unit 7: FDR New Deal and Response to Great Depression
Social Security Administration (SSA)
A branch of the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services which provides benefits for retirement, survivors. insurance, disability, health insurance, and death.
Bracero program
United States labor agents recruited thousands of farm and railroad workers from Mexico. The program stimulated emigration for Mexico.
World War II
War fought from 1939 to 1945 between the Allies and the Axis, involving most countries in the world. The United States joined the Allies in 1941, helping them to victory.
Alphabet Soup Programs
nickname for FDR's public works programs designed to put people back to work and relieve the depression.
Indian New Deal (1934) indian Reorganization Act "Termination" policy
1930's legislation that gave Indians greater control of their own affairs and provided further funding for schools and hospitals.
Abandonment of gold standard
1933 -- executive order by FDR making it easier for money to get into circulation. Reconstruction Finance Corporation set new value of gold.
First New Deal
1933-1934 *First phase of FDR's domestic reform program *Aimed to provide recovery and relief through public works, business and agricultural regulation, and stabilizing prices *Agencies such as the Agricultural Adjustment Admin., Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Civilian Conservation Corps, and National Recovery Admin. were founded *Economy improved to a degree as unemployment decreased *Criticized by conservatives for going too far in the use of deficit spending and for spending on relief *Attacked by liberals for being in favor of business
Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC)
1934 - Created to supervise stock exchanges and to punish fraud in securities trading.
Wagner Act
1935, also National Labor Relations Act; granted rights to unions; allowed collective bargaining
Butler v. U.S., 1936
1936 a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the processing taxes instituted under the 1933 Agricultural Adjustment Act were unconstitutional.
March on Washington movement
1941- billions of federal dollars were flowing into the war industry jobs and blacks knew they would receive very little of these jobs and so they were planning on marching in Washington to protest. FDR expected riots so he promised them equal opportunity if they didn't march
Korematsu v. U.S.
1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 2 each survivor
Executive Order 9066
2/19/42; 112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into camps causing loss of homes & businesses, 600K more renounced citizenship; demonstrated fear of Japanese invasion
Franklin D. Roosevelt
32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII
Father Charles Coughlin
A Catholic priest from Michigan who was critical of FDR on his radio show. His radio show morphed into being severly against Jews during WWII and he was eventually kicked off the air, however before his fascist (?) rants, he was wildly popular among those who opposed FDR's New Deal.
Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)
A New Deal program designed to raise agricultural prices by paying farmers not to farm. It was based on the assumption that higher prices would increase farmers' purchasing power and thereby help alleviate the Great Depression.
Harry Hopkins
A New York social worker who headed the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and Civil Works Administration. He helped grant over 3 billion dollars to the states wages for work projects, and granted thousands of jobs for jobless Americans.
Marian Anderson
A famous African American concert singer who had her first performance in 1935, dazzling the audience and launching herself into fame. The next year she performed at the White House by presidential invitation, and performed on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial when the Daughters of the American Revolution refused to let her rent Constitution Hall (Eleanor Roosevelt and several others resigned after this decision).
Federal Housing Administration (FHA)
A federal agency established in 1943 to increase home ownership by providing an insurance program to safeguard the lender against the risk of nonpayment. Currently part of HUD.
Emergency Banking Act
A government legislation passed during the depression that dealt with the bank problem. The act allowed a plan which would close down insolvent banks and reorganize and reopen those banks strong enough to survive.
Welfare state
A government that undertakes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens through programs in public health and public housing and pensions and unemployment compensation etc.
Rosie the Riveter
A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.
Schecter Poultry v. U.S., 1935
Also nicknamed the "sick chicken case" in which the NRA is ruled unconstitutional because they were setting out fair competition codes which was really the executive branch writing the codes and implementing them as policy but only Congress had the power to regulate interstate commerce.
Huey Long
As senator in 1932 of Washington preached his "Share Our Wealth" programs. It was a 100% tax on all annual incomes over $1 million and appropriation of all fortunes in excess of $5 million. With this money Long proposed to give every American family a comfortable income, etc; "Kingfish" Rep. senator of LA; pushed "Share Our Wealth" program and make "Every Man a King' at the expense of the wealthy; assassinated;
minimum wage laws
Beginning in March 1937, the Court suddenly revealed a new willingness to support economic regulation by both the federal government and the states. It upheld a minimum wage law of the state of Washington similar to the New York measure it had declared unconstitutional a year earlier.
