unit 8 practice qs

Factory workers, including children, typically worked 8 hours a day, 5 days a week. 10 hours a day, 5 days a week. 12-14 hours a day, 6 days a week. 14-17 hours a day, 6 days a week.

14-17 hours a day, 6 days a week

The areas that industrialized after Britain included Barcelona, Naples, Belgium, northern France, and the Netherlands. Belgium, northern France, the Netherlands, western Germany, and northern Italy. Belgium, northern France, the Netherlands, western Germany, and Saxony. Belgium, northern France, the Netherlands, western Germany, and Naples.

Belgium, northern France, the Netherlands, western Germany, and northern Italy.

Utilitarianism, and John Stuart Mills' further thought, had what effect on the liberalism? It began to advocate reforms for social justice to achieve the greatest good even at the cost of some liberty. It began to advocate liberty for wider social groups in order to approach the ideal of complete freedom. It ceased to consider the welfare of the common people as it became the justification for big business. It began to advocate reforms for social justice as the essential means of achieving individual liberty.

It began to advocate reforms for social justice to achieve the greatest good even at the cost of some liberty.

Which author advanced the argument that anarchism would be achieved through education and without violence in What is Property?" William Godwin Henri de Saint Simon Pierre Proudhon Charles Fourier John Stuart Mill

Pierre Proudhon

The intellectual fathe rof romanticism was Descartes Voltaire Fourier Rousseau Marx

Rousseau

which of the following would NOT be considered part of the chartist reform program a. women's rights b. annual election of the House of Commons c. universal manhood suffrage d. salaries for Members of Parli e. a secret ballot

a

Which of the following is TRUE of changes in the standard of living in the first half of the 19c?: there is not complete agreement on this question among historians. the middle and upper classes made spectacular advances. while real wages were higher than before, few workers were permanently employed. some skilled workers were noticeably better off. all of these choices are correct.

all

The Factory Act of 1833 specified that pregnant women could not work in environmentally unsafe conditions alleviated some of the abuses of child labor in the textile industry eliminated hcild labor in the mining of coal and iron required employers to provide comprehensive medical coverage for all employees established the five-day work week in Britain

alleviated some of the abuses of child labor in the textile industry

The industrial economy of the 19th century was based upon all of the following EXCEPT an adequate labor supply an equitable distribution of profits among all those who were involved in production a distribution system to marekt finished products the availability of capital the availability of raw materials

an equitable distribution of profits among all those who were involved in production

The middle class included all of the following groups EXCEPT artisans and substantial farmers. shopkeepers, office clerks, and schoolteachers. merchants, managers, upper bureaucrats, and professionals. bankers and great industrialists.

artisans and substantial farmers

prison system where prisoners isolated at night but social in day is the _________ system

auburn

Apart from the changes in seed yield shown on the graph above, which of the following most affected Europe's ability to feed itself in the period 1600-1800? (A) The creation of large cash-crop plantations in the Americas (B) The cultivation of New World crops in Europe (C) The widespread mechanization of agriculture (D) The decreasing tendency of armies to target civilian populations during wartime

b

all goals of the Chartist movement were eventually achieved in Great Britain EXCEPT a. secret ballot b. annual parli c. = electoral districts d. abolition of property req for Members of Parli e. salaries for ^

b. annual parli

During the nineteenth century, the idea of the family became more important, even as the reality of peoples' lives made it more difficult to maintain. became less important, reflecting the decline of affective ties in industrial society. did not change much, since the family always had been and remained the foundation of society. appeared for the first time, since Europeans had earlier considered themselves members of a clan.

became more important, even as the reality of peoples' lives made it more difficult to maintain

1st nation to industrialize ON THE CONTINENT

belgium

liberalism and nationalism posed the greatest threat to the status quo in

britain?

Railroads revolutionized transportation in all of the following ways EXCEPT by making it possible to move massive quantities of material across country. by making it possible for people to move across country more freely. by moving things and people more quickly. by leading quickly to individual steam-powered vehicles for use on roads.

by leading quickly to individual steam-powered vehicles for use on roads

During the early nineteenth century, the conditions of life of the great mass of people clearly got better. clearly got worse. seem to have remained the same. changed dramatically in ways that were generally demoralizing and frequently debilitating.

changed dramatically in ways that were generally demoralizing and frequently debilitating

