Unit 6 Khan Academy APUSH
cartoon criticizing the usage of literacy tests for African Americans as a qualification to vote. The cartoon shows a man writing on wall, "Eddikashun qualifukashun. The Black man orter be eddikated afore he kin vote with us Wites [Education qualification. The Black man ought to be educated before he can vote with us whites], signed Mr. Solid South." Source: "The color line still exists - in this case," Harper's Weekly, 1879. Image credit: Wikimedia Commons The ideas expressed through the image reveal that in 1879, which of the following was most true of the United States
(didn't get it) something about literacy requirements
editorial cartoon criticizing the usage of literacy tests for African Americans as a qualification to vote. The cartoon shows a man writing on wall, "Eddikashun qualifukashun. The Black man orter be eddikated afore he kin vote with us Wites [Education qualification. The Black man ought to be educated before he can vote with us whites], signed Mr. Solid South." Source: "The color line still exists - in this case," Harper's Weekly, 1879. Image credit: Wikimedia Commons The ideas expressed through the image reveal that in 1879, which of the following was most true of the United States?
African Americans lost many of the political rights they gained during Reconstruction.
*The table most strongly supports which of the following arguments?**
As agricultural production increased, the price of food declined across the United States.
The graph most strongly supports which of the following arguments?
As job opportunities increased, the workforce expanded beyond native-born men.
"Where does the money go? Andrew Carnegie makes a specialty of public libraries in his gifts, with a good sprinkling of checks among educational institutions of established reputation. . . . John D. Rockefeller takes splendid care of the University of Chicago, and has several millions annually to pass around among Baptist institutions and other interests that appeal to his consideration. . . . "It is quite safe to assert that the majority of gifts and bequests goes to colleges and universities, with homes and hospitals for men, women, and children next, and memorial buildings and church edifices following. . . . Giving has become a business." -Source: George J. Hagar, "Magnitude of American Benefactions," The Review of Reviews, 1904 The author's account in the excerpt above most directly reflects which of the following changes in the late nineteenth century?
Business leaders began giving to charity to help the less fortunate.
"Thus is the problem of rich and poor to be solved. The laws of accumulation will be left free, the laws of distribution free. Individualism will continue, but the millionaire will be but a trustee for the poor, intrusted for a season with a great part of the increased wealth of the community, but administering it for the community far better than it could or would have done for itself. The best minds will thus have reached a stage in the development of the race in which it is clearly seen that there is no mode of disposing of surplus wealth creditable to thoughtful and earnest men into whose hands it flows save by using it year by year for the general good." -Source: Andrew Carnegie, "Wealth," North American Review, 1889 The ideas about the responsibility of wealth expressed in the excerpt are most consistent with which of the following?
Gospel of Wealth
"Iron replaced wood; steel replaced iron; and electricity . . . replaced horsepower. In 1870 agricultural production surpassed industrial production by about $500 million. Both were increasing year by year. But by 1900 manufacturing had increased by more than four times. . . . "Industrial growth and westward expansion were assured by the revolution in transportation and the revolution in communications. . . . A transcontinental railroad network brought farm and factory, country and town closer together. Telegraph and telephone, electricity and press increased public knowledge, business efficiency, and political debates." -Source: Sean Dennis Cashman, America in the Gilded Age, 1993 According to the passage, which of the following best explains the most important effect that innovations like the telegraph had on the American economy?
It improved the organization of the production process.
What has not the steam engine done for the Nineteenth Century? It speeds the locomotive across the continent . . . [and] the mighty steamship on the sea; it grinds our grain; it weaves our cloth; it prints our books; it forges our steel, and in every department of life it is ubiquitous, tireless, potent agency of civilization." -Edward W. Byrn, The Progress of Invention in the Nineteenth Century, 1900 The development discussed in the excerpt led to which of the following economic changes?
It improved the processes used to produce goods.
"Of the numerous other tariffs increased to protectionist levels after the war, the most abusive examples were the treatment of steel rails and nickel. In the case of steel rails, Congress changed the tariff in 1870 . . . to a specific duty based on weight, which came to $28 per ton. The effect of this change was astronomical due to new efficiencies then developing in the steel industry . . . which caused the price of steel to drop dramatically after 1870. . . . At a time of high demand for railroad materials in the late 1870s, during a period of explosive growth of rail lines, these domestic producers made out like bandits—or, more appropriately, robber barons—until the demand finally tapered off." -Source: C. Donald Johnson, historian, The Wealth of a Nation: A History of Trade Politics in America, 2018 According to the passage, which of the following best explains the most important effect that tariffs had on economic growth during the Gilded Age?
It increased the price of foreign goods and supported the sale of American-made goods.
"Soap production for the commercial market had started as a by-product of the meat-packing industry, with small companies processing animal fats for regional markets. In the late 1870s mechanical improvements in the mixing and crushing process used in making bar soap greatly expanded output. . . . By using the new machinery, Procter & Gamble was soon making 200,000 cakes of Ivory soap a day." -Source: William Lazonick, American Corporate Economy: Critical Perspectives on Business and Management, Volume 4, 2002 According to the passage, which of the following best explains the most important effect that mechanical improvements had on the production process?
It led to the production of large quantities of goods.
"As America steadily became more urban and as real incomes rose, the share of food and clothing produced at home declined sharply, freeing some of the time previously engaged in household production. New types of processed food were invented, and many of today's name brands became commonplace in the last three decades of the nineteenth century." -Source: Robert J. Gordon, historian, The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living Since the Civil War, 2016 According to the passage, which of the following best explains the most important effect that the rise in incomes and relocation to cities had on the economy?
It led to the transition toward purchasing mass-produced household goods.
The rise of modern mass production required fundamental changes in the technology and organization of the processes of production. The basic organizational innovations were responses to the need to coordinate and control the high-volume throughput." -Source: Alfred D. Chandler, historian, The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business, 1977 According to the passage, which of the following best explains the most important effect that mass production had on business practices?
It shifted management techniques to handle the increase in the volume of goods produced in factories.
Cartoon showing Columbia stirring a bowl labeled "Citizenship" with a spoon labeled "Equal Rights". Figures representing many nations are in the bowl; a caricature of an Irish man jumps up yelling, waving a knife and a green flag. C.J. Taylor, "The Mortar of Assimilation and the One Element that won't mix," Wikimedia Commons, 1889. Which of the following best describes the message in the political cartoon?
Most immigrants could adopt American culture, but Irish immigrants could not Americanize.