A. Philip Randolph
Black leader, who threatens a march to end discrimination in the work place; Roosevelt gives in with companies that get federal grants.
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Bombing of Pearl Harbor in Hawaii by Japan on December 7, 1941. The Japanese were hoping to cripple the American fleet, which had been enforcing Embargo, which denied Japan the raw materials it needed to increase their power and this attack failed leading to Japan's defeat.
Election of 1932
Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, beat the Republican, Herbert Hoover, who was running for reelection. FDR promised relief for the unemployed, help for farmers, and a balanced budget; Hoover vs. FDR; two competing ideologies - laissez faire vs. government intervention
Creeping Socialism
Eisenhower's idea that the government was regulating too many things in business which was mostly a result of FDR's New Deal programs which led to his laissez faire policy
John Maynard Keynes
English economist who advocated the use of government monetary and fiscal policy to maintain full employment without inflation (1883-1946)
Hundred Days Congress
FDR began sending bill after bill to Congress. Between March 9 and June 16, 1933 which came to be called the HUNDRED DAYS. Congress passed 15 major acts to meet the economic crisis setting a pace for new legislation that has never been equaled. Later became known as 1st New Deal.
National Recovery Administration (NRA)
Government agency that was part of the New Deal and dealt with the industrial sector of the economy. It allowed industries to create fair competition which were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours.
Black Cabinet
Group of African Americans FDR appointed to key government positions; served as unofficial advisors to the president.
Wendell Willkie
He led the opposition of utilities companies to competition from the federally funded Tennessee Valley Authority. His criticism of Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt led to his dark-horse victory at the 1940 Republican Party presidential convention. After a vigorous campaign, he won only 10 states but received more than 22 million popular votes, the largest number received by a Republican to that time.
John Lewis
He was a miner known for creating the United Mine Workers. He helped found the CIO and was responsible for the Fair Labor Standards Act.
Second Bill of Rights (Economic Bill of Rights)
His remedy was to declare an "economic bill of rights" to guarantee these specific rights: Employment (right to work), food, clothing and leisure with enough income to support them. Farmers' rights to a fair income. Freedom from unfair competition and monopolies.
Executive Order 8802
In 1941 FDR passed it which prohibited discriminatory employment practices by fed agencies and all unions and companies engaged in war related work. It established the Fair Employment Practices Commission to enforce the new policy.
Recession of 1937
In the winter of 1937 the economy went into recession again. The new Social Security tax had reduced consumer spending and at the same time Roosevelt had cut back government spending in hopes of balancing the budget. (p. 511)
What were consequences of the stock market crash of 1929?
It led to a widespread panic that deepened the economic crisis. -It drove Americans to place all their available cash in banks to ensure its safety. -It caused the Great Depression.
Wage controls
Legislation that determines the minimum that can be paid for wages (price floor)
Brain trust
Many of the advisers who helped Roosevelt during his presidential candidacy continued to aid him after he entered the White House. A newspaperman once described the group as "Roosevelt's Brain Trust." They were more influential than the Cabinet.
Works Progress Administration (WPA)
New Deal agency that helped create jobs for those that needed them. It created around 9 million jobs working on bridges, roads, and buildings.
How effective was the New Deal in advancing labor rights and civil rights?
New Deal labor laws gave unions greater power to organize and negotiate with employers. As a result, unions grew in size and joined with other groups in the New Deal coalition.
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
New Deal program that hired unemployed men to work on natural conservation projects
Resettlement Administration (RA)
RELIEF under Brain Trust, Rexford Tugwell, provided loans to sharecroppers, tenants, and small farmers. It also established federal camps where migrant workers could find decent housing.
FDR's First Inaugural Address ("The only thing we have to fear is fear itself")
Roosevelt set about to prepare the nation to accept expansion of federal power. Roosevelt recognized that the programs he was about to introduce for congressional legislative action to relieve the dire effects of the Great Depression were unprecedented in peacetime.