In his novel, Hard Times, this man wrote of the dangerous and polluted environment of factories and of the discouraged, exhausted workers that were characteristic of this time in a fictional town called Cokeville

charles dickens

In the early days of the industrial revolution, child labor was considered unnecessary and undesirable by most industrialists considered desirable by parents because it kept families together banned completely by legislation limited to abandoned or orphaned children opposed by working-class parents who were, however, powerless to prevent it

considered desirable by parents because it kept families together

In the late 1700s and early 1800s, liberal political economists in western Europe used information similar to the data shown in the graph (bread) to argue that (A) governments should require landholders to make agricultural improvements (B) the export of food crops and other agricultural products should be restricted (C) agricultural work had moral and physical benefits that were superior to those of industrial labor (D) abolition of common agricultural land holdings would result in greater agricultural productivity

d

charles fourier believed that a. all euro workers should form a single trade union b. sex was at the heart of social dysfunction c. industrialization would solve all social evils d. industrialization ignored the passionate side of human nature e. inidustrializaiotn and anarchy were incompatible

d

All of the following were goals of nineteenth-century liberals EXCEPT limits to the arbitrary power of government against the property of individual citizens democracy legal equality religious toleration free consent of the governed

democracy

Governments contributed to economic development in all of the following ways EXCEPT developing transportation and communications, including postal services and in many countries railroads. setting tariffs to protect infant industries from mature foreign competitors. establishing national banks to facilitate capital mobilization. directing the allocation of resources according to a rational masterplan.

directing the allocation of resources according to a rational masterplan

in 1850, the largest group of employed women in england worked a. on the land b. in factoreis c. in them inning industry d. in small businesses e. as domestic servants

e

in the 1830s, many Brit workers linked the solution of their econ plight to a program of polite reform known as a. trade unionism b. new labor c. english socialism d. english marxism e. chartism

e

saint-simon believed that, above all else, modern society needed a. relaxation of gender roles b. redistribution of wealth c. a new conception of the fan d. tighter controls on social mores e. rational management

e

the end of the Corn Laws in Brit in 1846 was an indication that a. govn fully responsive to needs of workers b. Ind Rev beginning to slow down c. grain available in abundance d. role of monarchy in decline e. old landed classes no longer fully dom Brit politics

e

the great reform bill a. reduced pwr of monarch b. lowered grain tariffs c. gave adult men same polite rights d. ended capital punishment e. expanded size of electorate

e

The Industrial Revolution in Britain was in a large part inspired by?: the urgent need to solve great urban poverty. the failure of the cottage industry system. entrepreneuers who sought and accepted new manufacturing methods and inventions. the great industrial success of the century before in Holland and France. kings who controlled patents for new inventions.

entrepreneuers who sought and accepted new manufacturing methods and inventions.

Factories contributed to industrialization in all of the following ways EXCEPT providing a site to house heavy machinery that had to be located in one place. facilitating the mobilization of capital through stocks and bank loans. making it possible to closely supervise and discipline the labor force. acting as centers of gravity for satellite enterprises and residential areas.

facilitating the mobilization of capital through stocks and bank loans

marx derived the major ideas of the communist manifesto from

german hegelianism

According the the Classical Economists' "Iron Law of Wages"?: if a worker received more than a subsistence wage, he/she would breed more children who would eat up the surplus. with every rise in production, wages must also rise. once workers' wages fell below the level needed for subsistence, they would strike. every wage increase must automatically benefit the employer, since additional purchasing power would be created. none of these choices are correct.

if a worker received more than a subsistence wage, he/she would breed more children who would eat up the surplus.

Europe's population rose from 185 million to 295 million (1800-1870) for all these reasons EXCEPT increased opportunities for child labor. a decline in disease-carrying germs. an increase in the food supply. a lowering of the age of marriage.

increased opportunities for child labor

The classical economic liberalism of the early nineteenth century rested on the assumption that the government should actively regulate the economy to promote stability and social justice. individuals pursuing their own interests in a free marketplace will optimize economic activity. left to its own devices, the "invisible hand" governing the marketplace will bring prosperity to everyone. liberty in the marketplace included the liberty of workers to form unions to bargain collectively.

individuals pursuing their own interests in a free marketplace will optimize economic activity.

The Russian bourgeois were allowed to own serfs during parts of the 18th and 19th centuries to encourage what? innovation. Industrialization. Increased social division. agricultural advancements

industrialization

The most important symbol of Romanticism became the?: unified society marching collectively to a better future. desperate working class fighting for its freedom. oppressed nationalities fighting for freedom. isolated individual in heroic struggle. idealic life of the yeoman farmer.

isolated individual in heroic struggle.

