Unit 5 Review: World War I
Who weren't invited to sign the Treaty of Versailles?
Germany and Russia weren't invited to sign the Treaty of Versailles.
Propaganda
Items used to make your side look good or the other side look bad (political messages of truth/lies)
What was Japan's reaction to the Treaty of Versailles?
Japan's reaction to the Treaty of Versailles was that they left, felt disrespected, and knew they would have to fight for their place.
How did President Wilson feel about the Treaty of Versailles?
President Wilson didn't think that Germany should be punished harshly or pay reparations (he didn't even agree with it). He thought there should be separate peace treaties for every losing country.
What was the goal of Kaiser Wilhelm II?
The goal of Kaiser Wilhelm II is to form an empire.
Attrition
Trying to wear down the enemy in order to defeat them
Ultimatum
A final set of demands including a guarantee ("either do this or this happens")
League of Nations (Today: United Nations)
A group of nations that would unite for the purpose of collective security (peace keeping group) (left out U.S.)
Stalemate
A situation in which neither side can win (not a tie because it is still going on) (deadlock)
Why did a stalemate occur in WW1?
A stalemate occurred in WW1 because the old tactic of charging through No-man's land clashed with the new tactic of using advanced weaponry.
Draft
A system of requring men to sign up for service in the military
Trench Warfare
A tactic in which the two sides fight from down in ditches (creates a protected area protected by barbed wire)
Treaty of Versailles
Agreement made at the end of WWI by the Allies (winners) (punishes, humiliates, and forces Germany to take the blame for the war, pay damages, limit the military, and give up its colonies -> WWII)
Armistice
An agreement to end fighting (not admitting defeat, just asking to stop) (ex. In WWI, Germany asked for the armistice on 11/11/18 @ 11:00)
No Man's Land
An area between trenches where no person would go because it's dangerous and people from both sides are shooting at you
Collective Security
An attack on one is an attack on all (everyone can feel safe knowing that they have backup)
What led other countries to join WWI?
As a result of the war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia, Russia (big brother of Serbia) declares war on Austria-Hungary a week later. Afterwards, Germany (big brother of Austria-Hungary), declares war on Russia (8/1). Then, Germany declares war on France (ally of Russia) (8/3). Finally, Britain (ally of Russia/France) declares war on Germany (8/4).
What led to Austria-Hungary to rage in war with Serbia?
Austria-Hungary and Serbia were situated in the Balkan region, where Pan-Slavism and Nationalism were prominent. In addition, there was a lot of strong (racial) tensions between these countries, making war inevitable. Austria-Hungary creates an ultimatum, demanding Serbia to hand over the Black Hand group after they assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Serbia rejects the ultimatum and rages in war with Austria-Hungary on July 28, 1914.
Where is Belgium located?
Belgium is located between Germany and France.
What forced Czar Nicholas II to abdicate his throne in March of 1915?
Civil unrest in Russia, severe food/fuel shortage, and 5.5 million soldiers killed/wounded/imprisoned forced Czar Nicholas II to abdicate his throne in March of 1915.
Who was Czar Nicholas II?
Czar Nicholas II was the last king of Russia. Russians began to lose faith in him and was forced to abdicate his throne in March of 1915.
What happens during the Battles on the Eastern Front?
During the Battles on the Eastern Front, the battles were more mobile, but were also very deadly. In addition, Russia began to experience a decline and many hardships.
What happened during the Russian Revolution?
During the Russian Revolution, Germany releases Vladimir Lenin, a friend of Karl Marx (communism), to Russia. After he seizes power, Lenin ends Russia's involvement in the war and signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918) (promised peace), causing Russia to surrender land to Germany.
What was the name of the territory that France wanted from Germany?
France wanted Alsace-Lorraine from Germany.
What two countries were competing for supreme naval power in Europe?
Germany and Great Britain were competing for supreme naval power in Europe.
Why could Germany not waste any time?
Germany could not waste any time because they needed to make sure that Russian troops don't have time to mobilize so they can attack them.
What did Germany give Austria-Hungary to encourage them to start war?
Germany gave Austria-Hungary weapons/allies to encourage them to start war.
How did Germany respond to Russia's withdrawal from the war?
Germany responds to Russia's withdrawal from the war by sending nearly all of their forces to the Western Front to the Marne River (2nd time) on May 1918.
Why was Germany facing a problem?
Germany was facing a problem because there was a possibility that they would engage in a 2-front war between France and Russia.
Militarism
Glorification of war—Government's focus is on building and strengthening the military (for reasons of intimidation and nationalism)
Why did Great Britain ally with France and Russia?
Great Britain allied with France and Russia because they were afraid of Germany.
