Unit 7 Part 1:Early Modern Age: Renaissance and Reformation

Catholic Reformation

(aka Counter Reformation) Restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation; The church clarified doctrines and instituted a program for better training of priests. The church established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs *Ignatius of Loyola created religious order: Jesuits *Pope supported reformation 1) investigate indulgences 2) approved Jesuits 3) sought dissenters (people who disagreed with the Church) 4) Held Council of Trent

95 Theses

*Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. *Stand against Johann Tatzel-(selling indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peters in Rome and buying indulgences as away into Heaven) *Martin Luther wrote theses attacking indulgences *Posted on the door of a church(someone printed theses)

Germany at war

*Charles V and Pope declared war on Protestant princes; *lasted 2 decades, *ended with Peace of Augsburg; *Protestants(Northern Princes) and Catholics(Pope and Charles V)

Counter Reformation short term effect

*Council of Trent

Renaissance short term effect

*Florence global leader *renewed interest in classical culture of Ancient Greece and Rome

Who follows Luther?

*German Princes support Luther *Protesting princes become protestants Protestants=Christians who belong to non-Catholic churches

Reformation short term effect

*Martin Luther stands trial *Martin Luther excommunicated *German princes apply Luther's ideals in their territories *95 Theses *Edict of Worms

Response to Luther

*Pope excommunicated Luther *Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issues Edict of Worms *Follower of Luther = Lutherans *Religious Wars Ensued

30 year war long term effect

*Rise of France as great power *decline of Spanish empire *fire arms dominant force on battlefield

30 year war short term effect

*Rise of Sweden *decentralized Holy Roman Empire *Catholic dominance ends *German population decreases

Why was the power of Church weakening in the Renaissance?

*challenged by secular ideas of the Renaissance *humanism *power of the individual *other issues with the Church==> 1) high taxes-strained the peasants. 2) leaders corrupt-Popes and clergy living lavishly, priest marrying, gambling and drinking 3) selling of indulgences-payment for ones sins to avoid purgatory

Italian Characteristics Renaissance

*classical mythology, religious scenes *symmetrical, balanced, good sense of mass, linear perspective *figures with mass and volume, knowledge of underlying anatomy *Fresco, tempera, oil

Northern Characteristics Renaissance

*domestic interiors, portraits, religious scenes *attention to surface detail naturalism, realism *minute surface detail *oil on panel, etchings, prints

Council of Trent

*emphasized education of priests *Codified Catholic beliefs *Reaffirmed works and faith for salvation *encouraged holy art and music *these were in contrast to many Protestant practices for a reason

Causes of reformation-social

*humanism/secularism led people to question the church *printing press spread ides critical of the church

Renaissance long term effect

*improved education *boom in science, arts, social and political ideas *printing press *Power of Catholic church weakening

Reformation long term effect

*modern science(Galileo) *new denominations(Lutheran, Anglican, Calvin) *created Protestant churches *Absolute power of Catholic church broken *Gutenberg Bible

Reformation

*movement for religious reform; a religious movement that began as an attempt by Martin Luther to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches

Counter Reformation long term effect

*new denominations *Catholic church more unified, stops abuses *Education=new schools/universities *monarchs/state gained more power *Jesuits

causes of reformation-political

*powerful monarchs challenged to Church for power *leaders viewed Pope as foreign ruler and challenged his authority

causes of reformation-economic

*princes and kings jealous of Church's wealth *merchants and others resented having to pay taxes to the Church

causes of reformation-religious

*some church leaders had become worldly and corrupt *people found Church practices such as sale of indulgences unacceptable.

The main similarities between the Italian and Northern Renaissance

*subject matter is religion *belong to Guilds *Art Centers (Florence-Italians, Flanders-Northern)

Painters of the Northern Renaissance

1) Durer-Study of Praying Hands, Four Horsemen of the Apocalypsse 2) Holbein- Henry VII, The Ambassadors 3) Van Eyck-Arnolfini wedding

Painters of the Italian Renaissance

1) Michelangelo-Sistine Chapel 2) da Vinci-The Last Supper, Mona Lisa 3) Botticelli-The Birth of Venus 4) Raphael-The School of Athens

What were Martin Luther's new ideas?

