Unit 7 Test
Japanese art
- landscapes were brought to Japan by Zen Buddhism and traditions from China (sumi-e) - during the Murchomachi (1333-1573) period and Edo period the way of painting was ukioy-e art
Ryoan-ji - Dry Garden
-Encourages contemplation -White gravel symbolizes flowing elements such as waterfalls, rivers, creeks, or sea -The big rocks symbolizes islands shores or bridges or mountain ranges -A tiger taking taking her cubs across the stream -Constellation in the sky -Garden serves as a focus for meditation; in a sense a garden entered by the mind -Asymmetrical arrangement where you cannot see all the rocks at once -Raking means reproducing and was a form of meditative practice -Ryoan-ji means peaceful dragon
(157b) The Coyolxauhqui Stone
-Found at the base of the stairs of Templo Mayor -Originally painted and carved in low relief -Displays the female deity Coylolxauhqui (the moon goddess) who was the one who challenged Huitz -Monster faces are found at her joints which connects her to other female deities - some of whom are associated with trouble and chaos -Nakedness was considered a form of humiliation and also defeat -They transformed this temple into Coatepec mountain
(157c) Calendar Stone
-Gruesome looking face wearing Aztec spools that the elites would wear -His mouth is open and an anthropomorphized sacrificial blade sticks out -He has clawed hands and is possibly holding a human heart -This could be the sun god Tonatiuh -The center is the origin of the cosmos - This was in the fifth era when made -Four square lobes that surround the center figure is a sign for Ollin which means movement -Dots inside the Ollins that signify four previous suns and their names -First era is death by jaguar -Second is death by high winds -Third is death by rains of fire -Fourth is death by water -The fifth sun prophesied that we will die of death by earthquakes *Surrounded by volcanoes and a fault-line *They used to experience devastating earthquakes -Idea of sacrifice in the center of the face -This era (the one we are in) was formed by two gods agreeing to sacrifice themselves and the sun was brought into creation as a result -Since they willingly killed themselves we need to be feeding them through offerings -Rays of the sun radiating towards cardinal directions
(232) Dancing at the Louvre
-RetThe French Collection Part 1; #1 Faith Ringgold 1991 tapestry Content: -All the paintings in the back are made by Da Vinci -Tells the story of two fictional characters: Willa Marie Simone who was a young black woman who moved to Paris in the 20th century -The story talks about Simone meeting historical celebrities, like Picasso, Matisse, Josephine Baker, and Rosa Parks -New piece that is reflective of modern painting styles showing the departure from Modernism -rewriting the past
(157d) Olmec-style mask
-They were buried on the Eastern coast so that shows how influential trade is - how trade is distributed and hoarded -The found it in the relics of previously temple Mayor -They valued history -They buried an Olmec mask made of Jadeite -They were over 1,000 years old prior to Mexica -Olmec features - upturned lips, baby-face, almond eyes, and cleft in the head
(161b)Machu Picchu Observatory
-Trapezoid -astronomy was very important to Inca civilization -theory that it helped them track the sky -they knew how to measure time passing and change of seasons
(161c)Machu Picchu Intihuatana Stone
-ritual stone -tether the sun's annual path across the sky
(160)Inka Maize Cobs
1440-1533 Content: -The garden featured metalworks of fruit and vegetable crops central to Incan life as well as miniature llamas -When the Spanish conquered the Incas these objects were sold for their materials -Each object represents different crops grown in different altitudes -The sculpture would have sat in a gold and silver garden in the important Incan Coricancha which is the capital city of Cusco -Was a reference to the power and wealth of the Inka state and an offering to the Sun God -A depiction important agriculture exports of the resources -Fits Incan tradition because it is small and naturalistic Repousse - hammering the opposite side
(162) All-T'oqapu tunic
1450-1540 Content: -Tunics and textiles were very important to the Incas -Only high-ranked Incas could wear a tunic entirely of the All-T'oqapu Tunic -Textiles were more values than gold -Luxurious thread, bright red and yellow symbolized high ranking -Their control of an empire established trading routes in which luxury goods like dyes and weaving supplies make these tunics possible -Belief that each square represents a specific person -Ottowapa who wore this was killed by Pissaro - taken hostage in exchange for a certain amount of gold and then they killed Ottowapa
(9)The Ambum Stone
1500 BCE Papua New Guinea Enga Society Greywacke Stone Content: -Religious object -Debate about who owns the historical artifact -The curved neck suggests that it was possibly used as a pestle -The fat base could be to pound food and other material -Highly detailed -Would have taken a long time because it is hard to carve using that stone -Could be a fetal form of a spiny anteater "Bones of the ancestors" -Believed to have a life of their own -In Enga society, negotiation of power depends on commanding natural resources like pigs and produce -They were imbued with supernatural powers through ritual processes -They were buried in a group's ancestral land and regular sacrifices of pigs were needed to appease the stones and the ancestors that resided in them -They ward off danger and promote fertility and vigor of the land
(81) Codex Mendoza
1541-1542 Content: -Contained information about the lords of Tenochtitlan *The tribute paid to the Aztecs *An account from "year to year" -He intended to send the codex to Charles V the Spanish King but it never made it to Spain because French pirates took it and it ended in France Acquired by Thevet who included his name on several pages -The frontispiece relates information about the organization and foundation of the Aztec empire capital -The division of the city into four parts was intended to mirror the organization of the universe (north, east, south, and west) and the canals that separated the city -At the center of the diagram of Tenochtitlan is an eagle on a cactus *According to Aztec myth, their patron deity Hummingbird Left, told the Aztec's ancestors to leave their ancestral home of Aztlan and look for a place where he saw an eagle on top of a cactus War shield indicates that they did not settle peaceably into the Valley of Mexico -Different types of plants including maize, or corn, dot the city's four quadrants - agriculture fertility associated with the city -Ten men in the four quads wearing white garments with dots in their hair -These figures are the men who led the Aztecs to this island location their names are a thin black line that connects to a symbol that denotes their name There is a man with gray skin and red hair who is the priest and he let blood from his ear as an offering (Tenoch) -The speech scroll coming from his mouth and the woven mat where he sits conveys his high status -Total of 51 year glyphs -Two scenes of military conquest because the soldiers are in hierarchy of scale