Lost Generation
Group of American writers in Paris after WWI (refers to artists who grew up during the war, saw old ideals fail and were searching for meaning) (their art often portrays a sense of cynicism, loss, and meaninglessness)
Who was Kaiser Wilhelm II?
Kaiser Wilhelm II was a German Emperor who forced Bismarck (prime minister) to resign and cut off alliance with Russia.
How did Kaiser Wilhelm II mess up?
Kaiser Wilhelm messed up because he cut off the alliance with Russia, causing them to find a new ally and join the Triple Entente.
Brinkmanship
Maneuvering a dangerous situation to the limits of tolerance/safety in order to secure the greatest advantage, esp. by creating diplomatic crises ("playing chicken")
Why did most countries feel that war would break out in the Balkan Region?
Most countries felt that war would break out in the Balkan Region because strong (racial) tension, Pan-Slavism, and Nationalism were prominent ("powder keg" of Europe).
Where was most of the fighting on the Western Front?
Most of the fighting on the Western Front was at France.
Assassination
Murder of a public person because of the impact they have on people (ex. Archduke Franz Ferdinand)
Pan-Slavism
Nationalism among Slavic people (they're united as one group, no matter what country they're in)
How does Nationalism result in WWI?
Nationalism resulted in WWI because it unified countries in Europe, but it also lead to commercial and territorial rivalries.
Neutral
On neither side (staying out of the conflict)
What was one circumstance that men in the trenches faced?
One circumstance that men in the trenches faced was that heavy rainfall flooded the trenches, resulting in mud, trench walls collapsing, and "trench foot."
Reparations
Payment for damages (usually paid by the government) (ex. In WWI, Germany is forced to pay)
Who (U.S.) and when asks for a declaration of war against Germany?
President Woodrow Wilson asks Congress for a declaration of war against Germany on April 2, 1917.
Self-Determination
Right of the people of a certain nation to decide how they want to be governed w/o the influence of any other country
Inflation
Rise in the general level of goods/services in an economy over a period of time (as the value of items go up, the value of money drops due to not being able to buy as much) (as supply of money increases, its value goes down)
Why did Russia drop out of the war?
Russia dropped out of the war because of their civil war, revolution, monarch abdicating the throne, famine, Vladimir Lenin, and the lack of moral support.
Entente
Secret agreement between countries (not obligated to fight) to support them (i.e. militarily, financially, not at all, etc)
Why did soldiers not like using poisonous gas when fighting?
Soldiers did not like using poisonous gas when fighting because the wind could have blown the gas towards them, resulting in friendly fire.
What were some major Battles on the Eastern Front?
Some major Battles on the Eastern Front were Dardanelles, Gallipoli, and Tannenberg.
Why were tanks not useful in the trenches?
Tanks were not useful in the trenches because they could easily fall in them and get stuck.
Who were the 'Big Four' that signed the Treaty of Versailles?
The 'Big Four' were Woodrow Wilson (USA w/ 14 points), Georges Clemenceau (France), David Lloyd George (Great Britain), and Vittorio Orlando (Italy).
Who were the Allied Powers during WWI?
The Allied Powers during WWI were Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and the U.S.
What was the Balkan Region?
The Balkan Region is the main area where Nationalism began to rise and contained the rivalry of Austria-Hungary and Serbia.
What was the Battle of Gallipoli?
The Battle of Gallipoli was a battle fought on the Eastern Front between Britain and Turkey (being invaded). The goals were to overtake Constantinople (capital of Ottoman Empire) and provide a supply line to Russia. The results were that the allies retreated, they sustained many casualties, and it was a major failure for morale.
What was the Battle of Tannenberg?
The Battle of Tannenberg was a battle fought on the Eastern Front between Russia and Germany. It was a 4 day counterattack against Russia by Germany. It was Germany's greatest victory in WW1.
Who were the Central Powers during WWI?
The Central Powers during WWI were Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (Triple Alliance), and Ottoman Empire.
What caused the Schlieffen Plan not to work?
The First Battle of Marne prevented the Schiefflen Plan from working. The German advances were stopped by France, leading to a stalemate and trench warfare. This gave Russia time to mobilize and attack Germany, opening the 2nd front war that Germany wanted to avoid.
What was the Lusitania?
The Lusitania was a cruise ship that was carrying Americans and weapons (allegedly). They were allegedly giving weapons to allies and supplying the central powers. It was sunken by Germany.
Where is the Ottoman Empire located?
The Ottoman Empire is located on the Arabian Peninsula that is near Africa and Europe (Balkan Region).
Where was the Paris Peace Conference held?
The Paris Peace Conference was held at the Palace of Versailles in the Hall of Mirrors.
What was the Schlieffen Plan?
