UNIT 8 MCQ TEST
Which of the following statements about Africa after 1946 is true? A Most African colonies gained national independence. B The Organization of African Unity resolved the issues that most African states found divisive. C Most African countries joined either NATO or the Warsaw Pact. D There was little postcolonial conflict in newly independent states. E Colonial patterns of trade disappeared.
A Most African colonies gained national independence.
"Executing the directives of the International Monetary Fund, the government of the dictator Gaviria* precipitously opens our borders and internal markets to big foreign capital and production. It privatizes important state enterprises and entities, lays off workers and other employees en masse, guarantees broad benefits to the owner-speculators of finance capital, removes incentives for agricultural production, and puts national producers into bankruptcy. This is the development of savage capitalism, of neo-liberalism in which economic growth opposes social well-being." *César Gaviria Trujillo, president of Colombia from 1990 to 1994 Political declaration of the Eighth Conference of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), rebel group, Colombia, 1993 The political position advocated by FARC in the passage is most consistent with which of the following in the twentieth century? A Communist efforts to redistribute agricultural land to peasants B The increasing use of violence against civilians to achieve political aims C Governments' joining regional economic blocs D The increasing globalization of consumer culture
A Communist efforts to redistribute agricultural land to peasants
"Lenin used severe methods only in the most necessary cases, when the exploiting classes were still in existence and were vigorously opposing the revolution. . . . Stalin, on the other hand, used extreme methods and mass repressions at a time when the revolution was already victorious, when the Soviet state was strengthened, when the exploiting classes were already liquidated, and when our party was politically consolidated and had strengthened itself both numerically and ideologically." Nikita Khrushchev, Soviet leader, 1956 The passage best exemplifies which of the following historical developments? A Khrushchev's attempt to distance his rule from Stalinist atrocities B Khrushchev's defense of communism as an alternative to free-market capitalism C The Soviet Union's deployment of ballistic missiles to Cuba D The diplomatic split between Communist China and the Soviet Union
A Khrushchev's attempt to distance his rule from Stalinist atrocities
"I think we should continue to emphasize the history and culture of the West, while encompassing the rest, because the West has in fact made the world we know. Anyone who wants to participate in the world community in the coming century had better know how and why the West has defined, and will continue to define, world civilization. Why do I say that? Because everybody wants what we have: science and technology, prosperity, and democracy—that is, our philosophy, our economics, our politics. It is the simple truth that science and technology emerge out of Western philosophy, not out of the philosophy of India, China, or the African nations. Since it is a fact that people everywhere aspire to the material advantages that flow, uniquely I think, from the modes of social organization that the West has devised—its economics, its science and technology, and also its politics and philosophy—I think it is time to stop apologizing and start analyzing what has made [the West] the world-defining power that it is." Jacob Neusner, historian, "It is Time to Stop Apologizing for Western Civilization and to Start Analyzing Why It Defines World Culture," The Chronicle of Higher Education, 1989 The title of the article best suggests that the author is responding to the arguments of which of the following? A Postcolonial and anti-imperialist thinkers B Advocates for radical feminism C Neoliberal economists and advocates of free-trade policies D Supporters of conservative nationalism
A Postcolonial and anti-imperialist thinkers
Of the following, which represents a challenge to superpower domination by a smaller nation during the Cold War? A Prague Spring B Helsinki Accords C Brezhnev Doctrine D Marshall Plan E Truman Doctrine
A Prague Spring
The founding North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is best understood in the context of which of the following? A The Cold War B The growth of a globalized economy C The establishment of the Nonaligned Movement D The post-Second World War population boom
A The Cold War
"Chicken Tikka Massala is now a true British national dish, not only because it is the most popular, but because it is a perfect illustration of the way Britain absorbs and adapts external influences. Chicken Tikka is an Indian dish. The Massala sauce was added to satisfy the desire of British people to have their meat served in gravy." Robin Cook, British Foreign Secretary, speech, 2001 The development of the British cuisine described in the excerpted speech above is best seen as an example of which of the following? A The effects of migration by former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles B The spread of culture through new communication technology C The global spread of western popular and consumer culture D The resistance to immigration by nativist groups
A The effects of migration by former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles
Which of the following was most clearly NOT a consequence of the Second World War? A The independence of Brazil B The independence of Indonesia C The nuclear standoff between the Soviet Union and the United States D The democratic constitution of Japan E The division of Berlin
A The independence of Brazil
Anticolonial movements like the Congress Party in India and the Young Turks agreed on which of the following? A The need for reform in order to resist European imperialism B The desire to return their societies to an earlier preindustrial age C Their intent to engage in territorial expansion at the expense of their weaker neighbors D Their emphasis on purely linguistic nationalism E The need to persuade all anticolonial movements to cooperate with European socialist parties
A The need for reform in order to resist European imperialism
Some historians have argued that the Haitian Revolution (1791—1804) marks the beginning of the process of decolonization that culminated in the dissolution of European colonial empires after the Second World War. Historians who take this position are likely to place the greatest emphasis on the importance of which of the following in the decolonization process? A The role of the desire for natural rights in independence movements B The role of European powers in encouraging revolts in each other's colonies as part of imperial rivalries C The role of economic liberalization in undermining the rationale for colonial empires D The role of indigenous economic patterns in fostering anticolonial movements
A The role of the desire for natural rights in independence movements
Which of the following best supports the argument that colonialism was responsible for the lack of economic development in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East in the late twentieth century? A The tendency of former colonies to export raw materials B Corruption within the governments of former colonies C The presence of impoverished groups within industrialized states D The prosperity of some newly independent states
A The tendency of former colonies to export raw materials
"Individually, the independent states of Africa, some of them potentially rich, others poor, can do little for their people. Together, by mutual help, they can achieve much." Kwame Nkrumah, president of Ghana, speech, 1961 The speech above by Nkrumah is best understood in the context of which of the following? A Twentieth-century transnational movements attempting to unite people across national boundaries B Competition between Cold War powers to influence the development of newly independent states C African and Latin American anti-colonial movements motivated by Enlightenment ideology D International economic institutions attempting to spread free market economics in the developing world
A Twentieth-century transnational movements attempting to unite people across national boundaries
Western-led military alliance systems such as NATO that emerged during the Cold War period sought to A prevent the spread of communism B encourage a foreign policy independent of the United States and the Soviet Union C create democratic governments worldwide D share nuclear technology with nonaligned nations
A prevent the spread of communism
In 1949, NATO was established so that Western leaders could counter A the perceived threat that the Soviet Union and its allies would spread communism B free-market advocates in the United States and Great Britain C the decolonization of Africa and nationalization of Western industry there D the growing power of developing countries in the United Nations
A the perceived threat that the Soviet Union and its allies would spread communism
"Total war was no longer a rational option for enemies armed with nuclear weapons. If they were to fight each other, they could only do so in limited wars or through nonnuclear client states. Ironically, then, weapons of total destruction may have rendered total war between major powers obsolete in the late twentieth century." Merry Wiesner-Hanks, world historian, 2004 Which of the following occurrences during the Cold War best supports the main contention of the passage above? A Both the United States and the Soviet Union actively sought ways to neutralize each other's nuclear missiles. B Both the United States and the Soviet Union armed and supported rival countries and factions in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. C A large movement protesting the nuclear arms buildup developed in Western Europe and the United States. D Several nonaligned countries sought to obtain nuclear weapons technology
B Both the United States and the Soviet Union armed and supported rival countries and factions in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
Which of the following was the most significant factor that prevented many African states from achieving political stability in the decades after their independence? A Continued military intervention by former colonizing powers B Ethnic and religious conflicts caused by the inclusion of rival groups within the same borders C Lack of exploitable natural resources D Frequent attempts by the larger states
B Ethnic and religious conflicts caused by the inclusion of rival groups within the same borders
Which of the following is true of both India and China in the period from 1945 to 1990 ? A Both were colonies of a foreign power. B In the 1950s, leaders of both countries focused on industrial development. C Building an agricultural base was the top priority of both countries. D Both countries adopted free-trade policies in the 1960s. E Both societies quickly rejected traditional religious values.
