Unit 8: The Early Cold War

Pink Collar Job

jobs in the service industry typically held by woman including secretaries, clerks, waitresses and hairdressers

Emmett Till

14 year old child from Chicago who was brutally killed by white southerners after he was caught "flirting" with one of their wives. It became a national outrage due to the sheer brutality of the murder. The men shot Emmet in the head, gouged his eyes out, tied him to a cotton gin with barbed wire and sunk him in the blank river. Both men were arrested but the jury lifted any charges off of them.

USSR, US, GB, France, China

5 Permanent Members of the UN Security Council (Wield ability to veto)

Containment

A policy uniting military, economic and diplomatic strategies to curb or "contain" any further Soviet communist expansion

Eisenhower Doctrine

A proclamation that the United States would send military aid, and if necessary, troops to any Middle Eastern nations threatened by Communist aggression.

Nixon's Checker's Speech

Accused of having an election slush fund and threatened with being dumped from (Republican) ticket, Nixon televised a speech addressed to the nation in which he famously stated that he did not do anything illegal while on the campaign trail, but did accept a small dog named Checkers from someone as a gift to his girls. (Illegal to do but was quickly dropped due to the nature of it)

The Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 (GI Bill)

Act that provided a range of benefits for returning World War II veterans. These included low-cost mortgages, low-interest loans to start a business and cash payments of tuition to attend university, high school or vocational education

The Berlin Airlift

American cargo planes landed in West Berlin every three minutes around the clock, bringing the mountain of food and fuel necessary to provide the blockaded city with a lifeline of sorts. (Massive airlift of supplies to the city)

George F. Kennan

American diplomat in Moscow who wired a long telegram to the State department stating that the Soviets were similar to a wound up toy car, and could only be stopped with just force.

Truman Doctrine

American foreign policy created to counter Soviet geopolitical spread during the Cold War. It was first announced to Congress by President Harry S.Truman on March 12, 1947 and further developed on July 12, 1948 when he pledged to contain Soviet threats to Greece and Turkey. Further proclaimed the intention of the nation to be a global "policeman" to guard against advances of the USSR and spread of communism.

Republic of Korea (South Korea)

American supported south Korea

National Security Paper 68 (NSC-68)

Analysis of US defense policy that emphasized the Soviet Union's aggressive intentions, territorial greed, and military strength. It called for a massive uptake in American nuclear arms, vigorous action by the CIA, and a larger budget for the defense to combat communism expansion.

(Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) SEATO

Asian counterpart of the NATO military alliance formed in 1954

New Conservatives

Barry Goldwater, George Wallace, Ronald Reagan

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Boycott started December 1955 in which over 50,000 blacks walked/carpooled daily instead of riding the buses. MLK became famous as one of the main organizers. Bus company struggled to stay in business and in December of 1956 the Supreme Court ruled the bus segregation unconditional.

Shotgun Wedding

Coined term that described the partnership of the Soviets and Americans in their struggle to defeat Germany

(Central Treaty Organization) CENTO

Collective security pact formed in 1955 involving Britain, Turkey and Iran

General Douglas MacArthur

Commanded the UN effort and American ground troops in the Korean War

Employment Act of 1946

Committed the federal government to ensuring economic growth and established the Council of Economic Advisors to confer with the President and formulate policies for maintaining employment, production, and purchasing power.

"Dixiecrat" Party

Common nickname for the party of disgruntled Democrats who nominated Governor Strom Thurmond of South Carolina as their candidate in the 1948 election

International Telephone and Telegraph (ITT)

Communications company that expanded rapidly into car rental, home building, hotel chains, insurance and more to ensure bureaucratization over the market.

Warsaw Pact (1955)

Created a mutual defense treaty among eight communist states in eastern Europe

German Democratic Republic (Eastern Germany)

Created by the Soviets in 1949 to combat the advances of American and British powers

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

Created in 1938 in the House of Representatives that was theoretically used to weasel out fascists but was twisted by certain Republican leaders to go after the New Deal and other proposed communist plots

Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)

Created in 1946 to spur both nuclear energy and weaponry. Devoted over 90% of its efforts towards atomic bombs.

The Bretton Woods Agreement (1944)

Created the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to stabilize exchange rates by valuing ("pegging") other currencies in relation to the US dollar; established the International Bank For Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) to help rebuild East Asia and Europe and laid the groundwork for the 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) to break up the closed trading blocs and expand international trade.

Operation Wetback

Eisenhower administration revokes Braceros rights to work in Sunbelt states and forces them back to their native lands

John Foster Dulles

Eisenhower's secretary of state who was starkly against communism and insisted that the United States use the tactic of "brinkmanship"

CIA

Established in 1947 to conduct foreign intelligence gathering, it soon began to carry out numerous undercover operations which aimed at overthrowing any regimes in third world nations that were friendly to communist powers

Executive Order 9835

Established the Federal Employee Loyalty program to root out surveys in the government. It authorized the attorney general to prepare a list of "subversive" organizations and made assocation with such groups grounds for dismissal.