"We have got to go to manufacturing to save ourselves. We have got to go to it to obtain an increase of population. Workmen go to furnaces, mines, and factories— they go where labor is brought. Every new furnace or factory is sure to come from the neighborhood or from abroad. . . . Capital, to the extent that the South shall have occasion to borrow, will, by law of economy that never fails, flow here to erect, equip and start every manufacturing establishment as fast as it can profitably be run." -J.D.B. DeBow, De Bow's Review, 1867 The ideas discussed in the excerpt led to which of the following economic changes?
New factories emerged in the South and introduced manufacturing into the southern economy.
"The millionaires are a product of natural selection, acting on the whole body of men to pick out those who can meet the requirement of certain work to be done. In this respect, they are just like the great statesmen, or scientific men, or military men. It is because they are thus selected that wealth—both their own and that entrusted to them—aggregates under their hands. . . . They may fairly be regarded as the naturally selected agents of society for certain work." -Source: William Graham Sumner, The Challenge of Facts: and Other Essays, 1914 The ideas about wealth expressed in the excerpt are most consistent with which of the following?
Social Darwinism
"Even if investors had seized quickly upon industrial opportunities, if risk were not a factor, if all hesitant planters had ignored their neighbor's scorn, and if the socially conscious had considered only their private gains, the South might still have seemed under-industrialized to outside observers. The region's factor endowment would still have led to an industrial sector that was small relative to that in the East." -Fred Bateman and Thomas Weiss, economists, A Deplorable Scarcity, 2002 Which of the following is one important continuity in the South throughout the 1880s?
The South had a primarily agricultural economy based on sharecropping and tenant farming.
Read the passage and answer the question below. "Even if investors had seized quickly upon industrial opportunities, if risk were not a factor, if all hesitant planters had ignored their neighbor's scorn, and if the socially conscious had considered only their private gains, the South might still have seemed under-industrialized to outside observers. The region's factor endowment would still have led to an industrial sector that was small relative to that in the East." -Fred Bateman and Thomas Weiss, economists, A Deplorable Scarcity, 2002 Which of the following is one important continuity in the South throughout the 1880s?
The South had a primarily agricultural economy based on sharecropping and tenant farming.
"Hereafter no Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty. Provided, further, that nothing herein contained shall be construed to invalidate or impair the obligation of any treaty heretofore lawfully made and ratified with any such Indian nation or tribe." -Source: excerpt from the Indian Appropriation Act, 1871 Which of the following most likely motivated Congress to pass the law in the excerpt?
a federal effort to remove indigenous nations from land and claim it for white settlers
"I am looking rather seedy now while holding down my claim And my victuals are not always served the best, And the mice play shyly 'round me as I nestle down to rest In my little old sod shanty in the West. "Yet I rather like the novelty of living in this way Though my bill of fare is always rather tame, But I'm happy as a clam on the land of Uncle Sam In my little old sod shanty on my claim. . . . "My clothes are plastered o'er with dough, I'm looking like a fright And everything is scattered 'round the room, But I wouldn't give the freedom that I have out in the West For the table of the Eastern man's old home. -Source: Oliver Edwin Murray, an excerpt from the song "The Little Old Sod Shanty On My Claim," 1870s The point of view expressed in the quotation above is most likely that of:
a federal homestead recipient.
"The foreign-born residents of Chicago and of other large cities of the country tend to segregate themselves in separate national groups where, in churches and schools, and in social, fraternal, and national organizations, the speech, the ideals, and to some extent the manner of life of the mother country are zealously preserved and guarded. . . . These children are held in a sense to a double standard; they are inevitably drawn to the American manners and customs which they meet in the school, on the street, and in the factory, while in their own homes the old European standards of life are maintained." -Source: Edith Abbott and Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge, "Chapter 3: The Child of the Immigrant," The Delinquent Child and the Home, 1917 The immigrant neighborhoods described in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following characteristics of American society during the period?
a rise in cultural pluralism in major cities
"I am looking rather seedy now while holding down my claim And my victuals are not always served the best, And the mice play shyly 'round me as I nestle down to rest In my little old sod shanty in the West. "Yet I rather like the novelty of living in this way Though my bill of fare is always rather tame, But I'm happy as a clam on the land of Uncle Sam In my little old sod shanty on my claim. . . . "My clothes are plastered o'er with dough, I'm looking like a fright And everything is scattered 'round the room, But I wouldn't give the freedom that I have out in the West For the table of the Eastern man's old home. -Source: Oliver Edwin Murray, an excerpt from the song "The Little Old Sod Shanty On My Claim," 1870s The song lyrics suggest that people migrating west during the 1870s most typically sought to:
achieve self-sufficiency and independence.
"We have got to go to manufacturing to save ourselves. We have got to go to it to obtain an increase of population. Workmen go to furnaces, mines, and factories— they go where labor is brought. Every new furnace or factory is sure to come from the neighborhood or from abroad. . . . Capital, to the extent that the South shall have occasion to borrow, will, by law of economy that never fails, flow here to erect, equip and start every manufacturing establishment as fast as it can profitably be run." -J.D.B. DeBow, De Bow's Review, 1867 The excerpt best serves as evidence of which of the following trends during the 1860s?
calls from southern leaders to industrialize the South to compete with northern industry
"We want eight hours and nothing less. We have been accused of being selfish, and it has been said that we will want more; that last year we got an advance of ten cents and now we want more. We do want more. . . . "In the age of electricity and steam that has produced wealth a hundred fold, we insist that it has been brought about by the intelligence and energy of the workingmen, and while we find that is now easier to produce it is harder to live. We do want more, and when it becomes more, we shall still want more. And we shall never cease to demand more until we have received the results of our labor." Samuel Gompers, "Eights Hours and Nothing Less," 1890 Arguments similar to those expressed in the excerpt were later employed to justify which of the following?
direct confrontations with their employers
"Although the effects of immigrants on the composition of the U.S. population were apparent by the census of 1870, it was the dramatic shift, between the 1880s and 1900s, in the sources of European immigration to the United States from northwestern countries to southeastern ones that excited and sustained public debate and comment. In 1882 . . . 13.1 percent came from southern and eastern European countries. . . . In 1907, these countries supplied 81 percent of a total of 1,207,619 European immigrants." -Source: Desmond King, Making Americans: Immigration, Race, and the Origins of the Diverse Democracy, 2009 Which of the following most directly led to the changes described in the excerpt?