B In the 1950s, leaders of both countries focused on industrial development.
Which of the following led to the most dramatic change in the status of Chinese peasant women in the 1940's and 1950's? A The policies of Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kaishek) that attempted to give rural women more economic opportunities B Maoist policies that banned arranged marriages and made women an important part of the Communist women's movement C The Christian missionaries and their work among peasant families D The success of the Japanese during the occupation in making men and women equal participants in the economy E United Nation policies that provided women in rural China with resources and an education
B Maoist policies that banned arranged marriages and made women an important part of the Communist women's movement
The relocation of Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan to India and Muslims from India to Pakistan between 1945 and 1955 reflects which of the following world historical processes? A The migration of former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles B Population resettlement caused by redrawing former colonial borders C The development of ethnic enclaves as these migrants moved for work D The seasonal migration patterns associated with temporary work
B Population resettlement caused by redrawing former colonial borders
The painting shows Chinese youths dressed in the style typically depicted in communist propaganda posters, but with the Coca-Cola corporate logo in the background. The painting has been displayed in several galleries and museums in China. In which of the following twentieth-century historical contexts would artists have been most likely to display works that carry messages similar to that conveyed by Wang Guangyi's painting? A The Soviet Union after the death of Lenin B Russia after the end of the Cold War C South Africa under apartheid D Germany during Nazi rule
B Russia after the end of the Cold War
"Every denial of justice, every beating by the police, every demand of [colonial] workers that is drowned in blood, every scandal that is hushed up, every punitive expedition . . . brings home to us the value of our old societies. They were communal societies, never societies of the many for the few. They were societies that were not only pre-capitalist, but also anti-capitalist. They were democratic societies, always. They were cooperative societies, fraternal societies. I make a systematic defense of the societies destroyed by imperialism." Aimé Césaire, Afro-Caribbean intellectual, Discourse on Colonialism, 1953 Césaire's interpretation of the nature of precolonial societies is most directly influenced by which of the following? A The capitalist principle that markets will self-regulate B The Marxist idea that early societies were classless C The Social Darwinist concept of the survival of the fittest D The totalitarian concept of the primacy of group interests over individual interests
B The Marxist idea that early societies were classless
Which of the following was a significant effect of Western imperialism in the twentieth century? A The decline of migrations to industrialized countries B The development of nationalism among colonized peoples C The conservation of the environment in colonized areas D The systematic deterioration in public health conditions
B The development of nationalism among colonized peoples
Which of the following was an experience shared by the African leaders Nelson Mandela, Robert Mugabe, Jomo Kenyatta, and Kwame Nkrumah during the colonial period? A They studied at Soviet universities. B They were held as political prisoners. C They served in a colonial army. D They were Muslims. E They originally came from French colonies.
B They were held as political prisoners.