All of the following were results of the Industrial Revolution EXCEPT it created poverty much worse than that in the countryside it subjected workers and their families to low wages, long working days, and oppressive living conditions it brought great wealth to factory owners it created two new social classes it displaced the landed aristocracy as the dominant social class

it created poverty much worse than that in the countryside

Romanticism was important for all of the following reasons EXCEPT it nurtured a tremendous outpouring of creative activity in the arts. it contributed to all three of the modern political ideologies: conservatism, liberalism, and socialism. it shattered the hold of religion and mysticism on the European mind. it counterbalanced the rationality and discipline of the scientific world view in modern culture.

it shattered the hold of religion and mysticism on the European mind

All of the following are true of the steam engine EXCEPT its use spread slowly because James Watt retained exclusive patent rights until 1800 it provided the first steady and virtually unlimited source of inanimate power it was invented by James Watt in 1769 it enabled industrialization to grow and expand into different areas of production it differed from other contemporary engines in that it was powered by burning coal

it was invented by James Watt in 1769

"The commodity is first of all, an external object, a thing which through its qualities satisfies human needs of whatever kind. The nature of these needs, whether they arise, for example, from the stomach, or the imagination, makes no difference. Nor does it matter here how the thing satisfies man's need, whether directly as a means of subsistence, i.e. an object of consumption, or indirectly as a means of production." The quotation above is from a work by

karl marx

The conclusions of Malthus and Ricardo relative to economic affairs suggested that?: capitalism and a free society would eventually abolish poverty and suffering from the world. only social reforms and strong government intervention in the economy could alleviate human misery. liberals were right to reject government interference in economic affairs because it could do no good. economics is too complex a subject to be understood in rational or scientific terms. poverty was caused by a lack of education and could be remedied by mandatory elementary school attendance.

liberals were right to reject government interference in economic affairs because it could do no good.

In England, the Factory Act of 1833 clearly?: limited the hours of work for children under thirteen years of age. forbade work for girls under 18 years of age. expanded a factory owner's ability to hire children under the age of 12. stated that children under 13 years of age should not be permitted to enter the work force. forbade women from working more than 12 hours per day in the textile mills.

limited the hours of work for children under thirteen years of age.

After Great Britain passed the Factory Act in 1833 many British working class laborers demanded shorter workdays for adults the workday for adults and older teenagers was shortened there was a marked decrease in productivity more children were exploited in the workplace working-class parents became more involved in the educatin of their children

many British working class laborers demanded shorter workdays for adults

One significant difference in the process of industrialization in England and the continent was many governments actively promoted industrialization on the continent the English focused on luxury goods banks were less important on the continent support for free trade was strong in Germany there was reluctance to use skilled workers from Britain on the continent because of nationalistic sentime

many governments actively promoted industrialization on the continent

Which group gained suffrage as a result of the Reform Bill of 1832 women landed aristocracy peasants urban working class middle class

middle class

The group that gained most political power as a result of the Reform Bill of 1832 was the?: landed aristocracy. poor living in the workhouses. farm laborers. middle-class people of the towns. factory workers.

middle-class people of the towns.

__________ was an imoprtant complement to liberalism

nationalism

the single most powerful ideology of the 19th C was

nationalism

One reason why the factory system replaced the domestic system in England was that?: the decline of the guilds sharply reduced the amount of skilled labor. women no longer had time to give to their families or to do the domestic work around their homes. there was a marked decrease in the labor supply. neither water power nor steam power could be used efficiently in the home. Parliament passed laws designed to weaken the domestic system.

neither water power nor steam power could be used efficiently in the home.

the brit sent ppl convicted of most serious crimes to

new south wales

Robert Owen's only success was the?: establishment of New Harmony in Indiana as a successful experiment. organization of consumers' cooperatives. winning of widespread support for his economic theories. organizing of powerful trade unions. passage of the Peoples' Charter in Parliament in the 1830s.

organization of consumers' cooperatives

The Corn Laws reduced the price of bread in Great Britain allowed for free trade of agricultural products in Great Britain benefited the working class more than any other class placed high tariffs on imported grain were welcomed by the British population

placed high tariffs on imported grain

This man was a factory owner that believed a person's character was formed by the effects of their environment. As a result, he refused to mistreat his employees like many of his colleagues. He published "The Formation of Character" and "A New View of Society" and his cooperative philosophy influenced several worker's movements and played an important role in establishing the Grand National Conslidated Trade Union in 1834.

robert owen

James Watt's steam engines were used to drive all of the following textile machines EXCEPT Arkwright's water frame. Crompton's spinning mule. Savery's atmospheric engine. Cartwright's power loom.

savery's atmospheric engine

By 1850, industrial workers in the United Kingdom were the majority of the employed typically worked eight-to nine-hour days had organized a powerful national union saw a rise in real wages were working fewer days than they had as agricultural laborers

saw a rise in real wages

The Industrial Revolution began in England for all of the following reasons EXCEPT?: England had ample capital for investment. she was an island nation safe from invasion. an abundant source of power was available. the government had created a business-friendly climate. she had the necessary conditions for a factory system.

she was an island safe from invasion

Riccardo's "iron law of wages" extended the sphere of inexorable economic laws to social relations. international economics. government spending. metalworking technology.

social relations

Government policy was an important part of early industrialization for all of the following reasons EXCEPT?: railroad building. the stabilization of the currency. social welfare programs for workers. the reduction of trade barriers. laws benefiting business organization.

social welfare programs for workers.

