Unit 9: Adolescence

The "storm and stress" view of adolescence is credited to ___, one of the first American psychologists to describe adolescence.

Hall

The theorist who proposed that moral thought progresses through stages is ___. These stages are divided into three basic levels: ___, ___, and ___.

Kohlberg; preconventional; conventional; postconventional

Conventional morality usually emerges by early ___. The emphasis is on gaining social ___ or upholding the social ___.

adolescence; approval; laws

Some adolescents forge their identity early, simply by ___ their parents' values and expectations. Others may assume an identity ___ that of their parents.

adopting; opposing

As a result of increased __ ___ and weakened ___-___ bonds, sexual maturity is beginning (earlier/later) than in the past

body fat; parent-child; earlier

Adolescence is defined as the transition period between ___ and ___.

child; adult

Most adolescents report that they (do/don't) get along with their parents. They see their parents as having most influence in shaping their ___ ___ for example.

do; religious faith

Boys who mature (early/late) tend to be more popular, self-assured, and independent; they also are at increased risk for _______________. For girls, (early/late) maturation can be stressful, especially when their bodies are out of sync with their ___ ___. This reminds us that ___ and ___ interact.

early; alcohol use, delinquency, premature sexual activity; early; emotional maturity; heredity; environment

Because the time from 18 to the mid-twenties is increasingly a not-yet-settled phase of life, some psychologists refer to this period as a time of ___ ___.

emerging childhood

During the early to mid-teen years, self-esteem generally (rises/falls/remains stable). During the late teens and twenties, self-esteem generally (rises/falls/remains stable) and identity becomes more ___.

falls; rises; personalized

Piaget's final stage of cognitive development is the stage of ___ ___. Adolescents in this stage are capable of thinking logically about ___ as well as concrete propositions. This enables them to detect ___ in others' reasoning and to spot hypocrisy.

formal operational; abstract; inconsistency

Children who learn to delay ___ become more socially responsible, often engaging in responsible action through ___ learning. They also become more ___ successful and more productive.

gratification; service; academically

Adolescents' developing cognitive ability enables them to think about what is ___ possible and ___ that with imperfect reality.

ideally; compare

Erikson saw the formation of identity as a prerequisite for the development of ___ in young adulthood.

intimacy

When rejected adolescents withdraw, they are vulnerable to ___, low ___, and ___.

loneliness; self-esteem; depression

The first menstrual period is called ___. In boys, the first ejaculation is called ___.

menarche; spermarche

Adolescence is typically a time of increasing influence from one's ___ and decreasing influence from ___.

peers; parents

Individuals who base moral judgements on their own perceptions of basic ethical principles are said by Kohlberg to employ ___ morality.

postconventional

The adolescent brain undergoes a selective ___ of unused neurons and connections. Also, teens' occasional impulsiveness and risky behaviors may be due, in part, of the fact that development in the brain's ___ ___ lags behind that of the ___ ___.

pruning; frontal lobe; limbic system

Adolescence begins with the time of developing sexual maturity known as ___. A 2 year period of rapid physical development begins in girls at about the age of ___ and in boys at about the age of __. This growth spurt is marked by the development of the reproductive organs and external genitalia, or ___ ___ characteristics, as well as by the development of traits such as pubic hair and enlarged breasts in females and facial hair in males. These nonreproductive traits are known as ___ ___ characteristics.

puberty; 11; 13; primary sex; secondary sex

In the preconventional stages of mortality, characteristic of children, the emphasis is on obeying rules in order to avoid ___ or gain ___.

punishment; rewards

During the early teen years, reasoning is often ___, as adolescents often feel their experiences are unique.

self-focused

To refine their sense of identity, adolescents in individualistic cultures experiment with different ___ in different situations. The result may be role ___, which is resolved by forming a self-definition, or ___.

selves; confusion; identity

The (timing/sequence) of pubertal changes is more predictable than their (timing/sequence).

sequence; timing

The idea that moral feelings precede moral reasoning is expressed in the ___ ___ explanation of morality. Research studies using ___ ___ support the idea that moral judgement involves more than merely thinking; it is also gut-level feeling.

social intuitionist; moral paradoxes

Morality involves doing the right thing, and what we do depends on ___ influences. Today's ___ ___ ___ focus on moral issues and doing the right thing. They teach children ___ for others' feelings.

social; character education programs; empathy

Moral ideas grow (stronger/weaker) when acted on.

stronger