The Schlieffen Plan was for Germany to avoid a two-front war. First, they will focus on the West (France) because Russia will take forever to mobilize (11 times zones). They will then go through Belgium, crush France, and then go back and crush Russia.
What did the Treaty of Versailles call for (the European Leaders' plan)?
The Treaty of Versailles punishes, humiliates, and forces Germany to take the blame for the war, pay damages (reparations), limit the military (demilitarization), and give up its colonies.
How was the Treaty of Versailles an example of flawed peace?
The Treaty of Versailles was an example of flawed peace because they ignored Wilson's 14 Points and punished Germany.
Why does the U.S. enter the war?
The U.S. entered the war because of Germany's declaration of unrestricted submarine warfare (Jan. 1917), the sinking of the Lusitania by Germany, the continued sinking of U.S. ships, and the Zimmerman Note.
What was the Zimmerman Note?
The Zimmerman Note was a note sent by the German Minister to Mexico. It states that they will resume unrestricted submarine warfare. If the U.S. doesn't remain neutral, they will propose an alliance with Mexico, provide financial support, help them regain lost territory. They should also ask to ally with Japan. However, the British intercepted it and passed it on to the United States. Therefore, Mexico never gets it.
What were the battles fought on the Western Front, and why were they significant?
The battles that were fought on the Western front were Verdun and Somme. They were significant because they had a lot of casualties.
Who were involved in the Triple Alliance?
The countries involved in the Triple Alliance were Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary.
Who were involved in the Triple Entente?
The countries involved in the Triple Entente were Russia, France, and Britain due to fear of Germany rising.
Who battled on the Eastern Front?
The countries that battled on the Eastern Front were Russia/Serbia and Germany/Austria/Turkey.
Who battled on the Western Front?
The countries that battled on the Western Front were Germany and France.
What was the first battle involving the Schliefflen Plan?
The first battle involving the Schliefflen Plan was the First Battle of the Marne.
What was the goal of Otto Von Bismarck?
The goal of Otto Von Bismarck is to gain peace through alliance.
What were the main causes of WWI?
The main causes of WWI were Imperialism, Nationalism, Militarism, the Alliance System.
What were the new weapons in WW1?
The new weapons in WW1 were poison gas, flame throwers, machine guns, cannons, airplanes, tanks, submarines, and hand grenades.
What were the results of the Second Battle of the Marne (July 1918)?
The results of the Second Battle of the Marne were that the weakened German soldiers faced an Allied counterattack supported by fresh American Soldiers, the Bulgarians/Ottomans surrender, the Austrian Empire collapses, and the Germans sign an armistice on November 11, 1918 at 11:11 AM.
How did role of women change?
The role of women changed because they discovered the benefits of financial autonomy, refused to return to domestic service, and won the right to vote throughout Europe (it was a dramatic, but mostly temporary change for women). They also worked in jobs traditionally held only by men (many entered paramilitary organizations to support soldiers). However, they were paid less than men for the same work (industrial/civil paid better than traditional jobs), and sometimes used as spies.
What was the spark of WWI?
The spark of WWI was when Gavrilo Princip (member of Serbia's Black Hand group) assassinates Archduke Franz Ferdinand (of Austria-Hungary) in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914.
What stance did the new Russian Provisional Government have towards the war?
The stance that the new Russian Provisional Government had towards the war was that they chose to continue fighting.
What did Total War and Propaganda lead to?
Total War and Propaganda led to Governments taking strong control over industry and society.
Why was trench warfare so deadly?
Trench warfare was so deadly because it formed an area known as No Man's Land, where soldiers would run through and get shot by the opposing side. In addition, there was a prominence of advanced weaponry, which resulted in many deaths. There were also harsh weather conditions in the trenches such as heavy rainfall and bitter winter. Finally, there was also terrible health and hygiene conditions such as the prominence of dead bodies, rats, trench foot, and waste.
Fourteen Points
U.S. President Wilson's plan to end WWI and prevent future war (peace w/o victory) (wanted: free trade, reduction of arms, no more secret treaties, self-determination, peace-keeping group for the world)
Total War
When a country puts all its resources into war (i.e. manufacturing, natural resources, economy, people, government)
Alliance (allies)
When a group of people/countries decide they are going to help and protect each other (ex. U.S./England)
What happened when the male soldiers came back?
When the male soldiers came back, the women refused to give up their jobs and gender battles begun.
What did Wilson's Fourteen Points call for?
Wilson's Fourteen Points called for free trade, reduction of arms, no more secret treaties, self-determination, and a peace-keeping group for the world (peace w/o victory).
How long did World War 1 last?
World War 1 lasted from June/July 28, 1914 to November 11, 1918 (11:11 AM)