economic opportunities in major US cities
"In the end, the Ghost Dance offered believers, not an immediate and violent rejection of American governance, but an intense spiritual and emotional experience that facilitated their accommodation to American dominance in many areas of Indian life while simultaneously allowing them to seek out health and prosperity on Indian terms. The Ghost Dance, in other words, helped many believers accept conquest while strengthening their resolve to resist assimilation." -Source: Louis S. Warren, God's Red Son: The Ghost Dance Religion and the Making of Modern America, 2017 Which of the following most likely contributed to the rise of the "Ghost Dance" referred to in the excerpt?
efforts by the US government to control the indigenous communities in the West
"For the means of finding new productive employments for capital, therefore, it is necessary that the great industrial countries should turn to countries which have not felt the pulse of modern progress. Such countries have yet to be equipped with the mechanism of production and of luxury, which has been created in the progressive countries by the savings of recent generations. . . . Existing commodities now imported from the interior of these countries at great cost will be swept on paths of steel to the seacoast with the result of reducing their cost, increasing their consumption, and benefitting at once both producer and purchaser." -Source: Charles A. Conant, North American Review, 1898 The federal government implemented the ideas expressed in the excerpt by:
expanding its territorial holdings beyond the continental United States.
"The foreign-born residents of Chicago and of other large cities of the country tend to segregate themselves in separate national groups where, in churches and schools, and in social, fraternal, and national organizations, the speech, the ideals, and to some extent the manner of life of the mother country are zealously preserved and guarded. . . . These children are held in a sense to a double standard; they are inevitably drawn to the American manners and customs which they meet in the school, on the street, and in the factory, while in their own homes the old European standards of life are maintained." -Source: Edith Abbott and Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge, "Chapter 3: The Child of the Immigrant," The Delinquent Child and the Home, 1917 Which of the following most directly contributed to the developments described in the excerpt?
expansion of economic opportunities in factories
"The present year witnesses the completion of the most important enterprise of the kind ever executed in any country— a line of railroad from the Missouri River across the Continent, and with connecting lines from the Atlantic to Pacific Ocean. . . . the influence of these works . . . upon the commerce and welfare of this country must be immense. A vast commerce, yet in its infancy, already exists between the two shores of the Continent." -Source: Henry Varnum Poor, Manual of the Railroads of the United States, 1869-1870, 1889 The author's reference to "a line of railroad from the Missouri River across the Continent" most directly reflects which of the following policy changes?
federal efforts to support the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad
"The present year witnesses the completion of the most important enterprise of the kind ever executed in any country— a line of railroad from the Missouri River across the Continent, and with connecting lines from the Atlantic to Pacific Ocean. . . . the influence of these works . . . upon the commerce and welfare of this country must be immense. A vast commerce, yet in its infancy, already exists between the two shores of the Continent." -Source: Henry Varnum Poor, Manual of the Railroads of the United States, 1869-1870, 1889 Which of the following most directly contributed to the developments described in the excerpt?
government loans to support railroad construction in the West
"[In] the hills and valleys round about, nature has stored those substances away with unequalled profusion. Besides placing a thick layer of excellent bituminous coal halfway up those winding heights, besides accumulating within them exhaustless supplies of iron, besides sinking under them unfathomable wells of oil and salt water, nature has coiled about their bases a system of navigable streams, all of which form themselves into two rivers, — the Allegheny and Monongahela, — and at Pittsburgh unite to form the Ohio, and give the city access to every port on earth. It is chiefly at Pittsburgh that the products of the Pennsylvania hills and mountains are converted into wealth and distributed over the world." -Source: James Parton, "Pittsburgh," Atlantic Monthly, 1868 A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following aspects of the Gilded Age?
how discoveries of and access to natural resources supported manufacturing
"The inequality between the millionaire capitalist and his [employee] on the verge of pauperism, on the verge of starvation is greater than the difference between the millionaire and his wife, and the [employee] and his wife. The mere demand for equality of the sexes is fine as far as it goes, but to make the working woman the mere equal of the working man in these days of wage reductions, lock-outs, short-time. . . and the rest of the workingman's hardships, is a task which will not arouse much enthusiasm among thinking people. . . . In the absence of a program, the first principle of suffragists that occurs to one's mind is always equality of the sexes. But, at present, the inequality of men among themselves is so frightful that to make each woman (rich or poor) merely equal to the men of her family, or her class, is to leave the sum total of inequality now cursing society almost unchanged." -Source: Florence Kelley, in a letter to Clara Berwick Colby, 1885 A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following
how people responded to inequalities in the Gilded Age
"It is little more than four years ago since I was last in this then almost unknown, but now world-famous, oil region. In the comparatively brief interval that has elapsed everything but the geographic conformation of the country, everything but its mountains and rivers, has been changed. . . . "Take one instance. Corry, four years ago, was a poor farm where the thinly-scratched soil of cold clay land yielded so little that the whole place, buildings and all, might easily have been purchased at 8 or 10 dols. an acre. . . . I was at Corry the other night. It is a fine rough city of about 10,000 inhabitants. The Atlantic and Great Western Railway, which has opened it up, has its great depot there, and has made it the central exchange of petroleum. It has nearly twenty banks, two newspapers, and the city is now building a large opera-house. The quotations made on the oil exchange at Corry, whether of oil, gold, or breadstuffs, influence Wall-street, and have infinitely greater weight on the trade of the country than anything done throughout all of Pennsylvania. -Source: "The Oil Regions of Pennsylvania," The Money Market Review: A Weekly Commercial and Financial Journal, Volumes 10-11, 1865 A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following?
how the discovery of mineral resources and fuel led to the rapid creation of new communities
Which of the following best explains the changes in the foreign-born population from 1870 to 1900?
immigration to major cities increased along with mass internal migration.