The partition of British India in 1947 created the new Muslim state of Pakistan and the predominantly Hindu state of India. The immediate result of the drawing of new geographic boundaries was A a lasting nuclear nonproliferation pact between the newly created states B religious and ethnic violence that led to mass migrations and massacres C a peaceful transition to independence along the lines that Mohandas Gandhi, the nationalist and advocate of nonviolence, had envisioned D the peaceful annexation of Kashmir, a predominantly Muslim state, by Pakistan
B religious and ethnic violence that led to mass migrations and massacres
Which of the following is the basis for nearly all the boundaries of today's sub-Saharan African states? A Postcolonial conquests of one African state by another B Fragmentation of countries after they achieved independence from Europe C Decisions by European powers during the process of colonization D Precolonial linguistic groupings E International agreements mediated by the United Nations
C Decisions by European powers during the process of colonization
Article XI The Emperor has the supreme command of the Army and Navy. Article XIII The Emperor declares war, makes peace, and concludes treaties. Japan's 1889 constitution Article IX Aspiring sincerely to an international peace based on justice and order, the Japanese people forever renounce war . . . and the threat or use of force as a means of settling international disputes. In order to accomplish the aim of the preceding paragraph, land, sea, and air forces . . . will never be maintained. Japan's 1947 constitution The differences in the passages above are most likely a result of which of the following? A Ideological struggles between communist and capitalist political parties B The Japanese emperor's acceptance of Enlightenment ideals C Demilitarization imposed by the United States after the Second World War D The persistence of mass antiwar protests in Japan
C Demilitarization imposed by the United States after the Second World War
What do Israel, India and Canada have in common? A Economies based primarily on the production of raw materials B Defense systems dependent on aid from the United States C Parliamentary forms of government D Two official languages at the national level E One predominant state religion
C Parliamentary forms of government
"The immense majority of Mexico's villages and citizens own only the ground on which they stand. They suffer the horrors of poverty without being able to better their social status . . . or without being able to dedicate themselves to industry or agriculture due to the fact that the lands, woods, and water are monopolized by the few." Emiliano Zapata,, Plan of Ayala, 1911 The opinion expressed in the passage above is most consistent with which of the following? A Privatizing Mexico's water and mineral resources B Guaranteeing workers' rights to organize and go on strike C Redistributing one-third of the land controlled by large landholders to landless peasants D Abrogating all contracts giving foreign nationals ownership of Mexican land
C Redistributing one-third of the land controlled by large landholders to landless peasants
Which of the following was a significant long-term cause of the collapse of the Soviet Union during the late twentieth century? A Geopolitical rivalry between the Soviet Union and communist China B The dismantling of the Berlin Wall and the end of restrictions on emigrating from communist countries C The cost of the arms race between the Soviet Union and the United States D The establishment of the Non-Aligned Movement
C The cost of the arms race between the Soviet Union and the United States
Which of the following was the most immediate effect of the collapse of the communist regime in the Soviet Union? A United States involvement in wars in Iraq and Afghanistan B The Chinese communist government's institution of market-reform policies C The end of the Cold War D The expansion of the European Union to include countries in Eastern Europe
C The end of the Cold War
"The Declaration of the French Revolution made in 1791 on the Rights of Man and the Citizen also states: 'All men are born free and with equal rights, and must always remain free and have equal rights.' "Nevertheless for more than eighty years, the French imperialists, abusing the standard of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity, have violated our Fatherland and oppressed our fellow-citizens. They have acted contrary to the ideals of humanity and justice." Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Viet Nam, 1945 The excerpt above was written in response to which of the following? A The use of Vietnamese laborers and soldiers by the French in the First World War B The end of the struggle for Vietnamese independence known as the Indochina wars C The failure of French colonizers to apply their ideals in Indochina D The rapid conquest of French Indochina by the Japanese during the Second World War
C The failure of French colonizers to apply their ideals in Indochina
All of the following were policies pursued by both the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War EXCEPT A reliance on military alliances for national security B promotion of proxy wars in other states C centralized planning of the national economy D development of massive nuclear arsenals
C centralized planning of the national economy
The Cold War rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union during the second half of the twentieth century was characterized by competition primarily over A religion and culture B the distribution of natural resources C ideology and economic structure D control of key trade routes
C ideology and economic structure
"We shall not repeat the past. We shall eradicate it by restoring our rights in the Suez Canal. This money is ours. The canal is the property of Egypt." The quotation above by Gamel Abdel Nasser (in power 1952-1970) was most influenced by A Soviet communism B Islamic thought C nationalism D constitutionalism E international law
C nationalism
We shall not repeat the past. We shall eradicate it by restoring our rights in the Suez Canal. This money is ours. The canal is the property of Egypt." The quotation above by Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser (in power 1952-1970) best expresses support for A communism B liberalism C nationalism D imperialism
C nationalism
In order to achieve victory in China and Vietnam, Asian communists such as Mao Zedong and Ho Chi Minh did which of the following? A Relied on the leadership of educated urban elites and factory workers. B Retained key elements of Confucianism while deposing the traditional elites. C Gained the support of fascists in the Second World War to defeat local enemies. D Adapted their revolutionary theories to reflect the major concerns of the peasants.