(159) City of Cusco plan
1550-1650 Peru Content: -Division in four places with cardinal points -Split up into regions and each region would send their best youths to fight to honor the empire -Could be shaped like a puma
(94)Screen with Siege of Belgrade Hunting Scene
1697-1701 Content: -commissioned by Viceroy Jose Samento de Valladares *Two different sides of the screen had two different intended audiences *Front with battle scene would have been intended for viceroy and any important individuals coming to visit and meet with him *The hunting scene's intended audience was women or other's waiting on the viceroy on the other side of the reception area -Screen represents the rapid globalization of the world -Because of trade, Japanese art was very influential *The frames at the top and bottom of the screen depict delicate floral patterning -Siege of Belgrade -Chaotic scene of members of Habsburg empire and the Turks -Mexico was in the middle of many networks of exchange like the Transpacific Exchange trade from Asia *Influenced many cultural styles like Spanish colonial, Flemish, and Dutch -shell inlay -The scenes from both sides of the screen were inspired by European tapestries that were turned into prints Innovation: -Was inspired by Japanese folding screens called byobu in Japan -Alexander Mosaic treatment of space chiaroscuro of form -Black lacquer from China -Standard of UR: two different sides
(90)Angel with Harquebus
Asiel Timor Dei. Master of Calamarca 17th Century Content: -Christian missionaries who were ordered to teach Christianity to SOuth America -Depicts Angel Ariel -Artist is well known for his angel paintings inspired by the artistic and religious traditions of South America -Angel with a gun was a common subject matter during this time -First emerged in Peru and eventually traveled to Bolivia where the artists probably saw this image -Combines religion, military, and celestial beings into one -The harquebus gun featured in the image was designed by the Spanish and was revolutionary for its ability to rett on the user's shoulder -The gun represents ability to protect the faithful Christians Innovation: -Elaborate clothing: *King Louis *Las Meninas -Hat had feathers which was common in the Americas because they were considered to be a luxury good -Long neck and awkward posture which is mannerism
(178)Aka elephant mask
Bamileke (Cameroon) 19th to 20th century Content: -Masquerade was an event held to honor the king and his divine rule or power -The mask features abstracted and stylized elements of elephants and leopards -These animals were considered to represent the power and authority of the king -The pattern on the mask is abstracted isosceles triangles made to look like a leopard -Spirit of the king -Masquerade performance and was originally worn by the highest-ranking members in the community *Court officials, titleholders, and warriors
(239)The Crossing
Bill Viola 1996 Content: Crossing between barrier of two states (rebirth and death) A male figure walks slowly towards the camera After several minutes he pauses near the foreground and stands motionless When he pauses in one screen he catches on fire and the other he is drenched with water His body disappears behind the flames and is submerged by the water so we cannot see him Technological experiments that drive the aesthetic decision He also uses slow motion to invite meditative and contemplative response The viewer has to concentrate for a longer duration of time and increase their awareness of detail, movement, and change Viola was a devoted practitioner of Zen Buddhism The fire and water symbolize change, redemption, transformation, and renewal "How we see, how we hear, and how we come to know the world." At Cuse he studied humanities and hard sciences but he was captivated by religious studies and psychology His work reflects on raw human emotion or universal life experiences "Self-annihilation" represented by the figures disappearance at each conclusion which serves as a metaphor for destruction of the ego This action becomes as necessary means to transcendence and liberation Wanted to reignite the longstanding relationship between artistic and spiritual experience Innovation: He was influenced by Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Sufism The ring of flames like Shiva the Lord of Dance - cycles of creation and destruction through his cosmic dance Biblical tales of fire and brimstone and rapture and the Great Floods Viola made designs that mimicked the forms of devotional paintings, diptychs, predellas and altarpieces - formats that encourage intimate contemplation of religious icons
(173)Female(Pwo) mask
Chokwe people D.R. of Congo 19th to early 20th century wood, plant fiber, copper alloy Content: -The Chokwe people were known throughout Africa for their abundant wealth and resources and trading throughout the continent -They are regionally famous for their exceptional crafts work including mask carvings -Crafted and worn by men to celebrate and honor young fertile women who successfully gave birth -Matrilineal society (family line passed down through the mother) -The mask represents the founding female ancestor of Chokwe lineage -Celebrate adulthood and the dissolution of the bonds connecting mother to son -The male dancer would wear raffia cloth and wooden breasts and he would dance with a lot of grace and slow fluid movements -Size and contrast of the eyes reveal her spiritual ability and near second-sight
(224)The Gates
Christo and Jeanne-Claude 1979-2005 Content: Planned for thirty years and executed in only two weeks 23 miles of gates Saffron colored fabric panel Intruded on one of few natural landscapes in urban NYC Used a mid-19th century response to Victorian ideal of picturesque and pastoral landscape This intrusion contrasted by the work seen - a sculpture 52 miles north of NYC that is known for having pieces that effictly coexist within the Modernist: simple geometric and no ornamentation It was free to the public so the only revenue they made was from sketches or pictures of it which were the only concrete thing about this art Meant to address two controversial topics of contemporary art: how to create public art that's meaningful and how art influences our relationship with the built environment
(159b) Curved Inka Wall Qorikancha with Santo Domingo Convent
Content: -Was at the heart of the puma -Was meant to honor the sun -The Spaniards used it as a base for their church -Solomonic column - Baroque (Counter-reformation) -The stones are polished together (ashlar masonry) no mortar holding them together - the stones can survive earthquakes -All the people fit together when you organize them which you see in the stones -large scale gold statues that were melted down by the Spaniards -built on the site of the home of Manco Capac who was the sun god and founder of the Inka dynasty -worshipped several deities -the end of the Inka's was mainly the fault of Smallpox
