she's dreaming.

The discomfort and distress that follow the discontinued use of certain drugs is called a. withdrawal. b. narcolepsy. c. dissociation. d. intolerance. e. REM rebound.

a. withdrawal.

Why is it dangerous to combine alcohol with a sleeping pill? a. Alcohol and sleeping pills cause hallucinations that feel so real the person can experience severe panic or harm himself or herself. b. Alcohol and sleeping pills are depressants; their combined action reduces nervous system activity and can lead to death. c. Alcohol and sleeping pills can both dehydrate the body, causing severe overheating, increased blood pressure, and death. d. Alcohol and sleeping pills both disrupt immediate memory formation, leading to severe impairment. e. Alcohol and sleeping pills are stimulants; their combined action could lead to a heart attack.

b. Alcohol and sleeping pills are depressants; their combined action reduces nervous system activity and can lead to death.

People with sleep apnea do not recall being awake and gasping for air, then falling back to sleep. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon? a. The hormone orexin, which is lacking in such patients, hinders the consolidation of memory. b. Anything that happens during the 5 minutes just before we fall asleep is typically lost from memory. c. The free radicals produced during sleep weaken unused neural connections and affect memory formation. d. Dreams that occur during NREM sleep are rarely recalled. e. Activity in the limbic system is inhibited during REM sleep.

b. Anything that happens during the 5 minutes just before we fall asleep is typically lost from memory.

What is the danger of labeling behaviors such as too much eating, shopping, exercise, sex, or gambling as addictions? a. No physical or emotional pain is associated with these behaviors. b. It can be used as an "all-purpose" excuse to explain away the behaviors. c. Abusers are more likely to experience prejudice and discrimination. d. It can lead to increased feelings of shame and guilt. e. Abusers may be more likely to hide their abuse and avoid seeking help.

b. It can be used as an "all-purpose" excuse to explain away the behaviors.

Jason has been smoking marijuana. Which of the following best describes the effects of this psychoactive drug on Jason's behavior? a. Jason will experience blissful pleasure during use but extreme discomfort during withdrawal. b. Jason will become relaxed and experience mild hallucinations, followed by memory loss. c. Jason will feel increased alertness and wakefulness. d. Jason will become dehydrated quickly, which could lead to overheating and death. e. Jason will quickly experience a euphoric rush, then a significant "crash" as the drug wears off.

b. Jason will become relaxed and experience mild hallucinations, followed by memory loss.

After ingesting a small dose of a psychoactive drug, Laqueta experienced vivid visual hallucinations and felt as if she were separated from her own body. Laqueta most likely experienced the effects of a. heroin. b. LSD. c. cocaine. d. marijuana. e. barbiturates.

b. LSD.

After Carlos had been asleep for about an hour and a half, his heart began to beat faster, his breathing became fast and irregular, and his closed eyes began to dart back and forth. Carlos was most likely experiencing a. NREM-3 sleep. b. REM sleep. c. narcolepsy. d. a hallucination. e. sleep apnea.

b. REM sleep.

Genital arousal is most likely to be associated with a. NREM-2 sleep. b. REM sleep. c. hypnagogic sleep. d. sleep spindles. e. sleep apnea.

b. REM sleep.

Which of the following is the best advice for a person concerned about occasional insomnia? a. Relax with a drink of your favorite alcoholic beverage just before bedtime. b. Relax and drink a glass of milk before bedtime. c. Be sure to sleep later than usual once you do get to sleep. d. Eat a big dinner late in the evening so you'll feel drowsy at bedtime. e. Engage in some form of vigorous physical exercise shortly before bedtime.

b. Relax and drink a glass of milk before bedtime.

Sleep talking may occur during a. REM b. any stage of sleep. c. NREM-2 sleep d. NREM-3 sleep e. NREM-1 sleep

b. any stage of sleep.

Soon after taking a psychoactive drug, Zachary experienced a diminished appetite, an increased pulse rate, dilated pupils, and feelings of self-confidence and euphoria. Zachary most likely experienced the effects of a. marijuana. b. cocaine. c. THC. d. heroin. e. LSD.

b. cocaine.