Source: Comparative Occupation Statistics, 1870-1930, Census Bureau, Which of the following most directly contributed to the overall trend depicted in the graph?
improvements in business organization
The overall trend from 1867 to 1875 depicted in the table was most directly caused by which of the following?
improvements in farm mechanization
The main trend shown in the table was most directly associated with which of the following processes occurring in the United States at the time?
improvements in industrialization and increase in factory work
"What has not the steam engine done for the Nineteenth Century? It speeds the locomotive across the continent . . . [and] the mighty steamship on the sea; it grinds our grain; it weaves our cloth; it prints our books; it forges our steel, and in every department of life it is ubiquitous, tireless, potent agency of civilization." -Edward W. Byrn, The Progress of Invention in the Nineteenth Century, 1900 The author's remarks in the excerpt most directly reflected which of the following developments during the late nineteenth century?
improvements in power generation
"Soap production for the commercial market had started as a by-product of the meat-packing industry, with small companies processing animal fats for regional markets. In the late 1870s mechanical improvements in the mixing and crushing process used in making bar soap greatly expanded output. . . . By using the new machinery, Procter & Gamble was soon making 200,000 cakes of Ivory soap a day." -Source: William Lazonick, American Corporate Economy: Critical Perspectives on Business and Management, Volume 4, 2002 The developments described in the excerpt most directly reflect which of the following changes in the nineteenth century?
improvements in production methods to increase efficiency
-Source: Robert J. Gordon, economist, The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living since the Civil War, 2016. Which of the following factors contributed most to the major trend depicted in the table?
improvements in railroad technology
"There is no room in this country for hyphenated Americanism. When I refer to hyphenated Americans, I do not refer to naturalized Americans. Some of the very best Americans I have ever known were naturalized Americans, Americans born abroad. But a hyphenated American is not an American at all. This is just as true of the man who puts 'native' before the hyphen as of the man who puts German or Irish or English or French before the hyphen. Americanism is a matter of the spirit and of the soul. Our allegiance must be purely to the United States." -Source: Theodore Roosevelt, in an address delivered before the Knights of Columbus, 1915 The remarks in the excerpt were most likely given in response to which of the following?
increase in immigration from European and Asian countries to the United States
"Give us our rights which belong to us. Give us fair and living wages for a fair day's work. Treat our women with the respect due to their sex. Open the doors of lucrative business to our young men and women. Assist and encourage us to educate our children and bring them up in refinement whenever our means will admit of it." -"An Appeal to the White People of the South," Virginia Star, 1882 The excerpt is best understood as a response to which of the following historical developments?
increased discrimination against African Americans
Read the excerpt and answer the question below. "Give us our rights which belong to us. Give us fair and living wages for a fair day's work. Treat our women with the respect due to their sex. Open the doors of lucrative business to our young men and women. Assist and encourage us to educate our children and bring them up in refinement whenever our means will admit of it." -"An Appeal to the White People of the South," Virginia Star, 1882 The excerpt is best understood as a response to which of the following historical developments?
increased discrimination against African Americans
"The object is to accomplish a thorough and systematic organization among farmers, horticulturists, and those engaged in rural pursuits throughout the United States, that will secure among them intimate social relations and acquaintance with each other, for the advancement and elevation of their pursuits, with an appreciation of their true interests. By such means may be accomplished that which exists throughout the country in all other vocations and among all other classes — combined co-operative association for the individual improvement and common benefit." -Source: W. Scott Morgan, History of the Wheel and Alliance and the Impending Revolution, 1889 In the late 1860s, the Grange focused its energies on which of the following strategies?
increasing railroad regulations to cut transport costs for farmers
"In the end, the Ghost Dance offered believers, not an immediate and violent rejection of American governance, but an intense spiritual and emotional experience that facilitated their accommodation to American dominance in many areas of Indian life while simultaneously allowing them to seek out health and prosperity on Indian terms. The Ghost Dance, in other words, helped many believers accept conquest while strengthening their resolve to resist assimilation." -Source: Louis S. Warren, God's Red Son: The Ghost Dance Religion and the Making of Modern America, 2017 The excerpt best illustrates which of the following developments?
indigenous people's efforts to preserve their culture
Which of the following was a significant cause of the trend in migration from 1870 to 1900 shown in the graph?
job opportunities in urban areas
"The millionaires are a product of natural selection, acting on the whole body of men to pick out those who can meet the requirement of certain work to be done. In this respect, they are just like the great statesmen, or scientific men, or military men. It is because they are thus selected that wealth—both their own and that entrusted to them—aggregates under their hands. . . . They may fairly be regarded as the naturally selected agents of society for certain work." -Source: William Graham Sumner, The Challenge of Facts: and Other Essays, 1914 The perspective expressed in the excerpt most directly supported which of the following?
limited government regulation of businesses or the economy
"I am looking rather seedy now while holding down my claim And my victuals are not always served the best, And the mice play shyly 'round me as I nestle down to rest In my little old sod shanty in the West. "Yet I rather like the novelty of living in this way Though my bill of fare is always rather tame, But I'm happy as a clam on the land of Uncle Sam In my little old sod shanty on my claim. . . . "My clothes are plastered o'er with dough, I'm looking like a fright And everything is scattered 'round the room, But I wouldn't give the freedom that I have out in the West For the table of the Eastern man's old home. -Source: Oliver Edwin Murray, an excerpt from the song "The Little Old Sod Shanty On My Claim," 1870s The song lyrics most directly reflected which of the following developments during the late nineteenth century?
mass migration to rural areas in the Midwest
A development related to the overall trend from 1866 to 1875 depicted in the table was the:
migration of farmers to the Great Plains region.
-Source: Robert J. Gordon, economist, The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living since the Civil War, 2016. Which of the following was a direct effect of the trend in railroad lines after 1870 shown in the table?
new markets opened as perishable goods could travel greater distances faster
Read the excerpt and answer the question below. "Give us our rights which belong to us. Give us fair and living wages for a fair day's work. Treat our women with the respect due to their sex. Open the doors of lucrative business to our young men and women. Assist and encourage us to educate our children and bring them up in refinement whenever our means will admit of it." -"An Appeal to the White People of the South," Virginia Star, 1882 The excerpt best serves as evidence of which of the following developments during the 1880s?
ongoing demands for political and social equality for African Americans
"In whatever direction we look in any section of our vast republic, we find prodigious combinations of railway capital actually perfected, or progressing rapidly toward complete absorption of all smaller lines. This tendency to consolidation is irresistible. The economic advantages are so great, the temptations to vast profits are so incalculable, and the allurements to ambitious and able men afforded by the control of these mighty social machines are so enticing, that the movement must go forward." -Source: George Henry Lewis, National Consolidation of the Railways of the United States, 1893 The excerpt most directly expresses an economic perspective that:
opposed government regulation of the economy.