D Adapted their revolutionary theories to reflect the major concerns of the peasants.
"Without a revolutionary theory there can be no revolutionary movement. The role of vanguard fighter can be fulfilled only by a party that is guided by the most advanced theory. We have said that there could not have been Social-Democratic consciousness among the workers. It could only be brought to them from without. The history of all countries shows that the working class, exclusively by its own effort, is able to develop only trade union consciousness, i.e., the conviction that it is necessary to combine in unions, fight the employers, and strive to compel the government to pass necessary labor legislation. The theory of socialism, however, grew out of the philosophic, historical, and economic theories elaborated by educated representatives of the propertied classes, the intellectuals. Our worst sin with regard to organization is that by our amateurishness we have lowered the prestige of revolutionaries in Russia." Vladimir Lenin, Russian exile in Switzerland, What Is to Be Done?, 1902 Which of the following best describes a similarity between the Russian Revolutions of 1917 and the Chinese Revolution of 1911 ? A Both were initiated in response to invasions by foreign powers. B Both gained the support of government reformers holding high bureaucratic positions. C Both were led by members of the working classes who had risen through the ranks of labor unions. D Both were able to gain support because of the ineffectiveness and corruption of the existing monarchies.
D Both were able to gain support because of the ineffectiveness and corruption of the existing monarchies.
Which of the following was a principal cause of the Cold War? A Proxy wars in Latin America B Competition for natural resources in Africa C The nuclear arms race D Conflicting capitalist and communist ideologies
D Conflicting capitalist and communist ideologies
In the mid-twentieth century, which of the following was a similarity between the approaches of China and the Soviet Union in managing their respective economies? A Insistence on the participation of industrial workers in planning their economies B Recognition of the independence of satellite states in developing their economies C Building popular support for their regimes by slowing the pace of industrialization D Direct intervention in their economies to speed the process of industrialization
D Direct intervention in their economies to speed the process of industrialization
Historians argue that the twentieth century marks a significant break in world history for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: A Petroleum use fundamentally changed the relationship of humans to the environment. B The population of the world increased from 1.6 billion to 6.1 billion people. C Communists established powerful new states in Russia and China. D Low-wage laborers migrated from continent to continent.
D Low-wage laborers migrated from continent to continent.
Nationalist leaders in Africa and Asia, such as Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969), Jomo Kenyatta (1894-1978), and Kwame Nkrumah (1909-1972), had which of the following in common? A Defense of capitalism B Support for free-trade systems C Rejection of violent revolution D Opposition to colonial rule
D Opposition to colonial rule
Mao Zedong and Mohandas Gandhi both appealed to which of the following as a base of support? A Warlords, wealthy landowners, and merchants B Westernized elites C Traditional rulers D Peasants E Urban factory workers
D Peasants
"I belong to those scientists who consider that the drying up of the Aral Sea is far more advantageous than preserving it. First, in its zone, good fertile land will be obtained. . . . Cultivation of cotton alone will pay for the existing Aral Sea, with all its fisheries, shipping, and other industries. Second, the disappearance of the Sea will not affect the region's landscapes." A. Babayev, president of Soviet Turkmenistan's Academy of Sciences, late 1950s Which of the following best explains why the Soviet Union was willing to undertake projects such as the one discussed in the passage? A The need to suppress armed resistance to Soviet rule in Central Asia B The mass migration of Turkmens and other Central Asians to Soviet Russia C Soviet embrace of economic liberalization and free-market principles D Pressure resulting from the need to keep pace with Western economic development during the Cold War
D Pressure resulting from the need to keep pace with Western economic development during the Cold War
Which of the following was a major similarity between the goals of leaders of the Chinese Communist Revolution, such as Mao Zedong, and the goals of leaders of the Mexican Revolution, such as Emiliano Zapata, in the early twentieth century? A Advocacy of a global workers' revolution B Active encouragement for integration into the global economy C Concern primarily with improving conditions for urban factory workers D Support for redistribution of land to poor peasants
D Support for redistribution of land to poor peasants