Election of 1940
Rossevelt (dem) vs. Wendell Wilkie (rep), Roosevelt wins ; FDR had to declare that he would not send Americans to war in order to win ; greatly plagued the years before WWII ; won in a landslide ; first time a president was elected for a third term
Artificial scarcity
Strategy employed by the media industries designed to control the availability of media texts in the hopes that demand will increase if the product is not readily available
To what extent did Republican economic policies of the 1920s contrast with the progressive policies of the 1900s and 1910s?
The 1920s is the decade when America's economy grew 42%. Mass production spread new consumer goods into every household. The modern auto and airline industries were born. The U.S. victory in World War I gave the country its first experience of being a global power.; policy went back to "good old days" unregulated capitalism
How did the 1920s expose tensions between new and changing attitudes on the one hand and traditional values and nostalgia on the other?
The 1920s were a period of overall change between the traditional values and thenew ways. Many such changes led to growing tension between the old and the new.One of the biggest changes in the 1920s was the beginning shift from traditionalfundamentalism to a modern fundamentalism. Before the '20s schools taught the Bibleand Christianity's principles were stressed but in 1925 John Scopes, a substitute biologyteacher was put on trial for teaching the theory of evolution (Doc B). Though Scopes wasfound guilty, it still began the gradual shift away from creationism in school and back towards the separation of church and state. This led to tensions because it was a shiftaway from religious education. That was unheard of in that day.Another change that created tension between the old and new was the formationof a second Klu Klux Klan (Doc C). Much like the first KKK, this organization was anti-Semite, anti-Negro, and not anti-Immigrant. Much tension was created because theUnited States had almost completely open borders, freedom of religion and black were inhigher position of society. With another KKK around terror was being created once againand it had taken quite a while for things to settle down after the first KKK had
Flint GM sit-down strike
The 1936-1937 Flint sit-down strike, also known as the General Motors sit-down strike, the great GM sit-down strike, and so on, was a sitdown strike at the General Motors plant in Flint, Michigan, United States. It changed the United Automobile Workers (UAW) from a collection of isolated local unions on the fringes of the industry into a major labor union, and led to the unionization of the domestic automobile industry.
Congress of Industrial Organizers (cio)
The Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), established in the mid-1930s, organized large numbers of Black workers into labour unions for the first time. By 1940 there were more than 200,000 African Americans in the CIO, many of them officers of union locals.
Federal Theater Project (FTP)
The Federal Theatre Project was a theatre program established during the Great Depression as part of the New Deal to fund live artistic performances and entertainment programs in the United States
Tariff reductions
The Reciprocal Tariff Act (enacted June 12, 1934, ch. ... The Act served as an institutional reform intended to authorize the president to negotiate with foreign nations to reduce tariffs in return for reciprocal reductions in tariffs in the United States up to 50%. It resulted in a reduction of duties.
Bonus Bill
The World War Adjusted Compensation Act of 1924, popularly known as the "Bonus Act," promised veterans compensation for wages lost during their World War I service. Payments, however, were not going to be issued until 1945.
New Deal Democratic Coalition
The alignment of interest groups and voting blocs that supported the New Deal and voted for Democratic presidential candidates from 1932 until approximately 1968, making the Democratic Party the majority party during that period.
United Auto Workers (UAW)
This group was officially recognized after the Congress of Industrial Organizations organized a "sit-down strike" of assembly line employees in the General Motors plant in Flint, Michigan, in 1937. When the government refused to intervene between labor and management, the companies reluctantly went to the bargaining table and recognized this group as an official party with which to negotiate contracts. The group did not fare as well at the Ford plant, however, as they were driven away violently before they could strike.
United Mine Workers (UMW)
This union was created by militant leader John L. Lewis in 1890; its methods, based on his stands on increases in pay, safer working conditions, and political stands, reflect Lewis' military style. In 1935 it had about 250,000 members out of which Lewis co-founded the CIO.