(165)Painted Elk Hide
Cotstogo 1890-1900 Great Planes -Eastern Shoshone tribe WY Content: -Shows the ceremonial Sun dance along with elements of other ceremonial dances and depictions of everyday life -Representational art -Connect with earth and its spirits and express gratitude for the bountiful land -Buffalos were sacred -men painted the hides -In the center a buffalo rests on the ground between what appears to be two poles -Four pairs of men dance around the poles wearing feather headdresses -The ceremony would take place in late Spring or early Summer when buffalo would congregate after the long winter -In the surrounding space of the hide, the artist portrayed a variety of animals in motion and color while warriors with bows and and arrows trail closely behind -Western methods of naturalism
(248)Shibboleth
Doris Salcedo 2007-2008 Injured like 15 people who were trying to inspect it Was filled with concrete in 2008 but still leaves a permanent line on the floor It was created by opening up the floor and then inserting a cast from Colombian rock face Salcedo incorporated wire mesh along the sides of the cracks because she believed it was a method of control used to define borders and division What she took away from the Turban hall Shibboleth was a word that could only be pronounced by the natives and if you don't pronounce it right you don't get in to the secret society and they kill you - judgement and separation
(245)Old Man's Cloth
El Anatsui 2003 Ghana - Nigeria Content: Trading of slaves and products The names of the brands printed on the caps are Dark Sailor and Chairman Liquor importation to Africa Recalls history of trading slaves as products Consumerist culture and the idea of globalization and economic imbalances Using liquor bottle caps, he is referencing the urge to drink because of rising poverty due to globalization in Africa Like an old man who sits around and drinks all the time and collects bottle caps He is best known for his radiant metal sculptures built from recycled bottle caps that reference the challenging social conditions and political actualities of Africa Inspired by Kente Cloth which is is royal and strip woven cloth made by Asante and Ewe people of Ghana and Togo Ghana was a British colony
(234)Earth's Creation
Emily Kame Kngwarreye 1994 Linen mounted on canvas Content: -Kngwarreye was an elder of a small Australian Anmatyerr desert community Their land was occupied by European pastoralists in the 1920s when she was a teenager They were forced into indentured servitude until Aboriginal land rights were granted by law in 1976 She was founding member of the Utopia Women's Batik group which was a group of artists that used batik fabrics as a mode of artistic expression They mainly created images of "dreamings" or their personal connections to the land around them and their feelings towards nature The skill of the process was passed down through the generations Her style was characterized by a motif of colorful dots that created abstract strokes and shapes Monumental size Depicts "green time" that follows long periods of rain using many vibrant colors to celebrate Australia's natural beauty Sydney gallery began a "Summer Project" that featured aborigional art
(179)Reliquary figure (byeri)
Fang People Southern Cameroon 19th to 20th century Bantu Content: -Said that they would protect the skulls against the "forbidden gaze of women and uninitiated boys and also evil spirits -The Bantu valued tranquility and balance which these figures symbolize -The large child's head is juxtaposed with the adult body *The protruding navel and large forehead also reflected characteristics of a newborn -Symmetrical with no expression on the face and large tensed muscles -There were both male and female statues -In the 19th century when the Bantu were colonized by the French, they were forced to sell or destroy them -During travel, the figures were placed on top of a box holding the skulls of the ancestors to protect it -They would be consulted when making an important decision -They taught the ancestral history to the young men in the community -Nomadic group so they had to have art that could be transported
(223)Presentation of Fijian Mats and Tapa Cloths to Queen Elizabeth II
Fiji Polynesia 1953 Content: -Given to Queen Elizabeth and Philip when they visited Fuji which was an English colony at the time -Barkcloth or masi is made by stripping the inner bark of mulberry trees, soaking the bark then beating it into strips of cloth which were glued together -Bold geometric patterns in red, white, and black are often painted on masi -In Fiji, cloth is often presented as gifts in important ceremonies (the work of art is the presentation) -Mats are important in Fijian society as a type of ritual exchange and tribute -They were made by women -Made by stripping, boiling, drying, blackening, and then softening leaves from the Pandanus plant -Dried leaves are then woven into tight and often diagonal patterns
(215) 'Ahu'ula (feather cape)
Hawaii Late 18th Century Heavy woven plant material and feathers Content: -Social structure was crucial to social stability - chief's regalia were an important part of artistic production in Hawaii -The feathers were priceless and came from Mamo bird which are now extinct -Needed so many birds for feathers -The cloak links its owner to the gods on their wearers -Protection from the gods and dense fiber provides physical protection -Chanted while it was created because sacred chants were supposed to bring the cloak power
(176)Ikenga (shrine figure)
Igbo people Nigeria 19th to 20th century Content: -Human face and animal attributes -The ethnic group lives in Nigeria but this figure was made in Sierra Leone -High ranking member of Igbo society -Realistic and abstract depictions -This figure was most likely a warrior -Sits in a stool with a sword in his hand -The sword represents how the owner of this figure can cut through anything they want -He holds a human head -about a specific figure -representation of ancestor that was put on shrines
(233)Trade (Gifts for Trading Land with White People)