Iron Curtain

Famous term coined by Winston Churchill pertaining to the rise of Communist states in Eastern Europe

Berlin Airlift

Food, water, coal dropped into West Berlin 24 hours a day, for 11 months straight in which Stalin ends blockade of Berlin after 11 months. The entire episode showed Europeans the clear advantages Democracy had over Communism

Mao Zedong

Fought off Jiang Jieshi and established the People's Republic Of China (PRC) turning what was once a beacon of hope in the west into "Red China"

Ray Kroc

Founded McDonald's as a roadside drive-in across the interstate highway system, which contributed to its rapid growth and dominance in America

Sky Watchers

Four million Americans signed up to watch the skies for incoming Soviet planes

West Germany

France, Britain and America combine zones and currency in 1948 to create an economically stable nation that would not fall to communism and would be able to fight the USSR easier if needed

Soviet Atomic Bomb (1949)

Gave the USSR equal atomic power along with its larger military size over the USA

Baby Boomers

Generation of 76 million people born between 1946 and 1954 that contributed to the 19% boost of the American population during the 1950's

Kennan's Long Telegram

George Kennan (Deputy Chief of the United States mission in Moscow) sent a "long telegram" to the US State Dept in 1946 stating "The whole Soviet government machine, including the mechanism of diplomacy, moves inexorably along the prescribed path, like a persistent toy automobile wound up and headed in a given direction, stopping only when it meets some unanswerable force...United States policy toward the Soviet Union must be that of long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies"

Election of 1952

Governor Adlai Stevenson of Illinois and VP John A Sparkman of Alabama vs Dwight D. Eisenhower and VP Richard Nixon

Hollywood Ten

Group of prominent film directors and screenwriters who refused to testify about past political associations, claiming the free-speech protections of the First Amendment. HUAC had them cited for contempt of Congress and sent them to federal prison

Attorney Bartley Crum

Helped represent the Hollywood Ten before HUAC

Progressive Party Nominee

Henry A. Wallace

The Cold War

Indirect conflict between the USA and USSR between 1945 and 1990

Interstate Highway Act

Largest and most expensive public-works project in American history that authorized the construction of 41,000 miles worth of connecting expressways that would be across America.

Fair Deal

Liberal agenda laid out by Truman that included civil rights, national health-care legislation, and federal aid to education.

McCarran-Walter Immigration and Nationality Act (1952)

Maintained the quota system that severely restricted immigration from southern and eastern Europe And from Asia, but did end the ban on Japanese immigration and made Issei eligible for naturalized citizenship.

Chinese Revolution (1949)

Mao Zedong successfully led a communist revolution with Soviet money and military goods against nationalist forces supported by Chiang Kai-shek and U.S. money

ENIAC (1945)

Military built machine that was the first electrical computer

NSC-68 (1950)

National Security Council Paper #68. Advised the President and Congress to triple or quadruple defense related spending to combat Soviet expansion.

NATO (1949)

North Atlantic Treaty Organization established to create a military alliance between US, Canada and ten European nations. Ended America's long time policy of avoiding entangling alliances in an effort to contain any Russian advances.

Smith Act (1940)

Outlawed any conspiracy to overthrow the government

Second Red Scare

Period of time in which rigorous actions were taken against proposed communists. Millions of "suspicious" Americans were subject to security investigations and loyalty oaths, skepticism crippled the left, undermined labor militancy, and discredited liberalism. Spawned a "silent generation"

Truman Doctrine (1947)

Policy set forth by President Truman in a speech on March 12, 1947 stating that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent their government from falling to the "external pressure" of communism

International Business Machines (IBM)

Produced the Mark 1 calculator, a cumbersome device with five hundred miles of wiring.

Billy Graham

Promoted religious salvation and strong anti-communist sentiment in his books, broadcast and television programs

Marshall Plan

Proposal for massive U.S. assistance for European recovery led by Secretary of State George C. Marshall, it was passed by congress and eventually led to the creation of the ERP. "Prosperity Makes You Free"

Molotov Plan (1947)

Provided economic assistance to any nation that aligned itself with the USSR politically and economically

Richard Nixon

Republican congressman from California who questioned Alger Hiss on whether he had any ties to the USSR and were communist

Joseph R. McCarthy

Republican senator from Wisconsin who gave a report boldly claiming that over 200 members of the state department were communists trying to undermine American foreign policy. His claims led to the beginning of McCarthyism.