"'What can labor do for itself?' The answer is not difficult. Labor can organize, it can unify, it can consolidate its forces. This done, it can demand and command. Such are the possible and the practical things labor can do, is doing, and will continue to do until constitutions and courts and laws based upon principles of eternal justice, make no distinction in dealing with the people." -Eugene V. Debs, Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen's Magazine, 1893 People who shared the author's ideas at the time most typically sought to achieve their goals by doing which of the following?
organizing strikes and bargaining through representatives
Political cartoon showing an overseer whipping an enslaved man in one panel and a factory owner with a stopwatch glaring at a young woman as she enters a factory in the other panel. The caption reads: "Uncle Sam stopped this horror more than forty years ago. Now he is grappling with this shocking evil of child mines, factories and sweat shops." The political cartoon was intended to:
persuade the American public to regulate labor practices.
Which of the following push factors was a significant cause of the trend from 1870 to 1900 shown in the table?
poverty and limited economic opportunities
"It seemed to me that Hull-House ought to be able to devise some educational enterprise, which should build a bridge between European and American experiences in such wise as to give them both more meaning and a sense of relation. I meditated that perhaps the power to see life as a whole is more needed in the immigrant quarter of a large city than anywhere else, and that the lack of power is the most fruitful source of misunderstanding between European immigrants and their children, as it is between them and their American neighbors: and why should that chasm between fathers and sons, yawning at the feet of each generation, be made so unnecessarily cruel and impassable to these bewildered immigrants?" -Source: Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull-House: With Autobiographical Notes, 1912 People who shared Addams' ideas at the time most typically sought to achieve their goals by doing which of the following?
providing social services in immigrant neighborhoods
"Although the effects of immigrants on the composition of the U.S. population were apparent by the census of 1870, it was the dramatic shift, between the 1880s and 1900s, in the sources of European immigration to the United States from northwestern countries to southeastern ones that excited and sustained public debate and comment. In 1882 . . . 13.1 percent came from southern and eastern European countries. . . . In 1907, these countries supplied 81 percent of a total of 1,207,619 European immigrants." -Source: Desmond King, Making Americans: Immigration, Race, and the Origins of the Diverse Democracy, 2009 Which of the following most likely contributed to the increase in immigration from southern and eastern Europe referred to in the excerpt?
religious persecution and widespread poverty in European states
"Whose voice was first sounded on this land? The voice of the red people, who had but bows and arrows. . . . What has been done in my country I did not want, did not ask for it; white people going through my country. . . . The white children have surrounded me and have left me nothing but an island. When we first had this land we were strong, now are melting like snow on the hillside, while you are grown like spring grass. . . . When the white man comes in my country he leaves a trail of blood behind him." -Source: Red Cloud (Mahipua Luta) of the Oglala Sioux, Report of the Board of Indian Commissioners, 1871 People who shared the author's ideas at the time most typically sought to achieve their goals by doing which of the following?
resisting migration and fighting American forces
"Once segregation began, there was no logical place for it to stop. If railroad cars were segregated, why not railroad stations, even ticket windows? If jails were segregated, why not courtrooms, even the Bibles on which witnesses swore? . . . Whites touted segregation as a way to ensure social peace, to reduce conflict in public places, to make sure that blacks received at least some social services. The newer a place or institution, the more certain it was to be segregated." -Edward L. Ayers, historian, The Promise of the New South: Life After Reconstruction, 2007. The developments described in the excerpt best illustrate which of the following?
suppression of African American civil rights after Reconstruction
"Once segregation began, there was no logical place for it to stop. If railroad cars were segregated, why not railroad stations, even ticket windows? If jails were segregated, why not courtrooms, even the Bibles on which witnesses swore? . . . Whites touted segregation as a way to ensure social peace, to reduce conflict in public places, to make sure that blacks received at least some social services. The newer a place or institution, the more certain it was to be segregated." -Edward L. Ayers, historian, The Promise of the New South: Life After Reconstruction, 2007. Which of the following most likely contributed to the rise of segregation described in the excerpt?
the Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
"Hereafter no Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty. Provided, further, that nothing herein contained shall be construed to invalidate or impair the obligation of any treaty heretofore lawfully made and ratified with any such Indian nation or tribe." -Source: excerpt from the Indian Appropriation Act, 1871 This law undermined which of the following federal actions?
the Supreme Court decision which guaranteed indigenous sovereignty
"For the means of finding new productive employments for capital, therefore, it is necessary that the great industrial countries should turn to countries which have not felt the pulse of modern progress. Such countries have yet to be equipped with the mechanism of production and of luxury, which has been created in the progressive countries by the savings of recent generations. . . . Existing commodities now imported from the interior of these countries at great cost will be swept on paths of steel to the seacoast with the result of reducing their cost, increasing their consumption, and benefitting at once both producer and purchaser." -Source: Charles A. Conant, North American Review, 1898 Which of the following developments best represents a logical extension of the ideas expressed in the excerpt?
the US acquisition of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Hawaii to access their natural resources and to facilitate trade
"It seemed to me that Hull-House ought to be able to devise some educational enterprise, which should build a bridge between European and American experiences in such wise as to give them both more meaning and a sense of relation. I meditated that perhaps the power to see life as a whole is more needed in the immigrant quarter of a large city than anywhere else, and that the lack of power is the most fruitful source of misunderstanding between European immigrants and their children, as it is between them and their American neighbors: and why should that chasm between fathers and sons, yawning at the feet of each generation, be made so unnecessarily cruel and impassable to these bewildered immigrants?" -Source: Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull-House: With Autobiographical Notes, 1912 Which of the following issues of the period was Addams most likely concerned with in the excerpt?
the assimilation of immigrants into American culture
n whatever direction we look in any section of our vast republic, we find prodigious combinations of railway capital actually perfected, or progressing rapidly toward complete absorption of all smaller lines. This tendency to consolidation is irresistible. The economic advantages are so great, the temptations to vast profits are so incalculable, and the allurements to ambitious and able men afforded by the control of these mighty social machines are so enticing, that the movement must go forward." -Source: George Henry Lewis, National Consolidation of the Railways of the United States, 1893 The events discussed in the excerpt led to which of the following economic changes?
the concentration of wealth to a small group of business owners
"Even if investors had seized quickly upon industrial opportunities, if risk were not a factor, if all hesitant planters had ignored their neighbor's scorn, and if the socially conscious had considered only their private gains, the South might still have seemed under-industrialized to outside observers. The region's factor endowment would still have led to an industrial sector that was small relative to that in the East." -Fred Bateman and Thomas Weiss, economists, A Deplorable Scarcity, 2002 The patterns described in the excerpt most directly foreshadowed which of the following developments? Choose 1 answer:
the continued dominance of northern manufacturing
For the means of finding new productive employments for capital, therefore, it is necessary that the great industrial countries should turn to countries which have not felt the pulse of modern progress. Such countries have yet to be equipped with the mechanism of production and of luxury, which has been created in the progressive countries by the savings of recent generations. . . . Existing commodities now imported from the interior of these countries at great cost will be swept on paths of steel to the seacoast with the result of reducing their cost, increasing their consumption, and benefitting at once both producer and purchaser." -Source: Charles A. Conant, North American Review, 1898 The ideas discussed in the excerpt led to which of the following political changes?