Jaune Quick-to-See Smith 1992 Abstract Expressionism Content: -Smith was from the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead -Indian Nation -Illustrates historical and contemporary inequities between Native Americans and the US -Trade references the role of trade goods in allegorical stories like the acquisition of the island of Manhattan by Dutch colonists from Native Americans for goods that today would be worth $24 -The misunderstanding between the Native and non-Native worlds - especially the notion of private ownership of land - underlies trade -She covered the canvas with a collage of newspaper articles about Native life cut out from her tribal paper Char-Koosta Comics, tobacco and gum wrappers, fruit carton labels which all feature stereotypical images of Native Americans -Within the collage she mixed in photos of deer, buffalo, and Native men dressed in historic dress -She applied blocks of white, yellow, green, and especially red paint over the layer of collaged materials -Red refers to her Native heritage as well as blood, warfare, anger, and sacrifice -The canoe were used by natives and non-natives to travel. It represents the possibility of trade, and cultural connections - though this empty canoe is stuck and unable to move -A response to the 500th anniversary of Christopher Columbus' arrival in North America -Divided into three large panels - the triptych arrangement is reminiscent of a medieval altarpiece
(226)Horn Players
Jean-Michel Basquiat 1983 Content: -The main subjects of the painting are two famous jazz musicians - the saxophonist Charlie Parker and the trumpeter -The words "DOH SHOO DE OBEE" that float to the left of the figure's head call to mind the scat singing Gillespie used to do -Ornithology (study of birds) is the title of a famous composition by Parker who named the tune in reference to his own nickname "bird" -Pree and chan are written above Parker refer to his infant daughter and common-law wife -Wordplay was commonly seen in Basquait's work and when he was in high school he would do graffiti and leave cryptic messages -His work's price has increased by 600% since 1983 with his own growing popularity -influenced by Abstract Expression movement and Picasso
(230) Pink Panther
Jeff Koons 1988 Glazed Porcelain Content: -Exhibition called Nanality that presented some 20 porcelain and polychromed wood sculptures -Muted colors and gleaming textures associated this with factory made toys and inexpensive commercial art -Smiling, bare breasted blonde woman in scanty pale green dress with her head tilted back *The figure is based on B-list hollywood star, Jayne Mansfield -She clutches a limp pink panther -The colors make this look like stuff from the 60s -His success came from the art market rather than art criticism -Embracing kitsch -Childhood innocence and assault upon sincerity and taste
(97) Spaniard and Indian Produce a Mestizo
Juan Rodriguez Juarez 1715 Content: -Wearing the clothes of the respective people -States "in America people are born in diverse colors, customs, temperaments and languages" -Born from the Spaniard and the indigenous was the mestizo race -Shows a Spanish father and indigenous mother with their son -Pinturas de castas: caste painting *Attempt to capture reality but usually they are fiction *way of tracking all of the possible races -May hope to model a depiction of the Holy family -The mother wears a huipil - traditional garment worn from central Mexico and lavish jewelry -Her husband wears French-style European clothing and a powdered wig -The family appears to be loving and harmonious but this is not the case as the works continue -The work suggest that European is better -As families became more racially mixed they started to live in non-ideal conditions
(246)Stadia II
Julie Mehretu 2004 Global Modernism Ink and Acrylic on canvas Content: -Influence of architectural drawings as well as photography through the lines meeting at the focal point -Mehretu was involved in abstraction in service of revolution and utopian politics throughout history of Modernist art -She conveys constricted spaces like the coliseum -She also conveys emotion because of our connotation to these arenas and crowds to remind us of "chaos, violence, and disorder" in a crowded area that makes the whole thing feel more like a stadium -She uses flags, corporate icos, and classic stadium architecture to help the reader connect to their experiences -The overlapping plans and maps convey the chaos of today's globalized world view -Small circles and dots symbolize victory -If you look at the top right corner all the symbols make it look like an American flag -If you focus on the grey smudges all the colors look like confetti, community, and nationalism -The grey smudges symbolizes that these places are common targets for bombings -Conveys art historical processes -Orange diamonds, the black quadrilaterals and the dynamic red "X" references the Russian constructivist and Bauhaus movements -She uses movement expressions -Movement makes references to traffic patterns, wind/water currents, migrations, border crossings and travel -Sense of memory and experience in each individual viewer -Universalism in art, politics, and culture -Eye is constantly been drawn places -First layer is covered with acrylic silica layer which seals the drawing to the transparent ground which she believed were like fossils - serving as a metaphor for history, memory, and past cultural traditions
(243)Darkytown Rebellion
Kara Walker 2001 Content: -She wanted to create a piece that represented the history of African Americans from southern states before the abolition of slavery and display it in a contemparary way -A cut paper and wall projection that displays a dozen characters engaged in violence -She refers to characters from Slovenly Peter or Liberty Leading the People by Delacroix -She uses color to highlight the horrific and cruel figures of the rebellion -It is hard to identify the gender of these characters or which body parts have been severed -60's liquid lights that make it seem psychedelic
(242)Lying with the Wolf
Kiki Smith 2001 Content: -It is part of a series that illustrates a woman's relationship with animals -Smith explored religious narratives and mythology, feminine domesticity, the natural world, and sexuality -Smith depicts both as nurturing one another -The distinction between predator and prey is possibly a metaphor for the hierarchies of power in human relationships which have historically been shown through gender roles, race, and class -Lotus flower - beauty that emerges from a murky swamp -Smith's collection features female protagonists such as little red riding hood or St. Genevieve St. Genevieve is closely associated with St. Francis who had a close relationship with animals -These stories place women in the forefront with the natural world
(172)Power Figure (Nkisi n'kondi)
Kongo people Democratic Republic of the Congo late 19th century Content: -Belonged to the spiritual leader of the community -Consecrated by trained priests using precise ritual formulas -They were believed to be spirits who heal and gave life but also can inflict harm or disease -Each spirit had a particular role -There was a particular medicine protruding from the abdomen with a conch shell in the middle and people would stick needles into the figures when they wanted them to perform its function People invoked other spirits by performing specific chants, rubbing the figure, etc. -The role of the power figures varied from curing minor ailments, to stimulating crop growth, punishing thieves, to weakening enemies -Social order - committing to social order by driving spike