1) One earns salvation by faith in God 2) the Bible not the Pope is the supreme authority(translated Bible into vernacular German) 3) all people of faith are equal

Results of the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter Reformation

1) not much religious tolerance 2) religious wars 3) Eastern and Southern Europe(Italy, France, Ireland) mainly Catholic 4) Northern Europe(Netherlands, France, England) mainly Protestant 5) education was recognized 6) decrease in Pope's power 7) Increase in national government power

2 developments that led to the Renaissance

1. Black Death 2. Crusades

5 new developments in Renaissance art

1. perspective 2. oil paints 3. not always religious>experimented more 4. more realistic 5. shadows

Peace of Augsburg

1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its prince.

what was the protestant reformation

16th century schism in western christianity initiated by Martin Luther, John Calvin, and other protestants

Angelicanism

A form of Christianity that was founded by Henry VIII in 1534 and included the belief that all people were born sinful and only baptism could wash them away. Also the King of England was the the Head of the church

What was the Renaissance?

A rebirth of art and learning

Jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.; the Catholic society of Jesus... missionaries and ministry

Matteo Ricci

An Italian Jesuit who by his knowledge of Astronomy and science was accepted as a missionary of China

Van Eyck

Arnolfini Wedding

What is the most important thing a leader should do according to Machiavelli?

Be feared by his people

huguenots

Calvin's followers in France

Protestant Reformation continues, creating new denominations

Calvinism

Henry VII wives

Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Kathryn Howard, Katherine Parr

Protestant

Christian who belonged to non-Catholic churches A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

pentrarch

Comprised of an octave and sestet; octave frames idea/questions/deep image and sestet comments on or answers Turn of poems happens in line 9. Rhyme scheme abbaabba cdcdcd or abbaabba cdecde

What type of government does Machiavelli think is best?

Dictatorship

Calvinists

Doctrine was similar to that of Lutherans' except Calvinists also believed in predestination and the insignificance of humanity.

The division of Christianity

Early Christian Church-splits into (due to East-West Schism) ==>Eastern Orthodox and ==>Roman Catholicism Then Roman Catholicism -splits into (due to The Reformation) ======>Roman Catholicism and ======>Protestantism Then Protestantism splits into: (Reformation continues creating...) ===============> *Lutheranism(Martin Luther) ===============> *Anglicanism(Church of England) ===============> *Calvinism(John Calvin) ****Anglicanism splits into Episcopalian, Baptist, Methodist, Pentecostal ****Calvinism splits into Presbyterian, Reformed

renaissance Woman

Educated in languages, poetry, arts, to be loyal, make babies (preferably male), and a good housewife

What were the reasons for the Reformation?

European merchants resented paying taxes to the Church in Rome, people wanted higher standards of conduct in priests and church leaders, Church leaders were too interested in gaining wealth and political power NOT -The Church was threatening to excommunicate the king of France

Van Eyck

Flemish painter who pioneered modern techniques of oil painting; Arnolfini Wedding

Botticelli

Florence painter, human form, One of the leading painters of the Florentine renaissance, developed a highly personal style. The Birth of Venus

Ignatius of Loyola

Founded the Jesuits

Durer

Four Horseman of Apocalypse

Habsburgs

German princely family who ruled in alliance with the Holy Roman Empire and controlled most of Central Europe

What did Renaissance thinkers focus on?

Human potential and achievements

renaissance was a revolt against

Humanism is the driver of the Renaissance and sparks the revolution; revolt against scholasticism(A medieval philosophical and theological system that tried to reconcile faith with reason)

Cardinal Richelieu

Influential adviser to French Kings; centralized the administrative system of the French state and positioned rulers of France to replace the Habsurgs as the dominant Catholic force in Europe; the Minister to Louis XIII. His three point plan (1. Break the power of the nobility, 2. Humble the House of Austria, 3. Control the Protestants) helped to send France on the road to absolute monarchy.

Gutenberg

Invented printing press in 1445, enabled more people to buy books and learn to read; German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press. Gutenberg Bible, 1st to print an edition of the bible. A German monk who invented the printing press in 1439, he printed and tremendous copies of books—game changer. His invention helped bring the end to the unquestioned dominance of the Catholic Church and contributed to the education and advancement of the the middle class. The printing press helped spread Martin Luther's ideas as it printed and spread the 95 Theses.,

30 year war effect

It ended with the Peace of Westphalia: *weakened the Habsburg's Dynasty power in France *limited the power of the Holy Roman Empire *decentralized German power. *Sweden became a major European power *France became the most dominant European military power *Protestantism in Germany was saved *quelled some of the religious struggles *decimated a large portion of the German population, destroyed crops, aided in the spread of disease and obliterated the German economy

Michelangelo

Italian Renaissance artist that painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling and sculpted the statue of David.