the creation of favorable trade agreements with Asian and Latin American countries
"In the end, the Ghost Dance offered believers, not an immediate and violent rejection of American governance, but an intense spiritual and emotional experience that facilitated their accommodation to American dominance in many areas of Indian life while simultaneously allowing them to seek out health and prosperity on Indian terms. The Ghost Dance, in other words, helped many believers accept conquest while strengthening their resolve to resist assimilation." -Source: Louis S. Warren, God's Red Son: The Ghost Dance Religion and the Making of Modern America, 2017 Which of the following contributed most directly to the trend described in the excerpt?
the creation of government policies forcing indigenous communities to relocate to reservations
"Whose voice was first sounded on this land? The voice of the red people, who had but bows and arrows. . . . What has been done in my country I did not want, did not ask for it; white people going through my country. . . . The white children have surrounded me and have left me nothing but an island. When we first had this land we were strong, now are melting like snow on the hillside, while you are grown like spring grass. . . . When the white man comes in my country he leaves a trail of blood behind him." -Source: Red Cloud (Mahipua Luta) of the Oglala Sioux, Report of the Board of Indian Commissioners, 1871 Which of the following developments contributed most directly to the conditions described in the excerpt
the creation of government policies that enabled western migration by white settlers
"Of the numerous other tariffs increased to protectionist levels after the war, the most abusive examples were the treatment of steel rails and nickel. In the case of steel rails, Congress changed the tariff in 1870 . . . to a specific duty based on weight, which came to $28 per ton. The effect of this change was astronomical due to new efficiencies then developing in the steel industry . . . which caused the price of steel to drop dramatically after 1870. . . . At a time of high demand for railroad materials in the late 1870s, during a period of explosive growth of rail lines, these domestic producers made out like bandits—or, more appropriately, robber barons—until the demand finally tapered off." -Source: C. Donald Johnson, historian, The Wealth of a Nation: A History of Trade Politics in America, 2018 The excerpt best illustrates which of the following developments?
the creation of government policies that supported US economic growth
"It is little more than four years ago since I was last in this then almost unknown, but now world-famous, oil region. In the comparatively brief interval that has elapsed everything but the geographic conformation of the country, everything but its mountains and rivers, has been changed. . . . "Take one instance. Corry, four years ago, was a poor farm where the thinly-scratched soil of cold clay land yielded so little that the whole place, buildings and all, might easily have been purchased at 8 or 10 dols. an acre. . . . I was at Corry the other night. It is a fine rough city of about 10,000 inhabitants. The Atlantic and Great Western Railway, which has opened it up, has its great depot there, and has made it the central exchange of petroleum. It has nearly twenty banks, two newspapers, and the city is now building a large opera-house. The quotations made on the oil exchange at Corry, whether of oil, gold, or breadstuffs, influence Wall-street, and have infinitely greater weight on the trade of the country than anything done throughout all of Pennsylvania. -Source: "The Oil Regions of Pennsylvania," The Money Market Review: A Weekly Commercial and Financial Journal, Volumes 10-11, 1865 The phenomena described in the excerpt is an example of which of the following developments in the 1860s and 1870s?
the creation of new commercial centers
"The rise of modern mass production required fundamental changes in the technology and organization of the processes of production. The basic organizational innovations were responses to the need to coordinate and control the high-volume throughput." -Source: Alfred D. Chandler, historian, The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business, 1977 Which of the following most likely contributed to the rise of "modern mass production" referred to in the excerpt?
the creation of new efficient technology
"The object is to accomplish a thorough and systematic organization among farmers, horticulturists, and those engaged in rural pursuits throughout the United States, that will secure among them intimate social relations and acquaintance with each other, for the advancement and elevation of their pursuits, with an appreciation of their true interests. By such means may be accomplished that which exists throughout the country in all other vocations and among all other classes — combined co-operative association for the individual improvement and common benefit." -Source: W. Scott Morgan, History of the Wheel and Alliance and the Impending Revolution, 1889 The excerpt best serves as evidence of which of the following trends during the 1870s and 1880s?
the creation of organizations aimed at connecting farmers at local and regional levels
"It is little more than four years ago since I was last in this then almost unknown, but now world-famous, oil region. In the comparatively brief interval that has elapsed everything but the geographic conformation of the country, everything but its mountains and rivers, has been changed. . . . "Take one instance. Corry, four years ago, was a poor farm where the thinly-scratched soil of cold clay land yielded so little that the whole place, buildings and all, might easily have been purchased at 8 or 10 dols. an acre. . . . I was at Corry the other night. It is a fine rough city of about 10,000 inhabitants. The Atlantic and Great Western Railway, which has opened it up, has its great depot there, and has made it the central exchange of petroleum. It has nearly twenty banks, two newspapers, and the city is now building a large opera-house. The quotations made on the oil exchange at Corry, whether of oil, gold, or breadstuffs, influence Wall-street, and have infinitely greater weight on the trade of the country than anything done throughout all of Pennsylvania. -Source: "The Oil Regions of Pennsylvania," The Money Market Review: A Weekly Commercial and Financial Journal, Volumes 10-11, 1865 Which of the following most directly contributed to the developments described in the excerpt?
the discovery of new minerals (didn't get full definition)
"[In] the hills and valleys round about, nature has stored those substances away with unequalled profusion. Besides placing a thick layer of excellent bituminous coal halfway up those winding heights, besides accumulating within them exhaustless supplies of iron, besides sinking under them unfathomable wells of oil and salt water, nature has coiled about their bases a system of navigable streams, all of which form themselves into two rivers, — the Allegheny and Monongahela, — and at Pittsburgh unite to form the Ohio, and give the city access to every port on earth. It is chiefly at Pittsburgh that the products of the Pennsylvania hills and mountains are converted into wealth and distributed over the world." -Source: James Parton, "Pittsburgh," Atlantic Monthly, 1868 The excerpt is best understood as a response to which of the following historical developments
the discovery of new natural resources to aid in the production process
"As America steadily became more urban and as real incomes rose, the share of food and clothing produced at home declined sharply, freeing some of the time previously engaged in household production. New types of processed food were invented, and many of today's name brands became commonplace in the last three decades of the nineteenth century." -Source: Robert J. Gordon, historian, The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living Since the Civil War, 2016 The excerpt best illustrates which of the following developments?