(171)Ndop of King Mishe
Kuba people D.R. Congo 1760-1780 Content: -Cross-legged pose -Sits on a base -Face seems uninvolved (above moral affairs) -A peace knife in left hand -Wearing royal regalia: bracelets, arm bands, belts, and headdress -The base depicts kings commemoration -This king has a sword in left hand in non-aggressive pose -Rubbed with oil to protect from insects and keeps from decomposing -Drum and sword -Jewelry also identified what king they were -Costuming represents the splendor of the King's court -Symbolizes king's wealth status and power -Ndop sculptures are commemorative portraits of Huba rulers in their ideal state -Representation of the deceased kings spirit -Kept in the king's shrine
(164)Transformation Mask
Kwakwaka'wakw (Pacific Northwest and Canada) Late 19th Century Wood Content: -colors are based on natural materials that were available to them -was passed down by family -Northwest US and Canada had a unique mythology and culture that heavily centered on ceremonies and mask wearing -Potlatch: featured notable men of the tripe opening and closing the masks in accordance to ritual dances -Emulated an animal moving - transform human into animals -Focus on ovaloid shape and muted color -The masks and potlatches were banned from a period from 1895 to the early 1950s as a way to assimilate the Native Americans -Christian missionaries believed that the ceremonies included cannibalistic rites whereas the Canadian government thought practicing such ceremonies led to unproductiveness and laziness - masks were sold to private collectors and or were destroyed or lost
(207) Ryoan-ji - Wet Garden
Kyoto, Japan 1480 Content: -Affiliated with a branch of zen Buddhism -The followers seek enlightenment by means of self-introspection and personal experience in daily life -Center for the cultural activities of the elite -Past the main gate is the mirror pond -The second gate leads to the abbot's residence -Garden as microcosm of nature -The plants are actually placed in a highly organized and structured environment symbolizing the natural world Innovation: -Zen Buddhism is meditation leads to enlightenment -about paradoxes -The plan of Ryoan-ji is unlike Forbidden city because it is not symmetrical to show the chaos of the world
(11) Terra Cotta Fragment
Lapita Solomon Islands, Reef Islands 1000 B.C.E Terra cotta (incised). Lapita People Content: -The Lapitans were incredible navigators and sailors because they did not originate from Melanesia -Few objects survived the South Pacific climate so only the pottery remains -Forms geometric patterns and anthropomorphic faces -Comb-like tool was used to create patterns before the pots were fired -Started conversation about how they got there -people had tattoos similar to these patterns
(163)Bandolier Bag
Lenape (DE tribe) 1850 Great Lakes and Prairie Regions Content: -The Delaware tribe was in the Great Lakes because they were reallocated -Different styles and patterns and tassels hanging off both of both sides -The bandolier which was used for holding ammunition (guns that came from colonizers) -The bags were commonly worn by men as a decorative item -Men would wear the bags and they would have multiple based on socioeconomic status
(220) Tamati Waka Nene
Lindauer 1890 New Zealand -Maori Renaissance Naturalism Content: -Portraits are spoken to, wept to, and cherished by people with genealogical connections to them -Henry Partridge was patron -The subject of this painting is Tamati Waka Nene - chief of the Ngati Hao people -He lived when British missionaries started to colonize New Zealand -He converted to the Wesleyan faith (Christianity) -He wears a fine cloak covered in kiwi feathers and an earring of greenstone or pounamu -The weapon he is holding is known as the tewhatewha which has a carved paua eye - all of these mark his mana or his personal efficacy and status -Facial tattoo called moko -In Maori world, paintings record likenesses and bring ancestral presence into the world of the living -Not a portrait of Tamati Waka Nene but an embodiment of him -After a person has died their portrait is hung in the family house and in the wharenui which is the central building of a community center -Stories about them also keep them alive -Lindauer was Czech artist who arrived in New Zealand - Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna -His paintings look 3D -Based on a photograph by John Crombi because Nene had already died
Black-on-Black Ceramic Vessel
Maria Martínez and Julian Martínez Tewa, Puebloan, San Ildefonso Pueblo, New Mexico. mid-20th century Blackware ceramic. Content: -Clay was found locally *culture was tied to location -To make it stronger it had to be mixed with a temer made from shreds of broken pots that had been pounded into a powder or volcanic ash -When mixed with water and temper could the elasticity of the clay and the strength of the temper could be formed into different shapes -They did not use kilns but created a fire hot enough using manure -No exposure to oxygen to get the black color -She reframed ceramics in Native Art as "High Art" -Before the 1880's pots were used in the Pueblos for food storage, cooking, and ceremonies -With inexpensive pots appearing along the rail line these practices were in decline -She learned the ceramic techniques that were used in the Southwest for several millennia by watching potters from San Ildefonso -She only shaped the pots, others painted them -She signed it even though it denied the communal nature of the pot because it made more money per pot -performance element in creating the pots
Pure Land
Mariko Mori 1988 Photo set with glass - video Content: -Many of her works feature herself as the primary object dressed in a variety of costumes that she made -She is the female figure in this work -Part of a series called Esoteric Cosmos which is used in her video installation Nirvana -Reference to Buddhism -The central figure wears traditional clothes -The environment is set during sunrise in the Dead Sea - global based in Jerusalem -The salt is associated with purification -The lotus also connotes purity -6 cartoon aliens floating on bubble clouds playing instruments -In the top right there is an alien that resembles a stupa -Binding disparate realities is a central theme in her work -Using Buddhism and alien/universe themes could be attributed to some personal values -She values respect -Interested in space and sciences
(221)Navigation Chart
Marshall Islands Micronesia 19th to early 20th century Rebbelib Content: -To navigate, the islanders devised charts that marked the islands and also their knowledge of of the swell and wave patterns as well -There were over 1000 islands that make up Micronesia -In order to maintain links between the islands, the Islanders built canoes -The horizontal and vertical sticks act as supports while the diagonal and curved ones represent wave swells -The information was memorized and the cheats would not be taken on the voyages -Rebbelib shows large section of the Marshall islands but most depict small parts