Three hours after going to sleep, Shoshanna's heart rate increases, her breathing becomes more rapid, and her eyes move rapidly under her closed lids. Research suggests that Shoshanna is a. ready to sleepwalk. b. dreaming. c. exhibiting a sleep spindle. d. entering the third stage of sleep. e. experiencing a night terror.

b. dreaming.

Some people function well with fewer than 6 hours of sleep per night, while others need 9 hours or more. Such differences in individual sleep patterns suggests that a. sleep debt affects a person's health and mental well-being. b. genetics makes a difference in how much sleep we need and get. c. sleep is necessary for helping us restore and repair brain tissue. d. most adults are seriously sleep deprived. e. sleep disorders are widespread in our culture.

b. genetics makes a difference in how much sleep we need and get.

Layla has difficulty going to sleep and staying asleep. Layla is most likely suffering from a. night terrors. b. insomnia. c. paradoxical sleep. d. sleep apnea. e. hypnagogic sleep.

b. insomnia.

How is the hypothalamus involved in sleep? a. Cell clusters in the hypothalamus stimulate the production of relatively slow alpha waves, signaling the transition from deep relaxation to sleep. b. The action of the hypothalamus suppresses immune cell production that fights off viral infections and cancer. c. During sleep the hypothalamus stimulates the production of free radicals, molecules that are toxic to neurons, which weakens unused connections. d. In response to decreasing light the hypothalamus' suprachiastmatic nucleus causes the pineal gland to increase production of melatonin, leading you to sleep. e. The hypothalamus triggers the pituitary gland in the endocrine system to produce the hormone thyroid, which leads you to sleep.

d. In response to decreasing light the hypothalamus' suprachiastmatic nucleus causes the pineal gland to increase production of melatonin, leading you to sleep.

At 3 o'clock in the morning, John has already slept for 4 hours. As long as his sleep continues, we can expect an increasing occurrence of a. hypnagogic sensations. b. muscle tension. c. NREM-3 sleep. d. REM sleep. e. sleep talking.

d. REM sleep.

Nightmares are to ________ as night terrors are to ________. a. delta waves; alpha waves b. NREM-3 sleep; NREM-2 sleep c. NREM-2 sleep; NREM-1 sleep d. REM sleep; NREM-3 sleep e. narcolepsy; sleep apnea

d. REM sleep; NREM-3 sleep

When cocaine is snorted, free-based, or injected, it produces a rush of euphoria by a. increasing the occurrence of alpha waves. b. producing hallucinations. c. triggering a state of dissociation. d. blocking the reuptake of dopamine. e. decreasing manifest content.

d. blocking the reuptake of dopamine.

Cindi prefers to take exams in the late afternoon rather than during the morning, because her energy level and ability to concentrate are better at that time. Her experience most likely reflects the influence of the a. hypnagogic state. b. menstrual cycle. c. NREM sleep. d. circadian rhythm. e. REM rebound.

d. circadian rhythm.

Drugs such as alcohol and opiates that calm neural activity and slow body functions are called a. hallucinogens. b. amphetamines. c. dissociatives. d. depressants. e. endorphins.

d. depressants.

Chronic sleep debt is most likely to promote a. insomnia. b. night terrors. c. withdrawal. d. obesity. e. sleep apnea.

d. obesity.

Mr. Dayton occasionally stops breathing while sleeping. He wakes up to snort air for a few seconds before falling back to sleep. Mrs. Dayton complains that her husband snores. Clearly, Mr. Dayton suffers from a. night terrors. b. aphasia. c. insomnia. d. sleep apnea. e. narcolepsy.

d. sleep apnea.

What do methamphetamine, caffeine, and cocaine have in common? a. They depress neural functioning and reduce pain. b. They distort perceptions and evoke sensations without sensory input. c. They relax the body, lead to disinhibition, and produce euphoria. d. They slow body functions and calm neural activity. e. They excite neural activity and arouse body functions.

e. They excite neural activity and arouse body functions.

Alcohol consumption disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long-term memory by a. increasing anxiety. b. increasing self-consciousness. c. decreasing sleep apnea. d. decreasing tolerance. e. decreasing REM sleep.

e. decreasing REM sleep.