the effects of industrialization
"New machines transformed both woodworking and metal working, to say nothing of whole new generations of machine tools. The ancient art of spinning and weaving gave way to giant factories in which a handful of employees tended machines that could produce more in a day than could have been made in months by hand. Shoes and boots also benefited from new machines that boosted production and lowered prices. Power machinery also made possible affordable carpets, furniture, and other fixtures for homes. . . New or improved machines dramatically increased production in many areas." -Source: Maury Klein, The Genesis of Industrial America, 1870-1920, 2007 The excerpt best illustrates which of the following developments?
the effects of technological innovations on the mass production of goods
Cartoon showing Columbia stirring a bowl labeled "Citizenship" with a spoon labeled "Equal Rights". Figures representing many nations are in the bowl; a caricature of an Irish man jumps up yelling, waving a knife and a green flag. C.J. Taylor, "The Mortar of Assimilation and the One Element that won't mix," Wikimedia Commons, 1889. The image most directly reflects which of the following developments during the late nineteenth century?
the escalation in efforts to help immigrants adopt American culture and values
"The millionaires are a product of natural selection, acting on the whole body of men to pick out those who can meet the requirement of certain work to be done. In this respect, they are just like the great statesmen, or scientific men, or military men. It is because they are thus selected that wealth—both their own and that entrusted to them—aggregates under their hands. . . . They may fairly be regarded as the naturally selected agents of society for certain work." -Source: William Graham Sumner, The Challenge of Facts: and Other Essays, 1914 Arguments similar to those expressed in the excerpt were employed earlier to oppose which of the following?
the establishment of government programs to aid the poor
"There is no room in this country for hyphenated Americanism. When I refer to hyphenated Americans, I do not refer to naturalized Americans. Some of the very best Americans I have ever known were naturalized Americans, Americans born abroad. But a hyphenated American is not an American at all. This is just as true of the man who puts 'native' before the hyphen as of the man who puts German or Irish or English or French before the hyphen. Americanism is a matter of the spirit and of the soul. Our allegiance must be purely to the United States." -Source: Theodore Roosevelt, in an address delivered before the Knights of Columbus, 1915 Based on the excerpt, Roosevelt would also be most likely to support which of the following?
the establishment of settlement houses
Political cartoon showing an overseer whipping an enslaved man in one panel and a factory owner with a stopwatch glaring at a young woman as she enters a factory in the other panel. The caption reads: "Uncle Sam stopped this horror more than forty years ago. Now he is grappling with this shocking evil of child mines, factories and sweat shops." The image most closely reflects which of the following developments in the political climate in the United States?
the expansion of the industrial workforce to include children
Which of the following best describes the overall demographic trend shown in the table?
the expansion of the workforce because of massive industrialization
"'What can labor do for itself?' The answer is not difficult. Labor can organize, it can unify, it can consolidate its forces. This done, it can demand and command. Such are the possible and the practical things labor can do, is doing, and will continue to do until constitutions and courts and laws based upon principles of eternal justice, make no distinction in dealing with the people." -Eugene V. Debs, Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen's Magazine, 1893 The excerpt provided is best understood in the context of which of the following?
the growing tension between employees and employers over wages and working conditions
"The inequality between the millionaire capitalist and his [employee] on the verge of pauperism, on the verge of starvation is greater than the difference between the millionaire and his wife, and the [employee] and his wife. The mere demand for equality of the sexes is fine as far as it goes, but to make the working woman the mere equal of the working man in these days of wage reductions, lock-outs, short-time. . . and the rest of the workingman's hardships, is a task which will not arouse much enthusiasm among thinking people. . . . In the absence of a program, the first principle of suffragists that occurs to one's mind is always equality of the sexes. But, at present, the inequality of men among themselves is so frightful that to make each woman (rich or poor) merely equal to the men of her family, or her class, is to leave the sum total of inequality now cursing society almost unchanged." -Source: Florence Kelley, in a letter to Clara Berwick Colby, 1885 Which of the following issues of the period was the author most likely concerned with in the excerpt?
the growing wage gap between the rich and the poor
the growth of a distinctive middle classSource: Comparative Occupation Statistics, 1870-1930, Census Bureau, The main trend shown in the graph was most directly associated with which of the following processes occurring in the late nineteenth century?
the growth of a distinctive middle class
"New machines transformed both woodworking and metal working, to say nothing of whole new generations of machine tools. The ancient art of spinning and weaving gave way to giant factories in which a handful of employees tended machines that could produce more in a day than could have been made in months by hand. Shoes and boots also benefited from new machines that boosted production and lowered prices. Power machinery also made possible affordable carpets, furniture, and other fixtures for homes. . . New or improved machines dramatically increased production in many areas." -Source: Maury Klein, The Genesis of Industrial America, 1870-1920, 2007 Which of the following earlier trends was most similar to the pattern described in the excerpt?
the increase in innovations that improved the efficiency of production methods in the early 1800s
"There is no room in this country for hyphenated Americanism. When I refer to hyphenated Americans, I do not refer to naturalized Americans. Some of the very best Americans I have ever known were naturalized Americans, Americans born abroad. But a hyphenated American is not an American at all. This is just as true of the man who puts 'native' before the hyphen as of the man who puts German or Irish or English or French before the hyphen. Americanism is a matter of the spirit and of the soul. Our allegiance must be purely to the United States." -Source: Theodore Roosevelt, in an address delivered before the Knights of Columbus, 1915 The excerpt best serves as evidence of which of the following trends during the Gilded Age and Progressive Era?
the increase in public debates over the assimilation of immigrants
"The present year witnesses the completion of the most important enterprise of the kind ever executed in any country— a line of railroad from the Missouri River across the Continent, and with connecting lines from the Atlantic to Pacific Ocean. . . . the influence of these works . . . upon the commerce and welfare of this country must be immense. A vast commerce, yet in its infancy, already exists between the two shores of the Continent." -Source: Henry Varnum Poor, Manual of the Railroads of the United States, 1869-1870, 1889 The events discussed in the excerpt led to which of the following economic changes?