(225)Vietnam Veterans Memorial
Maya Lin 1982 D.C. Content: No religious iconography Crowded space because there are so many names that clearly represent people so you could be there alone and it would be crowded The surface is polished so it mirrors your reflection so while you read the names you see yourself Shows the monuments in the balck It is like it opened up into another world that we could not enter but which was there for us to see You walk down the path and you sink into the earth and the earth opens up to you Strong cultural hatred for the Vietmese so people were very pissed about the artists race Also she was a women She was young Resembles a wound (like someone took a knife and cut the earth) Chronological sequence of the death of all the soldiers and then you walk back out that's right in the center Artworks are completed by the viewer
(177) Lukasa (memory board)
Mbudye Society Luba people Democratic Republic of the Congo 19th to 20th century Content: -They help remember key stories such as migrations, heroes, kinship, genealogies, and lists -Memory is retold in song and dance and these memory boards were used to solve problems -The Luba people use history to judge court proceedings -Each board is unique and are controlled by the Mbudye people which is a coed council that interprets the history of the Luba culture -The board is held with the left hand and read with the right -The beads are organized by size and color in stacks to tell a specific stories or remember names - the stacks might change depending on how the story is told (secretive and only known to that society) -Helped aid the oral retelling of the Luba people's oral history Innovation: -An important element in Luba society is the turtle - due to its dual nature of living on land and water -Similar to Martial Island Navigation Chart -The ability to read these boards was restricted to a small number of people to uphold how sacred the tradition was
(237)Pisupo Lua Afe (Corned Beef 2000)
Michel Tuffery 1994 Content: -Means "tinned bull" -Environmental and population health issues that threaten the pacific -Tuffery is a New Zealand artist of Pacific Islander descent (roots in Samoa, Rarotonga, and Tahiti) -Art was his first language because he did not know how to read or write until he was 6 -He now aims much of his art towards children as a way of inspiring and also educating -Health and ecological decline that has rapidly grown since colonization -The canned foods that they consume so much are really bad for their health -In addition, the introduction of cattle to New Zealand and the Pacific Islands had a massive negative impact on the native plants, landscapes, and waterways -The cow is rigid and sharp representing how they can cause damage -The recycled (upcycled) cans also represent how much waste there is -After colonization they were left only with canned foods -Gift giving of Natiev goods is a large tradition but now they give each other canned foods cause that is all that is available
Malagan display and mask
New Ireland Province Papua New Guinea. 20th century Wood, pigment, fiber, and shell. Content: -Malagan rituals are principally concerned with honoring and dismissing the dead but they also act as affirmation of the identity of clan groups and negotiate the transmission of rights to land -They were made to be used for a single occasion and then destroyed -There is a rock cod on one of the figures which is important to the myth of the founding of the first social group or clan - alludes to the identity of that clan group -They originally stood in a carved canoe -The mask bids farewell to the dead and celebrates the vibrancy of the living -The mask represents dead ancestors, ges (the spiritual double of an individual), or the various bush spirits associated with the area -Malangan ceremonies were extremely expensive affairs so the ritual could take place months after someone died
(219)Hiapo (tapa)
Niue 1850-1900 Content: -Our knowledge of Polynesia comes from ethnographic journals, missionary records, archaeology, linguistics, and oral traditions -Polynesians were distinguished by their long-distance navigation skills -Social structures were organized around a highly developed aristocracies and beliefs in primo-geniture (priority of the first born) -The top of the social structure were divinely sanctioned chiefs, nobility, and priests -Artists were part of a priestly class -Polynesian cultures value genealogical depth tracing one's lineage back to the gods -Many cultures held a firm belief in Mana a supernatural power associated with high-rank, divinity, maintenance of social order and social reproduction
(217)Female Deity
Nukuoro, Microesia 18th to 19th century Caroline Islands Content: -Atoll is a ring-shaped island or chain of islands formed by coral and archipelago is a group of islands -They were converted to Christianity in 1830 -The Nukuoron figures are made by smoothing wood with pumice - was found on the beach -They marked the beginning of the harvest -The Nukuoro believed that their deities lived in animals, stones, wood, or wooden figurines, or tino aitu -The name of the deity was carved on the figure and each deity was associated with a family group, a priest, and a specific temple -They played a central role in ceremonies
(210) White and Red Plum Blossoms
Ogata Korin Japan 1710-1716 Edo period Content: -Had a great impact on modernism in western culture and also on Klimt - Depicts two plum trees surrounding a stream -Simultaneously abstract and naturalistic -The gold leaf background removes the scene from any particular time making the setting ambiguous -Metallic swirls, abstractly conveying flowing water. -The tree trunks are created through a process called tarashikomi where wet colors are dripped over still-wet paint creating areas of mottled color -The artist creates a gold leaf grid to create a contrast of blue and gold Innovation: -Ripna/School of Korin *Combining elements of naturalism and abstraction *Conveys drama and sensuality through utilizing a simple composition and putting emphasis on form, color, and texture *Like travelers among mountains because it is a depiction of nature and you can see the brushstrokes *Like Matisse by flattening space
(180)Veranda Post of Enthroned King and Senior
Olowe of Ise Yoruba People 1910-1914 Southwest Nigeria and the southern Republic of Benin Content: -A mounted figure (king or warrior) that represents military power -The power of the enthroned king and his horses were introduced into this region during the 10th century -He holds a spear (tradition) and a pistol (modern) -He is the largest figure and is way larger than his horse -But the horse and the woman are essential to his rule -He is supported by great potential to provide for his community with fertile harvest -Spiritual life in the bulging eyes -Traces of blue pigment -Bulging eyes in a woman suggest that she can see into the other realm and take on the spirit to support her community -Gap in the middle of their top teeth represents beauty -Flanked by two attendants
