Unit 5 Study Guide

1. What was the Estates System? 2. Who was in each estate?

1. A social hierarchy centered on the monopoly of power and land ownership by a group of religious and political elites 2. First Estate: Clergy Second Estate: Nobles Third Estate: Everyone else

1. What was the Napoleonic Code? 2. What enlightened ideals were embedded with the code?

1. Civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and property; secured the code by creating the Bank of France, which loyally served the interests of both the state and financial oligarchy; longest lasting legacy of Napoleon's rule 2. Freedom of religion; property rights; abolition of serfdom; equality of all citizens before the law; women inheritance rights, but still remained unequal to men

1. When did the French Revolution begin? 2. How did it begin? 3. Who pushed it forward in the beginning?

1. July 14th, 1789 2. Storming of Bastille was the first act, in response to food shortage, rise of bread prices, fear of military, and major unemployment 3. Bourgeoisie

Why did the Directory continue French wars of conquest?

Economic reasons; it kept a lot of people employed; increased manufactoring

Why was France unable to manage its debt in the 18th century?

France lacked a central bank, paper currency, and a means of creating credit to effectively borrow money; France was very dependent on the third estate's taxes while the upper estates refused to pay anything

How did the reaction of kings and nobles in continental Europe toward the French revolution change over the revolution's first 2 years?

Initially pleased with the weakening of France, but then threatened by it's increasing radical message

Storming of Bastille

July 14th, 1789; starting of the French Revolution; angry mob stormed the Bastille (prison) in search of gunpowder and weapons

What was the goal of the Committee of Public Safety?

Led by Robespierre, it was created to preserve and continue the revolution while preparing France for war

What was the Estates General?

Legislative assembly consisting of representatives from each of the three estates; required a majority vote before anything was passed

What were the important trends of Enlightenment thought?

Methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life; everything was to be submitted to rational and critical thinking; the scientific method could be used to study the laws of human society as well as the laws of nature; it is possible for humans to create better societies and better people

How did the Concordat resolve the crisis over Catholicism in France in the Napoleonic era?

Napoleon recognized Catholicism as the main religion of France and the Pope does not ask for land back that was seized during the Revolution; Napoleon gained power

What occurred during the Hundred Days in France?

Napoleon returned from exile with his supporters to briefly rule France again; seized power from Louis XVIII

What was the Tennis Court Oath?

National Assembly moved to an indoor tennis court; swore "never to separate and to meet wherever the circumstances might require until we have established a sound and just constitution"

What was The Declaration of the Rights of the Man and the Citizen?

Passed in 1789 by the National Assembly; wrote out what was believed to be a man's natural rights - "liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression"; stated that all men were "born free and remain free and equal in rights"

What was the Civil Constitution of the Clergy during the French Revolution?

Passed in 1790; subordinated the Catholic church in France to the government

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution; stated what was believed to be a man's natural rights

Between 1689 and 1815, what was the central issue in European diplomacy?

Trade and taxation; power struggles and wars; "Second Hundred Years War"

1. Who was Olympe de Gouges? 2. What is her significance during the French Revolution?

1. French female journalist and feminist 2. Demanded the same rights for French women as men, writing "The Declaration of Rights of Women and Female Citizen" which challenged the notion of male authority and male-female inequality; killed by guillotine for revolutionary ideas

1. Who was Napoleon? 2. Where did he come from? 3. How did he rise to prominence?

1. French military and political leader who declared himself emperor; led several successful campaigns 2. Born of Italian decent, but was from France 3. Rose during the French Revolution; overthrew French Directory in 1799 and declared himself emperor of the French in 1804

1. Who was Robespierre? 2. How and why did he die?

1. Leading figure in the French Revolution; "Succeeder" of Louis; known for his intense dedication to the revolution; became increasingly radical; lead the National Convention during it's most bloodthirsty time; believed people should have a say 2. A public reaction against his extreme policies; executed without trial

1. Who were the Jacobins? 2. What was their reaction to women's political activity?

1. Radical republicans (mostly middle class lawyers or intellectuals) during the French Revolution; led by Robespierre from 1793-1794 2. They banned all women's political activity fearing them a distraction to women's proper domestic role

The Great Fear

1789; peasants protested and attacked manor houses in an effort to destroy legal records of their feudal obligations; killed many nobles; second estate came to fear the the estate

What was the "Great Fear"?

1789; peasants protested and attacked manor houses in an effort to destroy legal records of their feudal obligations; killed many nobles; second estate came to fear the the estate

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer, philosopher, and advocate of women's rights; Published "Vindiction of the Rights of Women" in 1792 which became a basis for women's rights; believed men and women should be educated together and hold a place in government; thought people should be able to choose who they marry; did not agree that women should give up their natural rights to marry and should be allowed to work rather than stay at home

What was the economic effect of Napoleon's Continental System?

Forbade continental Europe from trading with Britain by closing European ports to British goods; French artisans and middle class suffered for they were economically damaged by the blockade of Great Britain

What were the correct order of the phases of the French Revolution?

Phase 1: Moderate Phase Phase 2: Radical Phase Phase 3: The Directory Phase 4: Age of Napoleon

How did the French armies during the French Revolution offer a mixed message to the people the conquered?

Presented themselves as liberators

What was the most radical phase of the French Revolution?

Reign of Terror

Women's March to Versailles

Rumors of Marie Antoinette hoarding bread in Versailles spread, causing women (along with some men) to march to Versailles and demand that the royals move to Paris under house-arrest

How did the delegates to the Legislative Assembly that convened in October 1791 differ from the delegates to the Estates General/National Assembly?

The Estates General and National Assembly was made up of mostly well educated and wealthy men while the Legislative Assembly had new delegates and different character, although they were educated and prosperous men, they were younger and less cautious; Legislative Assembly dominated by Jacobins