the opening of new markets in North America
"In whatever direction we look in any section of our vast republic, we find prodigious combinations of railway capital actually perfected, or progressing rapidly toward complete absorption of all smaller lines. This tendency to consolidation is irresistible. The economic advantages are so great, the temptations to vast profits are so incalculable, and the allurements to ambitious and able men afforded by the control of these mighty social machines are so enticing, that the movement must go forward." -Source: George Henry Lewis, National Consolidation of the Railways of the United States, 1893 Which of the following issues of the period was the author most likely concerned with in the excerpt?
the practice of business owners who acquired smaller businesses to create bigger ones
Political cartoon showing an overseer whipping an enslaved man in one panel and a factory owner with a stopwatch glaring at a young woman as she enters a factory in the other panel. The caption reads: "Uncle Sam stopped this horror more than forty years ago. Now he is grappling with this shocking evil of child mines, factories and sweat shops." The image was created most directly in response to which of the following?
the practice of using children as factory workers
"Of the numerous other tariffs increased to protectionist levels after the war, the most abusive examples were the treatment of steel rails and nickel. In the case of steel rails, Congress changed the tariff in 1870 . . . to a specific duty based on weight, which came to $28 per ton. The effect of this change was astronomical due to new efficiencies then developing in the steel industry . . . which caused the price of steel to drop dramatically after 1870. . . . At a time of high demand for railroad materials in the late 1870s, during a period of explosive growth of rail lines, these domestic producers made out like bandits—or, more appropriately, robber barons—until the demand finally tapered off." -Source: C. Donald Johnson, historian, The Wealth of a Nation: A History of Trade Politics in America, 2018 The developments described in the excerpt most directly reflect which of the following changes in the late nineteenth century?
the rapid economic development brought on by pro-growth government policies
"Hereafter no Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty. Provided, further, that nothing herein contained shall be construed to invalidate or impair the obligation of any treaty heretofore lawfully made and ratified with any such Indian nation or tribe." -Source: excerpt from the Indian Appropriation Act, 1871 Which of the following was the most immediate result of the law excerpted
the removal of indigenous peoples from desirable lands and relocation to reservations
Cartoon showing Columbia stirring a bowl labeled "Citizenship" with a spoon labeled "Equal Rights". Figures representing many nations are in the bowl; a caricature of an Irish man jumps up yelling, waving a knife and a green flag. C.J. Taylor, "The Mortar of Assimilation and the One Element that won't mix," Wikimedia Commons, 1889. Which of the following changes to the United States during the late nineteenth century most directly contributed to the development depicted in the image?
the rise in immigration from European countries like Ireland and Italy
"The foreign-born residents of Chicago and of other large cities of the country tend to segregate themselves in separate national groups where, in churches and schools, and in social, fraternal, and national organizations, the speech, the ideals, and to some extent the manner of life of the mother country are zealously preserved and guarded. . . . These children are held in a sense to a double standard; they are inevitably drawn to the American manners and customs which they meet in the school, on the street, and in the factory, while in their own homes the old European standards of life are maintained." -Source: Edith Abbott and Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge, "Chapter 3: The Child of the Immigrant," The Delinquent Child and the Home, 1917 The excerpt provided is best understood in the context of which of the following?
the rise in immigration from southern and eastern Europe
"The object is to accomplish a thorough and systematic organization among farmers, horticulturists, and those engaged in rural pursuits throughout the United States, that will secure among them intimate social relations and acquaintance with each other, for the advancement and elevation of their pursuits, with an appreciation of their true interests. By such means may be accomplished that which exists throughout the country in all other vocations and among all other classes — combined co-operative association for the individual improvement and common benefit." -Source: W. Scott Morgan, History of the Wheel and Alliance and the Impending Revolution, 1889 The excerpt is best understood as a response to which of the following historical developments?
the rise in sales of crops to national and international agricultural markets
The major trend depicted in the table most directly reflects which of the following developments in the United States in the late nineteenth century?
the rise in urbanization
"We want eight hours and nothing less. We have been accused of being selfish, and it has been said that we will want more; that last year we got an advance of ten cents and now we want more. We do want more. . . . "In the age of electricity and steam that has produced wealth a hundred fold, we insist that it has been brought about by the intelligence and energy of the workingmen, and while we find that is now easier to produce it is harder to live. We do want more, and when it becomes more, we shall still want more. And we shall never cease to demand more until we have received the results of our labor." Samuel Gompers, "Eights Hours and Nothing Less," 1890 The remarks in the excerpt were most likely given in response to which of the following?
the rise of local and national labor organizations
"As America steadily became more urban and as real incomes rose, the share of food and clothing produced at home declined sharply, freeing some of the time previously engaged in household production. New types of processed food were invented, and many of today's name brands became commonplace in the last three decades of the nineteenth century." -Source: Robert J. Gordon, historian, The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living Since the Civil War, 2016 Which of the following is one important continuity in American life in the United States throughout the Gilded Age?
the standard of living improved
"It seemed to me that Hull-House ought to be able to devise some educational enterprise, which should build a bridge between European and American experiences in such wise as to give them both more meaning and a sense of relation. I meditated that perhaps the power to see life as a whole is more needed in the immigrant quarter of a large city than anywhere else, and that the lack of power is the most fruitful source of misunderstanding between European immigrants and their children, as it is between them and their American neighbors: and why should that chasm between fathers and sons, yawning at the feet of each generation, be made so unnecessarily cruel and impassable to these bewildered immigrants?" -Source: Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull-House: With Autobiographical Notes, 1912 According to the author, what was the purpose of settlement houses?
to help immigrants adopt US culture and the English language
"The rise of modern mass production required fundamental changes in the technology and organization of the processes of production. The basic organizational innovations were responses to the need to coordinate and control the high-volume throughput." -Source: Alfred D. Chandler, historian, The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business, 1977 One major change in American factories from 1850 to 1900 was the:
use of bureaucratic management structures in factories.
"Whose voice was first sounded on this land? The voice of the red people, who had but bows and arrows. . . . What has been done in my country I did not want, did not ask for it; white people going through my country. . . . The white children have surrounded me and have left me nothing but an island. When we first had this land we were strong, now are melting like snow on the hillside, while you are grown like spring grass. . . . When the white man comes in my country he leaves a trail of blood behind him." -Source: Red Cloud (Mahipua Luta) of the Oglala Sioux, Report of the Board of Indian Commissioners, 1871 The remarks in the excerpt were most likely given in response to which of the following?
violent conflicts between indigenous communities and white settlers over land and resources