In 1820, revolutionaries overthrew the governments of which two states?: Portugal and Tuscany. France and Spain. Piedmont and Prussia. Spain and Naples. Poland and Russia.

spain and naples

The aristocracy in the nineteenth century was everywhere in steep decline as industrialization undercut the material bases of its power. still dominant in industrialized western Europe and was wealthy and influential in the South and East. still dominant in agrarian southern and eastern Europe and was wealthy and influential in the West. paradoxically able to bolster its position as industrialization advanced through its political power.

still dominant in agrarian southern and eastern Europe and was wealthy and influential in the West

Utilitarianism changed the theoretical underpinnings of liberalism by substituting maximization of pleasure and minimization of pain for natural rights as its basic justification. establishing individual liberty as the ultimate purpose of government and source of all good in humanity. substituting maximization of pleasure and minimization of pain for tradition as the basis for policies. establishing individual liberty is in essence the maximization of pleasure and the minimization of pain.

substituting maximization of pleasure and minimization of pain for natural rights as its basic justification.

Friedrich List in Germany argued that nationalism would get in the way of economic progress rejected the idea of a Zollverein as a hindrance to economic progress supported industrialization for nationalistic reasons warned against the dangers of Prussian industrialization claimed that free trade was the best path to prosperity

supported industrialization for nationalistic reasons

The industry that paved the way for the Industrial Revolution was the agricultural industry shipbuilding industry steel industry luxury goods industry textile industry

textile industry

Industrialization in England resulted in all of the following EXCEPT?: the elimination of social distinctions between the middle and working class. the increased production of goods in all industries. the reinvestment of profits from manufacturing. the expansion of trade according to market demand. new methods of production

the elimination of social distinctions between the middle and working class.

The most effective social welfare measures came from private charities. self-help organizations. the government. business.

the government

Count Henri de Saint-Simon believed that?: nature should be worshipped as a god. sexual freedom was a necessary component of political freedom. society should return to 17c norms. ownership of private property was a crime. the key to progress was proper social organization.

the key to progress was proper social organization

the great reform bill of 1832 finally passed bc

the king threatened to alter the structure of the house of lords

The British Ten Hours Act mainly concerned?: British railroad workers. the labor of women and children in British factores. French radicals during the Revolution. German dockworkers . Slum dwellers in London.

the labor of women and children in British factores.

All of the following were innovations during the Industrial Revolution EXCEPT the water frame the spinning jenny the steam engine the manufacture of steel the manufacture of high-quality iron

the manufacture of steel

The peasantry was substantially affected by all of the following in the early nineteenth century EXCEPT the commercialization of agriculture. the mechanization of agriculture. the decline of the putting-out system the removal of feudal obligations.

the mechanization of agriculture

The passage of this marked a turning point in British history by increasing the number of voters, redrawing election zones and eliminating rotten boroughs.

the reform bill of 1832

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the Communist Manifesto claim that a Communist revolution would first come to an agricultural country capitalism could be reformed there would be a worldwide revolution to end the abuses of capitalism workers of Communism would share in running the state economy the proletariat would be the only class to survive the Communist revolution

there would be a worldwide revolution to end the abuses of capitalism

This Scott, who originally made musical instruments, also was responsible for perhaps the most significant invention of the Industrial Revolution - the steam engine.

thomas newcomen

Which of the following was the key aim of the British Corn Laws in the early 1800s?: to export grain at cheaper prices to France. to weaken the power of the middle class in finance and banking. to improve the quality of British grain. to protect the interests of British grain producers from foreign imports. to set up a free trade zone among farmers in western Europe.

to protect the interests of British grain producers from foreign imports.

Which of the following was the major purpose of the Corn Laws in Britain in the early 1800s?: to lower the price on grain imported from the rest of Europe. to weaken the political power of the middle class in Parliament. to improve the production and the quality of grain produced in Great Britain. to cooperate with other grain producers in western Europe. to protect the interests of British grain producers.

to protect the interests of British grain producers.

Classical liberals supported all of the following EXCEPT?: freedom of the press and of assembly. written constitutions. free trade. universal male suffrage. parliamentary or representative institutions.

universal male suffrage.

The novelty of the "Concert of Europe" system was its recognition that?: war had become too dangerous a luxury for Europe to afford. France could not be eliminated from the map of Europe. free trade was necessary for the economies of Europe to improve after the recessions following the Napoleonic Wars. wars were useful only to obtain territory, not spread political change. internal affairs were the concern solely of the affected country.

war had become too dangerous a luxury for Europe to afford.

The Enclosure Movement in England had all but which one of the following features?: former common grazing lands were fenced in. small farm holding were consolidated into large agricultural units. wool production declined as food crops became more profitable. many peasants were put off the land. it resulted in the passage by Parliament of the Corn Laws.

wool production declined as food crops became more profitable.