Unit 6 Learning
How does classical conditioning occur?
Classical conditioning occurs when an organism learns to associate a neutral stimulus which becomes a conditioned stimulus with and unconditioned response that becomes a conditioned response. After being exposed to unconditioned stimulus that causes an unconditioned response to begin with.
What is cognitive learning?
Cognitive learning is learning of mental processes and has less to do with physical learning behaviors.
Does conditioning affect emotions?
Conditioning affects emotions by helping people complete tasks and adjust behavior which can make them happier.
How does conditioning apply to practical problems?
Conditioning can be a lot like creating a habit which can help people do things every day, like drink more water, exercise or brush their teeth.
What factors and conditions influence the different kinds of learning?
Culture, location, expectations, environment, and attention can influence how well and what people learn.
How are people influenced by patterns of reward?
Different patterns of reward can influence how often and well people can perform that behavior. The best pattern of reward
How can the types of learning help people address behavioral problems?
Each type of learning can influence how people behave. Conditioning someone to learn a behavior, operant conditioning can help get rid of unwanted behaviors.
How does operant conditioning occur?
It occurs when organisms learn to associate a certain behavior with a consequence.
What is learning?
Learning is an almost permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experiential processes.
How does biology influence learning?
Organisms can only learn things that they are capable of, you can't teach a bird to throw a ball.
What does punishment do to behavior?
Punishment decreases an unwanted behavior
What are the different kinds of operant reinforcement?
There is positive reinforcement which increases a behavior with a positive stimulus, and negative reinforcement which takes away a bad stimulus and increases behavior.
Law of Effect
Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
Does learning occur by imitation?
Yes, observational learning can occur through imitation of another person
Superstitious Behavior
a behavior that occurs around the same time as the desired behavior that the subject begins to associate this behavior with the desired reward
Response
a behavior that was the result of a stimulus
Robert Rescorla
a behavioral neuroscientists who tested rat's responses to stimuli and studied predictive values
Intrinsic Motivation
a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
Extrinsic Motivation
a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
Cognitive Map
a mental representation of the layout of one's environment
Successive Approximations
a method of shaping behavior where behavior similar to the desired behavior is rewarded in order to get to the desired behavior
Schedules of Reinforcement
a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced
Stimulus Control
a phenomenon that occurs when an organism behaves one way in the presence of a stimulus and another way when it is gone
Higher-Order (second-order) Conditioning
a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus is one conditioning experience is paired with a new neural stimulus, creating a second, often weaker, conditioned stimulus
Conditioned Reinforcer
a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as secondary reinforcer
Insight Learning
a sudden realization of a problem's solution
Biofeedback
a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension
Instrumental Learning
a theory that assumes that you can teach humans things by conditioning them with consequences
Behavioral Contract
a therapeutic technique where a client signs a contract that allow for certain consequences are given for identified behavior
Phobia
a type of anxiety disorder, a strong irrational fear of something that poses no actual threat
Operant Conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
Classical Conditioning
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
Drill and Practice
a type of learning that uses disciplined and repetitious exercise to perfect a skill
Coping
alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods
Secondary Reinforcer
also known as a conditioned reinforcer
Consequences
an action or response that follows the behavior
Negative Attention-Seeking
an attempt to become the center of attention to gain validation
Punishment
an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows
Primary Reinforcer
an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
Reflex
an involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus
Shaping
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
Habituate
an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it
Punisher
any consequence that decreases the frequency of a preceding behavior
Operant Reinforcer
anything that increases a behavior
Emotion-Focused Coping
attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction
Problem-Focused Coping
attempting to alleviate stress directly, by changing the stressor or the way we interact with the stressor
Social Reinforcer
attention or praise from others to reinforce behavior
Respondent Behavior
behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
Operant Behavior
behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
Token Economy
giving a reward when someone completes a desired task
Conditioned Response (CR)
in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits not response before conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally and automatically, triggers a response
Acquisition
in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
Unconditioned Response (UR)
in classical conditioning, an unlearned naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus
Operant Chamber
in operant conditioning, a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer
Fixed Interval Schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforced a response only after a specified time has elapsed
Variable Interval Schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
Variable Ratio Schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
Discriminative Stimulus
in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement
Reinforcer/Reinforcement
in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the event it follows
Fixed Ratio Schedule
in operant conditioning, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned response to elicit similar responses
Negative Reinforcement
increases behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli; a negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response
Positive Reinforcement
increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers, any stimulus that when presented after a response, strengthens the response
Observational Learning
learning by observing others, also called social learning
Associative Learning
learning that certain events occur together
Latent Learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Chaining
method of teaching that connects sequences of behaviors together to form a terminal behavior
Learned Taste Aversion (Garcia Effect)
once a negative consequence (vomiting, bad taste) is associated with a food/drink the animal/person will. begin to avoid that food/drink because of a survival instinct against poison
Skinner Box
operant chamber where animals manipulate bars/levers to obtain reinforcers
Expectancy
proposes that individuals behave/act in a certain way because they are motivated to choose one behavior over another because of what they expect the end result to be
Respondent Reinforcement
reinforcement that elicits a natural bodily response
Partial (intermittent) Reinforcement
reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
John Garcia
researched taste aversion in rats
Albert Bandura
studied observational learning with his Bobo Doll experiment
Ivan Pavlov
studied/coined classical conditioning with his experiment on dogs where he conditioned them to salivate at the sound of a bell
Stimulus Discrimination (CC and OC)
the ability of organisms to discriminate between similar stimuli
Self-Control
the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards
Cognitive Learning
the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language
Extinction (CC and OC)
the diminishing of a conditioned response, occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced
Learned Helplessness
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
Stimulus Generalization (CC and OC)
the inability of organisms to discriminate between similar stimuli
External Locus of Control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
Internal Locus of Control
the perception that you control your own fate
Learning
the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors
Modeling
the process of observing and imitating another behavior
Feedback
the process of receiving input from the environment based upon the actions or output of the system
Spontaneous Recovery (CC and OC)
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
Desensitization
the reduction of responsiveness to a certain stimulus
Escape Learning
the subject learns a behavior that terminates an aversive stimulus
Instinctive Drift
the tendency of some animals to revert back to instinctual behaviors
Generalized Reinforcers
the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned response to elicit similar responses
Behaviorism
the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes, most research psychologists today agree that it should be objective, but not that it should not study mental processes
Omission Training (Negative Punishment)
this takes away a rewarding stimulus to decrease behavior (taking away someone's phone when they don't do their chores)
Aversive Conditioning
using unpleasant stimuli to stop unwanted behavior
Antecedents
what is happening right before the behavior occurs
Avoidance Learning
when an organism learns to avoid a behavior in order to not get an unpleasant stimulus/punishment
Vicarious Reinforcement
when watching a model do something, we have this behavior reinforced for us too