Raphael

Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescoes, his most famous being The School of Athens.

Leonardo da Vinci

Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. Filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. Best known for The Last Supper and the Mona Lisa. The quintessential Renaissance Man.

Galileo Galilei

Italian scientist who provided evidence to support the heliocentric theory, challenging the church doctrine and the authority of Aristotle. He was forced to recant his position by the inquisition but his theories were vindicated during the Scientific Revolution.

Who invented the movable type printing press?

Johann Gutneburg

Charles I

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded; execution marked end of the English Civil War

Henry VII

King of England-his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England. *He wants a son so he can have an heir *Wanted to divorce/annul marriage but Church said no *Parliament approved Act of Supremacy *People recognized divorce and accept Henry, not pope, as head of England's Church Set up the Church of England...eventually became the Anglican Church

Louis XIV

Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles; , "the Sun King;" considered to be the model of absolute monarchs; he controlled all aspects of government, and demonstrated his power and wealth with his palace at Versailles; engaged in efforts to increase his power by taking attacking Huguenots and engaging in wars to acquire more territory and power

Da Vinci (famous for)

Last Supper, Mona Lisa, machine designs

Who painted the Mona Lisa?

Leonardo da Vinci

Who was a Renaissance painter, writer, and inventor?

Leonardo da Vinci

Innovations in Art

Linear perspective, secular themes, realistic human figure, nature, and influence from Greco-Roman mythology.

Indulgence

Martin Luther was against the selling of these tickets to a shorter purgery

Justification by faith

Martin Luther's concept that faith alone is enough to bring salvation.

connections between Medieval Ages to Renaissance to Reformation

Medieval thought was scholasticism, then the Renaissance thought became more humanist, which was a balance of intellectual reason and religious faith. This change(scholasticism to humanism) led to financial growth, increased trade and ideas. This led to reformation and scientific revolution.

Who sculpted David?

Michelangelo

Habsburg Dynasty

Powerful ruling house through marriages and diplomatic maneuvers, came to rule Spain, Netherlands, part of Italy and much of German speaking Europe; best known for being an origin of all of the formally elected Holy Roman Emperors(Roman Catholic) ruling began with Charles V; one of the most important royal houses of Europe and is best known for being an origin of all of the formally elected Holy Roman Emperors between 1438 and 1740. Success due to dynastic marriages not military successes.

What did Gutenberg invent? Why was it revolutionary?

Printing press, with easier access to books, more people learned to read and more books were printed

what was the cause of protestant reformation

Protestant Reformation was sparked by the posting of Martin Luther's 95 Theses, which basically detailed what was wrong with the Catholic Church especially the sale of indulgences; the catholic church had proved itself to be unable to fix the problems it had. so martin luther decided to try and fix them himself. the roman catholic church controlled all aspects all life, economic, political, and social protestants sought to fix this

Anglican

Protestant church with many traditions of Catholic church, including hierarchy of bishops and use of ceremony and ornamentation. Church of England

Calvinism

Protestant sect founded by John Calvin. Emphasized a strong moral code and believed in predestination (the idea that God decided whether or not a person would be saved as soon as they were born). *Believed men and women are sinful by nature *God only chooses a few people to save *Predestination *Believed Theocracy was ideal government. *Highly moral citizens

30 year war cause

Protestants vs Catholics The Peace of Augsburg had brought a temporary truce in the German states. This settlement had recognized only Lutherans and Roman Catholics, but Calvinism had made gains in a number of states. The Calvinists began to demand recognition of their rights. The Thirty Years' War began, however, as a direct result of a conflict in the Hapsburg-ruled Kingdom of Bohemia, when the future Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand II, in his role as king of Bohemia, attempted to impose Roman Catholic absolutism on his domains, and the Protestant nobles of both Bohemia and Austria rose up in rebellion.

Catholicism

Religion headed by the pope; worship is centered in the gospel of Jesus Christ and the sacraments.

Legacy of Reformation

Religious/Social: *new denominations *Catholic Church more unified *Education=new schools/universities Political: *Monarch/states gained more power *Church power declined *Ground work for Enlightenment *Questioning Church Authority

means "rebirth"

Renaissance

Why is the Medici family famous?

