Unit 6: The Industrial Revolution

What was the main motive for universal education?

To create better educated voters

What is the laissez-faire policy?

a policy that let owners of industry set working conditions without government interference

What are examples of reform movements?

abolition of slavery public education women's rights

!9th century socialists argued that government should

actively plan the economy

This is an economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit

capitalism

Why did coal production expand greatly during the Industrial Revolution?

coal was needed to produce iron and to run steam engines

What economic system is Karl Marx most closely associated?

communism

The social change brought about by the Industrial Revolution was evident in the

emergence of the middle class and the working class

in the 19th century, collective bargaining was carried out between

employers and employees

What caused both migration to the cities and higher survival rates of city dwellers?

factories and public sanitation

When the trade union movement began in Britain, the strike was an illegal action taken against

factory owners by union workers

The advanced industrial core of Europe depended on non-industrial, agricultural countries of Europe for what?

food and raw materials

In the 19th century, people's lives became more clearly divided into periods of work and leisure as a result of what?

industrialization

What are the 3 Factors of Production?

land, labor, capital

What improved as a result of the Industrial Revolution?

living conditions for the average worker educational opportunities affordability of consumer goods

Why did Great Britain lead the way in the Industrial Revolution?

lot of money and natural resources

Miserable living conditions occurred in cities because of

no development plans no building codes no sanitation codes

How did many workers react to poor working conditions?

organizing to pass laws or make reforms

According to Karl Marx, the ____, or working class, was oppressed by the middle class.

proletariat

Industrialization spread rapidly in both Europe and the US thanks to what?

railroads

In the Second Industrial Revolution, what innovations opened up new industrial frontiers?

steel, chemicals, electricity, petroleum

Problems associated with rapid urbanization included

substandard housing and poor sanitation

The spread of the factory system resulted in

the movement away from the cottage industry increased exports of British cotton goods the need for different sources of power

Why did steel, electricity, chemicals, and petroleum take the place of textiles, railroads, iron, and coal in making the Second Industrial Revolution successful?

they were needed to make businesses more productive

What did William Wilberforce fight for in the 1800s?

to abolish slavery and the slave trade

The Industrial Revolution started in Britain partly because its rivers provided what?

transportation and power

What is the name for the voluntary associations of workers seeking labor reforms?

unions

What is the switch from primarily rural living to city living called?

urbanization

How did the philosophy of laissez-faire economics influence early industrialists?

with ideas of a free-market economy governed by natural laws, not government regulations

During the late 19th century, what did working-class women in Europe do to begin to change their status?

worked outside the home

The factory created a new labor system in which

workers had to work regular hours and perform repetitive tasks

How did the railroads guarantee the success of the Industrial Revolution?

Goods could be moved faster from the factories to the places they would be sold

What are positive aspects of industrialization?

Increased a nation's wealth increased the production of goods created jobs for workers

How did the Industrial Revolution affect cities?

It made the population grow faster than the housing supply

What was a benefit of the railroad in Britain?

It offered cheap transportation for materials and goods

The class of society in Europe that believed strongly in hard work and outward appearances was the

Middle Class

How did the impact of worldwide industrialization effect the relationships between industrialized nations and non-industrialized nations?

Non-industrialized countries were used to supply raw materials and food to industrialized countries

What was the first industry to undergo industrialization?

Textiles

What is the Industrial Revolution?

The greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England in the middle 1700s

What is true of the working class during the Industrial Revolution?

Came mostly from farm population lived in tenement houses whole families worked in factories