(174) Portrait Mask (Mblo)
Owie Kinou Baule peoples Cote d'Ivoire early 20th century Wood and brass Content: -It was commissioned and originally worn by Kouame Ziarey who was Yanso's husband -The dancer would put on a cloth costume and cover his face with the mask -They were performative because the mask wearer would dance to music *Gbaga -This style mask is called mblo masks -The image shows Moya Yanso and her stepson who holds the mask - he is the one that danced in the performance -Downcast eyes - centered and connected to the earth -Used in personal shrines and masquerade performances The portrait masks bring to life their fundamental sculpture style -Honor Moya Yanso who was an esteemed member (idealized)
(236)En la Barberia no se Llora (No crying allowed in the barbershop)
Peopon Osorio 1994 Content: -Osorio is a Puerto Rican born artist known for large scale installation pieces relating to his heritage and contemporary social issues -Built in the Puerto Rican community of Park Street -The phrase "no crying" is a typical example of toxic masculinity and one of the main focuses in this piece -He uses the setting of a barber shop as the setting for this piece because of its inherit masculinity -Car seats, action figures, objects related to sports, and vulgar depictions of sperm, circumcision, and phallic symbols -challenges the toxic masculinity that Osorio feels he sees within the Latino community -Inspired by Nuyorican communities (New York Puerto Ricans) *Nuyorican Baroque
City of Machu Picchu
Peru 1450-1540 Inca Content: -Overlooks Urubamba River -The site was chosen and situated for its relationship to the Andean landscape and the sites of the Andean landscapes and peaks of mountains called apus - which were considered ancestral deities throughout the Andes -The site contains housing for elites, retainers and maintenance staff, religious shrines, fountains, and terraces -Carved rock outcrops were a signature element of Inka art -Terracing took advantage of the landscape and produced ritually-important maize crops -Stone channels drains rain water and from spring near the site for water management -There are fountains which may have been created to have ritual baths -Entryways were in the shape of trapezoids rather than rectangles which was a unique shape to the Inka culture -Not destroyed by the Spaniards because it was up in the mountain and hidden -Is centered between four peaks like the cardinal directions
(213) Nan Madol
Pohnpei, Micronesia. Saudeleur Dynasty 700-1600 C.E. Basalt boulders and prismatic columns. Content: -Nan Madol means the space between things which reflected in the structure of the city itself - the roads flood to make canals which makes each structure an island -The ancient city was built on coral reef -The structure is made up of heavy material -100 structures and 15ft seawalls act to break the water around the city -They used no mortar or concrete to hold the structures together because they relied on criss-crossing stone method as support -The Pohnpei people believe that magic or large birds and giants are both fabled to have created the structures -Another story is that twin sorceress used magic to move the stones to construct a religious sculpture -It may be undecorated to emphasize the oral tradition than written or pictorial stories -The structure is set up to separate classes - the upper class has houses close to the king while lower classes are further away
(158) Ruler's Feather Headress
Probably worn by Motecuhzoma II 1428-1520 Aztec Content: -Hernan Cortes sent back multiple headdresses to Europe because of their uniqueness when he conquered the Aztecs -Was massive in size -Ritualistic sense as the person fades out of focus while the deity is portrayed -The most prominent feathers are an iridescent green from quetzals -These were hard to get which explains how much value this had in Aztec society because it took many birds *The quetzal feathers also show how vast the trading networks were *Feather workers were called amanteca and were well regarded in Aztec society -Stones and beads were from different parts of the Aztec empire -Used in rituals and ceremonies in which it played an important role of costuming Innovation: -When the Spanish took over they changed their work to create feathered Christian imagery as Catholicism was brought into the new world -Pantheon showing off expanse of empire by involving elements from parts of the empire
Moai on platform (ahu)
Rapa Nui (Easter Island) 1100-1600 C.E. Volcanic tuff figures on basalt base Content: -They were probably carved to commemorate important ancestors -There were 887 moai -The size and complexity of the moai increased over time -Christianity in the 1860s caused the remaining ones to be toppled -Their backs would have been toward the sea keeping watch over the island -Eyesockets were originally inlaid with red stone and coral and the sculpture was painted with red and white designs -Hoa Hakananai'a's head is slightly tilted back as if scanning the distant horizon -The collarbone is emphasized by a curved indentation and the chest is defined by carved lines that run downward towards the arm -Figures back is covered with ceremonial designs -low relief and incised Birdman cult (1400CE) -The key birdman cult ritual was an annual trial of strength and endurance in which chiefs and their followers competed The victorious chief then represented the creator god -The construction of moai peaked around 1500CE but by 1600CE the statues were topples
(216) Staff God
Rarotonga, Cook Islands, central Polynesia Late 18th to early 19th century Ironwood with lengths of Barkcloth Content: -Staff God has mana -The barkcloth covered it to preserve and protect others from the energy which is known as tapa -The upper part of the staff consists of a carved head above smaller carved figures -The lower end is carved phallus -Some missionaries destroyed the Phalluses because they were considered obscene -Tangaroa's body represents a spinal column -Made up of figures who are probably the successive generation of humans which Tangaroa created Innovation: -Representations of the deities worshipped by Cook Islanders were wooden images in human form and slab carvings and staffs known as "god sticks" -Religious charge to destroy other cultures idols/spirits *Lamassu *Bamiyan Buddha *The idols at the Kaaba -Fisherman's gods, natural deities, and at least three types of staff gods
(175)Bundu Mask