Renaissance rulers and supporters of the arts

Machiavelli

Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote The Prince, accepted the philosophy that "the end justifies the means." • Insisted that rulers must do whatever is necessary to stay in political power (regardless of morals) or serve your own purposes • Theorized that "the end justifies the means" • Wrote "The Prince" to explain how to attain/hold on to power

Philip II

Son of Charles V and King of Spain; defender of Catholicism; Absolute monarch who helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings. Launched attacks on Protestants in England and Netherlands.

Holbein

The Ambassadors

What are indulgences?

The clergy sold pardons that released people from performing penalties for their sins; pardon sold by Catholic Church to reduce one's punishment

The main differences between the Italian and Northern Renaissance

The main differences between the Italian and Northern Renaissance: ITALIAN: *mass and volume *linear perspective *symmetrical *classical mythology *frescoes, tempera *wealthy class-Kings, Popes *Humanism *mythology *wealth & power NORTHERN: *minute details *naturalism *attention to surface detail *portraits *domestic interiors *oil paintings *daily life *peasants *pious, simple life *Gothic *color important

Lutheranism

The religious doctrine that Martin Luther developed; it differed from Catholicismin the doctrine of salvation, which Luther believed could be achieved by faith alone, not by good works; Lutheranism was the first Protestant faith

High Renaissance

The time between 1400 and 1500 when the Renaissance was at its peak. This was when cultural values were formed, artistic and literary achievements occurred, and Renaissance style was largely defined.

moveable type

This was used for printing, and meant that individual letters and words could be moved around to create a page of type. It was an invention of the Renaissance (gold-smiths and paper-makers working together) and helped the spread of humanism over the Alps as it meant that printing was much easier, cheaper, and more efficient. It also led to the famous printing of vernacular Bibles in 1450 by Gutenberg.

Medici Family

Upper class family from Florence that helped establish the art of banking; • Family in Florence who ruled the city • Supported the arts • Banking business, most profitable in Europe • With nepotism, Giovanni de Medici became Pope Leo 10th • Sold indulgences and emptied papal coiffers with lavish living

Edict of Worms

When Charles V exiled Luther from Church, *no one could give Luther food or shelter *All Luther's books were to be burned *Prince Fredrick of Saxony didn't listen

what was the effect of renaissance

a boom in science, arts, socially, and political ideas

Christianity

a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior

heretic

a person who holds religious beliefs in conflict with the dogma of the Roman Catholic Church-Martin Luther was called a heretic by Charles V

protestant reformation

a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches; • movement from people who thought the Church had strayed too far from its spiritual roots • Split the Christian church in western Europe and led to establishment of many new churches

heresy

an idea that goes against Church doctrine

30-years war

between Protestants and Catholics staring in Germany and spreading until France and Denmark and Sweden were opposing the Holy Roman Empire and Spain, decrease in foreign soldier; Began as competition between Catholic and Lutheran rulers and was complicated by the dynastic and strategic interests of Europe's major powers.

what was the cause of renaissance

bourgiosie had more leisure time which led to more time learning which led to better educational system and more litterate people which brought new ideas, demanded books in their own specific language instead of latin

geocentrism

earth is the center of the universe

Vernacular

everyday language of the people

michealangelo

famous sculptor and artist, made statue of david

john calvin

french theologin who was forced to move to switzerland there he began to try to reform the catholic church start his own called calvinism

Middle Age art's focus

meant to worship, religious exclusively, Gothic,

Realism

movement in art that sought to depict details of everyday life

Medici

patrons of the Renaissance. Bankers in Florence that had the money to invest in the great works of art

indulgences

paying for forgiveness for sins

perspective plane

process of representing spatial relation of objects; Rectangular surfaces that seem to get smaller as they approach the horizon.

Puritans

reformers of the Church of England who attempted to purge the church of all Catholic influences. They were Calvinists who emphasized Bible reading, simplicity and modesty and the rejection of priestly authority and elaborate rituals.

Both Italian and Northern Characterisctics

religious scenes

Renaissance Man

someone interested in variety of subjects

heliocentrism

sun is the center of the universe

inquisition

the "strong arm" of the Catholic Church. Would torture people to get them to recant.