Relief, recovery, reform
Three components of the New Deal. The first "R" was the effort to help the one-third of the population that was hardest hit by the depression, & included social security and unemployment insurance. The second "R" was the effort in numerous programs to restore the economy to normal health, achieved by 1937. Finally, the third "R" let government intervention stabilize the economy by balancing the interests of farmers, business and labor. There was no major anti-trust program.
Frances Perkins
U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet.
Francis Townshend
a doctor who attracted millions of senior citizens with his plan that each citzen over the age of 60 would recieve $200 a month
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)
a law enacted in 1933 to establish codes of fair practice for industries and to promote industrial growth
Second New Deal
a new set of programs in the spring of 1935 including additional banking reforms, new tax laws, new relief programs; also known as the Second Hundred Days.
Demagogues
a political leader who seeks support by appealing to popular desires and prejudices rather than by using rational argument.
Living wage
a wage that enables workers to support a decent life for themselves and their families
National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)
an agency created in 1935 to prevent unfair labor practices and to mediate disputes between workers and management
(Bank holiday)
closed all banks until gov. examiners could investigate their financial condition; only sound/solvent banks were allowed to reopen
Deficit spending
government spending, in excess of revenue, of funds raised by borrowing rather than from taxation.
Price controls
government-imposed limits on the prices that producers may charge in the market
Fireside chats
informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people
How did the New Deal attempt to address the causes and effects of the Great Depression?
large public works projects helped provide jobs to unemployed, new gov't agencies gave financial help to buisenesses grams, large amounts of money were spent on welfare and relief programs
What caused the stock market crash of 1929?
middle-income people bought stocks on margin; unusually high stock prices caused investors to begin selling stocks; stock prices began to fall and panic resulted; everyone wanted to sell stocks and no one wanted to buy; prices plunged to a new low
Farm subsidies
paying farmers not to grow certain crops so as to reduce supply and increase price
Share Our Wealth
radical relief program proposed by Senator Huey Long in the 1930s to empower the government to seize wealth from the rich through taxes and provide a guaranteed minimum income and home to every American family
What impact did the New Deal have on the role of the federal government?
t expanded the powers of the federal gov't by establishing regulatory bodies & laying the foundation of a social welfare system. In the future the gov't would regulate business & provide social welfare programs to avoid social & economic problems.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
the government agency that insures customer deposits if a bank fails
Full employment
the level of employment reached when there is no cyclical unemployment
Populism
the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite
Racial segregation
the separation of humans into ethnic or racial groups in daily life. Generally applies to activities such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a public toilet, attending school, going to the movies, riding on a bus, or in the rental or purchase of a home.
Redistribution of wealth
the shifting of wealth from a rich minority to a poor majority
National Debt
the total amount of money that a country's government has borrowed, by various means.
"Talking newspapers"
these "talking newspapers" provided many people with their first pictures of distant places and famous people, including the president. FDR made it a practice to have some of his radio addresses filmed for newsreel use, repeating highlights that he wanted seen in the theaters for the newsreel cameras after he finished his broadcasts. These filmed messages had the effect of reinforcing what the audience had heard on the radio and permitting the White House further control of the message that reached the public
Eleanor Roosevelt
FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women
Court packing scandal
FDR's failed attempt to fill the Supreme Court with his supporters after several New Deal agencies were judged unconstitutional.
Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)
Federal law that establishes a minimum wage and requirements for overtime pay and child labor
John Collier
Head of the Bureau of Indian Affairs who introduced the Indian New Deal and pushed congress to pass Indian Reorganization Act
Public Works Administration (PWA)
Helped construction workers get jobs doing public projects (highways, bridges, sewers)
Farm Security Administration (FSA)
loaned more than $1 billion to help tenant farmers become landholders and established camps for migrant farm workers, who had traditionally lived in squalid housing
Glass-Steagall Act
(Banking Act of 1933) - Established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and included banking reforms, some designed to control speculation. Repealed in 1999, opening the door to scandals involving banks and stock investment companies.
20th Amendment
(FDR) , change of dates for start of presidential/congressional terms
21st Amendment
Repeal of Prohibition
Rexford Tugwell
was an agricultural economist who became part of Franklin D. Roosevelt's first "Brain Trust"