After which event did the United States and the Soviet Union emerge as superpowers with respect to the rest of the world? A The United States Civil War B The promulgation of the Monroe Doctrine C The First World War D The Second World War
D The Second World War
"I think we should continue to emphasize the history and culture of the West, while encompassing the rest, because the West has in fact made the world we know. Anyone who wants to participate in the world community in the coming century had better know how and why the West has defined, and will continue to define, world civilization. Why do I say that? Because everybody wants what we have: science and technology, prosperity, and democracy—that is, our philosophy, our economics, our politics. It is the simple truth that science and technology emerge out of Western philosophy, not out of the philosophy of India, China, or the African nations. Since it is a fact that people everywhere aspire to the material advantages that flow, uniquely I think, from the modes of social organization that the West has devised—its economics, its science and technology, and also its politics and philosophy—I think it is time to stop apologizing and start analyzing what has made [the West] the world-defining power that it is." Jacob Neusner, historian, "It is Time to Stop Apologizing for Western Civilization and to Start Analyzing Why It Defines World Culture," The Chronicle of Higher Education, 1989 Which of the following would most directly challenge the author's argument that people all over the world aspire to imitate the West? A The market reforms undertaken by Deng Xiaoping in China after the Cultural Revolution B The increasing global influence of American popular culture C The development of international free market institutions such as the World Trade Organization D The growth of fundamentalist religious movements advocating theocratic government
D The growth of fundamentalist religious movements advocating theocratic government
Which of the following describes a major change in international relations in the 1980s and 1990s? A The rapid establishment of large overseas colonial empires by European powers B The disbanding of most regional political organizations C The decline in power of multinational corporations D The reduction of confrontations between communist and noncommunist countries
D The reduction of confrontations between communist and noncommunist countries
In China between 1958 and 1962, Mao Zedong's Great Leap Forward, an effort to make China an industrial power through mass collectivization of agriculture, is best understood as an example of A an attempt by China to win favor with policy makers in the United States B a free-market policy designed to position China as a major power in a globalizing economy C market communism in which the state increasingly cedes control to businesses run by Communist Party associates D a communist government exerting control over the national economy
D a communist government exerting control over the national economy
Poster from the Seventeenth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 1934. Poster text: "Raise the Flag of Lenin, It Gives Us Victory!" Banners at bottom read: "Long live the invincible party of Lenin!" "Long live the great guide of the international proletarian revolution, Comrade Stalin!" Artworks of the type shown in the image were used for all of the following EXCEPT to A mobilize the Soviet population in support of the policy of "total war" during the Second World War B showcase Soviet support for the Warsaw Pact during the Cold War C promote Soviet support for anti-imperialist independence movements in Asia and Africa D encourage Soviet citizens to embrace Western popular culture
D encourage Soviet citizens to embrace Western popular culture
China's strategy for modernization and economic development in the 1950s most closely resembled the developmental strategy of A India B Japan C Britain D the Soviet Union E the United States
D the Soviet Union
Which of the following best describes an important difference between the theories of revolution of Mao Zedong and those of Lenin? A Lenin stressed the need for a powerful state structure. B Lenin thought that Marx's writings were important. C Mao claimed that Marx's early writings were less valid than Marx's later ones. D Mao thought that communism was appropriate only for some nations and cultures. E Mao placed emphasis on the revolutionary potential of peasants.
E Mao placed emphasis on the revolutionary potential of peasants.
Which of the following African countries continued to have a sizeable segment of the population with European ancestry in the 1990s? A Ethiopia B Egypt C Nigeria D Ghana E South Africa
E South Africa
Which of the following countries experienced the most rapid economic growth during the Second World War? A China B Germany C Japan D The Soviet Union E The United States
E The United States
In the early twentieth century, nationalist movements in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East were led primarily by A the urban working class B the nobility C labor unions D landless peasants E educated urban elites
E educated urban elites