K1 C2

Republican slogan for the 1952 election that stood for "Korea, Communism and corruption"

McCarran Internal Security Act

Required organizations deemed communist by the attorney general to register with the Department of Justice. It authorized the arrest and detention of "any person as to whom there is a reason to believe might engage in acts of espionage or sabotage"

Blue Collar Jobs

Requires manual labor usually with minimal formal training (Manufacturer, Mechanic, Miner)

Sanctions

Restriction on what a country can do by another country

White Collar Jobs

Service oriented work where the worker does not usually create a physical item with their hands (Banker, Teacher, Clerk)

Pumpkin Papers

Sixty-five pages of retyped secret State Department documents, four pages in Hiss's own handwriting of copied State Department cables, and five rolls of developed and undeveloped 35mm film

United Fruit Company

Supported by the pro-American gentleman government that was instilled by CIA covert agents, it got back seized land from the previous government

Public Law 627

The law that reated the Intestate Highway system in America which initially spans over 40,000 miles and connects 237 cities with a population of 50,000 or more

Consensus

The widely shared agreement on most matters of importance, especially respect for private property, individualism, and equal opportunity depicted by most Americans as central to its history and greatness

U-2

Two weeks before a scheduled summit conference between Eisenhower and Khrushchev, Soviet air defenses shot down a US spy plane inside their border, then displaying photos of the captured CIA pilot and the photos he took of the missile site. Eisenhower refused to apologize and the summit dissipated.

Marshall Plan (1947)

U.S. program to rebuild European economies with economic aid following WWII. Offered to all European nations, including the USSR. USSR and other communist nations rejected the money. Monetary distribution began April 1948.

Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea)

USSR controlled northern side of Korea

National Security Act (1947)

Unified armed forces under a single Department of Defense, creating the National Security Council to advise the president on strategic matters and obliging the Central Intelligence Agency to gather information abroad and engage in covert activities support of the nation's security.

The Lonely Crowd (1950)

Written by David Riesman, it argued that companies were largely piggy-backing off the ideas of their competition and were not promoting creativity nor innovation in their products

The Affluent Society

Written by John Kenneth Galbraith, it argued that the United States was becoming wealthy in the private sector but remained poor in the public sector

Dr. Benjamin Spock

Wrote the Common Sense of baby and Child Care in 1946 in which Spock promoted domesticity by urging mothers to not work outside the home in order to create an atmosphere of warmth and intimacy for their children

Balfour Declaration of 1917

supported by the allies at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, Britain had committed itself to a Jewish homeland in Palestine. The United States voted to create both a Jewish and an Arab State, but the Palestinians and other Arab nations refused to accept a neighbor Jewish state

European Recovery Plan (ERP)

Aimed to combat the "hunger, poverty, desperation" that spawned from communism.

Alger Hiss

American government official who was accused of being a Soviet spy in 1948 and convicted of perjury in connection with this charge in 1950

Election of 1956

DDE vs. Adlai Stevenson

Warsaw Pact

Eastern bloc military alliance

Jackie Robinson

First african-american to play major league baseball in the twentieth century

Slush Fund

Illegal bank account used for illicit purposes

The Day The Communists Took Over America

Isabel Moore

Rosa Parks

Occurred three months after Emmett Till, she was arrested for not giving up her seat on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama. Despite common belief, Rosa was only 46 when the arrest occurred and it was a planned situation as she was an NAACP member. (Arrested purposefully)

Taft-Hartley Act

Officially the Labor-Management Relations Act, it barred the closed shop- a workplace where all employees had to join the union; outlawed secondary boycotts-strikes against suppliers of a target business; required union officials to sign anti communist loyalty oaths; and permitted the president to call a cooling off period to delay strikes that might endanger national safety or health

The Ten Commandments

One of the top box office movies in the fifties that exemplified the religious movement occuring

McCarthyism

Personal attack on an individual by means of indiscriminate allegations and ubsubstanional charges

Sunbelt

Stretch between old Confederacy across Texas to southern California which saw an immense increase in growth during the 1950's due to low taxes, low energy costs, and anti-union right-to-work laws.

Atoms for Peace

Superpowers would contribute fissionable materials to a new UN agency for use in industrial projects

Shah Reza Pahlavi

Supported by American undercover agents, he lowered the prices of oil which allowed Western oil companies to prosper, but severely hurt relations for Iran and the United States in the future

NATO (North American Treaty Organization)

Ten western European nations sign this treaty which established a military alliance with the United States and Canada in which "an armed attack against one or more of them...shall be considered an attack against them all"

Togetherness

Term described by McCall's magazine which described the ideal couple as a man and a woman who centered their lives on their home and children

Brinkmanship

The art of never backing down in a crisis-even at the risk of war

Suez Crisis

United States gives out loan to Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser to finance the construction of a dam at Aswan, but became angered when Nasser purchased arms from Czechoslovakia, an ally of Soviet Russia. Dulles cancelled the loan, so Nasser nationalized the British-controlled Suez Canal. Britain, France and Israel attacked Egypt to retake the canal in October. Eisenhower forced the allies to withdraw in order to prevent Russian intervention, which led to the Egyptians completing the dam with Russian support.

Dennis v. United States (1951)

Verdict that decided the Smith Act of 1940 was constitutional, declaring that congress could curtail freedom of speech if national security required such restriction.

Ho Chi Minh

Vietnamese nationalist who fought against French regime