Sande Society Mende People Sierra Leone and Liberia 19th to 20th century Content: -The Mende Society was a secret sort of group that all girls would be introduced into regardless of their tribe or status as they transitioned into womanhood -The girls were taken into the forest and instructed how to be a good mother and wife by the Mende society -They would eat quality food to gain weight -The girls would also be covered in white clay to make their skin look dry, chalky, and unattractive as part of the liminal journey -Mask was worn on top of head -Ideal for girls to strive for -black and shiny skin -Downcast eyes, small ears, and a small mouth -Women were expected to show respect with their eyes -Neither listen to our spread gossip (tiny mouth) -The rolls of fat underneath the chin reference the quality of food given to them during the ritual - having enough weight to bear children -Girls were referred to as chrysalis during this time and the shape of the mask echo's the chrysalis -was the only mask ceremony where women were the mask wearer -the mask would become a spirit in ceremonies that would teach the girls how to cook and weave
(227)Summer Trees
Song Su-nam 1983 Korea Content: -Oriental Ink Movement in the 80's -In the 11th century Chinese poetry was considered the noblest type of art same with ink was painting -Simplicity and reductiveness -Ink wash paintings match western notions of abstraction -Landscapes and vegetation were metaphors for the ideal qualities of literatus himself -Loyalty, intelligence, spirituality, and strength in adversity -Sumukwha provided Song with a way to express his Korean identity -A model individual of character and moral compass no matter what challenges life presented - he expressed those ideals using ink and brush Innovation: -Whatever the intention was, the work alludes to the work of 11th century, literati -The country had taken great pride in distinguishing itself from other cultures *The country had gone through the end of ancient monarchy, colonization by the Japanese who wanted to obliterate their culture -In South Korea where Song lived the country was healing but suffering from an authoritarian government and were in fear of North Korea
(157b) Templo Mayor
Tenochtitlan 1375-1520 Content: -The temple was covered in stucco -Made to reflect the axis mundi (not really buts same idea) -Two grand staircases accessed twin temples which were dedicated to the deities Tlaloc and Huitzilpochti -Tlaloc was deity of water and rain and was associated with agricultural fertility -Huitzilopochtli was the patron deity of the Mexica and was associated with warfare, fire, and the sun -Together the two deities symbolized burnt water which connotated water which was how Mexica acquired their power and wealth -Banner raising celebrated Huitzilopochtli's triumph over his sister and the 400 brothers -People offered gifts to the deity danced and ate tamales -During the ritual war captives who were painted blue were killed on a sacrificial stone and then rolled down the staircase to fall atop the monolith to reenact the myth -Was a reminder to submit to Mexica authority -Site of many offerings including the Olmec mask -The Spainards raised the temple to the ground -Polychrome -Every 52 years they would build a temple larger on top of the temple
(211) Under the Wave off Kanagawa
Thirty-Six Views of Mount Fuji Japan Katshusika Hokusai Woodblock print 1830-1833 Content: -Was a set of 36 prints of Mount Fuji -Personification of nature; it seems intent on drowning the boats -Mount Fuji, sacred mountain to the Japanese, seems to be one with the waves -Striking design contrasts water and sky with large areas of negative space Innovation: -First time Japan had opened up their borders to trade so they influenced a lot of impressionism, etc. and they were influenced by Western traditions -Took blue paint and space from the Dutch -Isometric form of drawing was common Japanese painting until here -Floating world Ukiyo -Romanticism: nature causes fear and awe
(218)Buk (mask)
Torres Strait 19th Century Turtle shell and Raffia grass Content: -Emphasis on texture -Divided into three registers: *Human face *Body and face of a bird *Feathers -Depicting a frigatebird and a face with raffia attached to resemble hair (ocean going bird) -Piece was stitched together -This piece was only one part to a whole costume masquerade in front of an audience In rituals the mask looked like it was moving -Was used during funerary ceremonies and increase rites made to ensure great harvests and an abundance of food and game
(247)Preying Mantra
Wengechi Mutu 2006 Content: -Attempts to make fantasy realm -The artist is from Kenya -She spent her time in UK -Innate power in sexuality - who owns it and who takes control of it -She lays on a traditional African print -Combination of western and non-western themes -"African body" and female objectification -Imagine new-worlds to question cultural norms surrounding gender, sexuality, and cultural identity -inspired by Hannah Hoch
(235)Rebellious Silence
Women of Allah series Shirin Neshat 1994 Content: -1941-1979 the Shah ruled Iran as King until he was overthrown during Iranian Revolution *Under his rule Iran was modernized that reflected Western nations *He allied with the US and Britain after WW2 *Progressive women's rights despite violent repression of political and religious freedom that would cause him to be overthrown *Nationalize oil Secularize Iran -Neshat went to Catholic school where she was exposed to western and Iranian traditions -Moved to CA in 70's as violence in Iran intensified -When she came back she did not recognize it so she started her series -The long barrel of the gun dramatically cuts the subject in half -She allows the subject to "gaze back" in an attempt to free the female body from objectification -The black chandor contrasts with the background -In 1983, Islamic law required all women to wear a veil in public to protect women's bodies from being sexualized by men -Westerners view this as oppressing many Muslims find it empowering and enlightened and aligned with their religious values and identities -The veil symbolizes freedom and oppression -The calligraphy on her face is from transcripts and poetry, specifically, "Allegiance with Wakefulness" which honors bravery and martyrdom -She was exiled from Iran and it was never shown there -The gun divide shows how she is conflicted by two cultures
(229)A Book from the Sky
Xu Bing 1987-1991 Content: -He was a printmaker -Mao propaganda was being produced in the 60s -The characters do not mean anything - they look like words but they are not real -Represents stylized landscape -The sky and waves and trees
The Swing (After Fragonard)
Yinka Shonibare 2001 media installation Content: -a British-born Nigerian -was perceptive to the colonial foundations within his country and his heritage -is a direct reference to Fragonard's Swing -the headless mannequin (probs because of the reign of terror where they were all beheaded) wears 'African' Dutch wax fabrics which is a large part of west African culture *the Dutch copied Indonesian batiks and sold them to West Africa (which was one of their colonies at the time) where it became part of their fashion -represents the economic and cultural conquests that resulted from European Imperialism