classical age impact on the renaissance

the Renaissance admired the art and writing of the Classical Age, the time of the Greek and Roman empires. To revive the glory and grandeur of the ancient past, scholars eagerly studied classical literature, architecture, and sculpture. The Renaissance was a rebirth of classical art and a rejection of the Middle Ages,

humanisms

the belief that humans are not helpless pawns in the divine plan, but capable of their own great accomplishments; Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and accomplishments; shift from "contemplative life" to the "active life"

humanism

the belief that humans are not helpless pawns in the divine plan, but capable of their own great accomplishments; an outlook or system of attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters; a philosophy in which interests and values of human beings are of primary importance; intellectual movement focused on study of worldly subjects, humanities; the concern for the here and now... unconcern for the afterlife... key aspect of the Renaissance

predestination

the belief that what happens in human life has already been determined by some higher power; the Calvinist idea that it is already determined whether a person goes not heaven or not before that person is ever born

secularism

the belief this world and life are worth studying and living for now, not just as a preparation for the afterlife; rejection of religion's importance in civic and social matters; focus is worldly, not spiritual; worldly political matters that do not concern religion... key aspect of the Renaissance;

peace of westphalia

the collective name for two treaties ending the Thirty Years' War that were signed by the Holy Roman Empire, minor German states, Spain, France, Sweden, and the Dutch Republic. It confirmed the principle that a ruler's religion determined that of his country but mandated relative tolerance of other faiths. It adjusted the borders of German states; recognized Dutch Indepence, extended terms to Calvinists, weakend the authority of the Holy Roman Empire; turning point in European political, religious, social history

Calvin

the founder of a religion in which predestination is a key aspect... based in Geneva

Loyola

the founder of the Jesuits

symmetry

the golden mean was used by renaissance artists and had been used by greeks was a math ratio to determine what was beautiful

bourgeoisie

the middle class

Judaism

the monotheistic religion founded by Abraham and whose followers are called Jews

anglican church

the national church of England (and all other churches in other countries that share its beliefs)

Counter Reformation

the reform movement within the Roman Catholic Church whose goals were to abolish abuses and reaffirm traditional beliefs

Classicism

the study of Roman and Greek times... key reason for Renaissance centering in Italy; A movement or tendency in art, music, and literature to retain the characteristics found in work originating in classical Greece and Rome. It differs from Romanticism in that while Romanticism dwells on the emotional impact of a work, classicism concerns itself with form and discipline.

Protestantism

the theological system of any of the churches of western Christendom that separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation

Teresa of Avila

the woman who wrote about the Counter Reformation

effect of Protestant Reformation

there would not be modern science without reformation, the pilgrims would not have come to america, and ushered in the modern era

results of the Protestant Reformation

there would not be modern science without reformation, the pilgrims would not have come to america, and ushered in the modern era

printing press

this new technology made the spread of new ideas from the Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, and the Scientific Revolution possible, as well as increased literacy rates.

artists in renaissance

used more realism, light and dark more naked people, more people.

what started the protestant reformation

was sparked by the posting of Martin Luther's 95 Theses, which basically detailed what was wrong with the catholic church especially the sale of indulgences

Patrons

wealthy people who supplied revenue to the growing art industry

bonfire of the vanities

when Savonarola had his thugs collect and burn Renaissance items he saw as sinful

church in renaissance

when constructing chruches artists instead of using the cross as basis for structure used a circle

nepotism

when powerful people give friends and families important positions

john calvin vs martin luther

while they shared the same overall goal their biggest difference came in their thoughts on salvation, calvin believed in predestination, and luther did not.

Why is Shakespeare a humanist?

wrote in vernacular(common language)

Which countries supported Catholicism and Protestantism during Reformation/Counter Reformation?

• Catholicism: Spain, France, Portugal, Italy • Protestantism: England, Scotland, most of Germany

Michelangelo (famous for & ID)

• Famous for statue of David and ceiling of Sistine Chapel and Pieta • 1400's, Born in Caprese, considered son of Florence • Learned in Medici school, father got support from Medicis • Studied anatomy to be more realistic • Characterized biblical figures • One of three main artists of High Renaissance

Martin Luther

• German monk • Ninety Five Theses protests against Catholic Church • Led to calls for reform and Reformation • Translated Bible into German, allowing more people to read and interpret on their own German monk who started the Protestant Reformation Denounced by Charles V(King of German States and Excommunicated by Poe Leo X

What sparked the Renaissance?

• Increased trade with Asia and other regions • Growth of large and wealthy city-states in Italy • Renewed interest in classical learning of ancient Greece and Rome • Rise of rich merchants who were patrons of arts • Increased desire for scientific and technological knowledge • Desire to beautify cities

What were the key differences between Northern and Italian artists?

• Northern artists (Flemish School) used oil paintings focused on landscapes and domestic life, fusing everyday with religion through symbolism, realistic views • Italian artists often showed mythological scenes, beautified things