Unit 9 Progress Check: MCQ, Unit 8 Progress Check: MCQ, APWH, Unit 4 Test, My AP Practice, Unit 6 Progress Check: MCQ, Unit 5 WHAP

Which of the following could best be used to counter Vandana Shiva's criticism of the effects of globalization on the world's agricultural practices, as outlined in the passage?

Data on population and food production trends in developing countries before the advent of industrial farming in the mid-twentieth century

Which of the following best explains Lt. Colonel Ojukwu's purpose in including the information in the first paragraph in his independence proclamation?

He wanted to outline a list of East Nigerian grievances in order to justify the political action he was about to take.

Which of the following best explains why Schama uses the claim that the British government did not have to apply any "undue pressure" on either factory owners or factory workers during the war?

He wanted to support his argument that Britons were completely mobilized for the war effort.

As portrayed by Ho Chi Minh in the passage, the Vietnamese independence movement appears most similar to which of the following types of nineteenth-century and early-twentieth-century movements?

Nationalist movements

Source 1 "Beloved brothers in Christ, here again we should see and admire the boundless love of God toward us, that He has placed over us this great empire of the Ottomans. The Empire is a mighty obstacle to the Latin heretics in the West. By contrast, to us, the Orthodox people of the East, the Empire has been a means of salvation. For God has continued to put into the heart of the Sultan of these Ottomans an inclination to keep free the religious beliefs of our Orthodox faith and to protect us, even to the point of occasionally chastising Christians who deviate from their faith. Brothers, lately you would have heard a lot about this new system of 'liberty' originating in France. But let us examine the concept more carefully to see if it can be reconciled with good civil government and safety for the citizens. We see from the example of the French Republic that a national, democratic form of government can only provide 'liberty' if the word is taken to mean the freedom to simply act upon one's appetites and desires. But true Christian liberty, properly understood, means something quite different: to be free to live according to both divine and human laws. In other words, it is to live free to follow your conscience and free of any trouble with the authorities. Seen in this light, the new French system of liberty is a path leading to destruction, confusion, overturning of good government, or, simply speaking, a new ambush of the devil to lead us Orthodox Christians astray." Anthimos, Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem [then part of the Ottoman Empire], Paternal Instruction, leaflet printed in Greek for distribution among Christian communities in the Ottoman Empire, 1798 Source 2 "I address you in Hungarian today* because reviving our language is like cleansing the mirror of our history, so that the flies buzzing around may not deprive us of its light. It is a sad fate for a nation to perish—especially a nation such as ours that can boast of brilliant feats and that has only sunk to its present condition through the bitter workings of fate. It is of no use to try to accept with stern philosophy, common sense, and cold blood that all men are equal in everything, that the whole human race is a single nation. No! We are national beings and we were raised with our Hungarian selves that way, so that we can never be Germans, or French, or Poles, or Spaniards. We long for glory in this life as Hungarian sons of the Hungarian nation and, in the next, we pray that the angels of the heavens may know us as Hungarians. It is time for the mind of the Hungarian nation to be clarified through a revival of our mother-tongue. How can our educated classes study the languages of Europe, if we are forgetting our own? How could we lift up our people, most of whom live in the countryside, if we cannot offer them books to read in the language they speak? What we urgently need is a group of scholars who would be paid solely to translate works from Latin, French, German, and Greek into Hungarian—this would do more good for the refinement of the country's mind than a thousand Latin and German schools." *At the time, many educated Hungarians preferred to communicate in German, the language of the Austrian Empire of which Hungary was a part. György Bessenyei, Hungarian writer, "Oration on the Subject Matter of the Nation," essay published in 1817 Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the positions expressed by the authors of the two sources regarding the idea that existing political boundaries should be changed so that each nation has its own state?

Neither Source 1 nor Source 2 explicitly supports the idea.

Based on the graph, which technology was developed most recently?

Satellite television

The image is best understood in which of the following contexts of both the Second World War and the Cold War?

The continued importance of industry in improving military capacity

All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which could be most directly used to modify Schama's argument that the war provided "overwhelming evidence of a new-found British social cohesiveness and mutual loyalty"?

After a brief period of supporting the war effort, the Indian National Congress continued its anti-imperialist agitation, with Gandhi launching a Quit India campaign in 1942.

EAST INDIAN POPULATIONS IN THE CARIBBEAN, CIRCA 2000 Country of Territory Population of East Indian Descent Population of East Indian Descent as a Percentage of the Total Population Guyana 317,000 39.80 Trinidad and Tobago 468,500 35.43 Suriname 161,000 27.00 Guadeloupe (French) 60,000 15.00 Martinique (French) 57,700 13.00 Grenada 12,000 10.80 Jamaica 96,000 8.20 British Virgin Islands 2,300 8.00 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 5,900 6.00 French Guiana 12,000 5.20 Saint Lucia 5,200 3.15 Saint Kitts and Nevis 1,500 3.00 Belize 7,600 2.10 Barbados 4,000 1.75 Considering global trends in late-nineteenth-century migration movements, the specific migrations that produced the demographic situation shown in the table most likely contributed to which of the following social or political changes in India?

An increase in the number of Indian women engaging in occupations that had formerly been held by men

Based on the chart, which of the following best describes a pattern in the spread of railroads in Europe from 1830 to 1850 ?

Areas in northwestern Europe adopted railroads more extensively than areas in other parts of Europe.

"OBJECTIVES OF YOUR JOURNEY In these parts of West Africa, France has obtained a few treaties with powerful chiefs, on the basis of which she claims immense regions in the great bend of the Niger River. She also sends French adventurers into a recognized British sphere of influence to make further treaties with native persons who claim to be the rulers or kings of certain regions. The goal of your journey therefore will be to (a) in places where the French pretend they have made treaties with the native rulers, to obtain a written declaration from the rulers that such statements are false, and then to make treaties for us; (b) in places where the French have made no such pretense, to secure treaties accompanied by a short declaration that no previous treaties have been made with any European; . . . (d) to collect detailed information of every kind about the regions you visit, but especially to make inquiries as to the existence of gold—either gold sands in rivers or gold lodes in rock; . . . (f) to impress upon all African chiefs how advantageous it would be for them to have Europeans bringing goods to their country, which can only be done if they sign the treaties; . . . (h) to note especially carefully the prevalence of gum arabic trees, shea butter trees, and rubber vines* in each region you visit." Letter from the directors of the British Royal Niger Company to its agent, Captain Frederick Lugard, directing him to travel up the Niger River in West Africa, 1894 *African trees that were used by Europeans in the production of cosmetics and processed food additives (gum Arabic), soap and candles (Shea butter), and tires and machine transmission belts (rubber) The instructions to Lugard in articles (d) and (f) best reflect which of the following regarding the purpose of the board of directors' letter?

As a commercial enterprise, the British Royal Niger Company hoped that Lugard's voyage would allow it to expand its exports of African raw materials to Europe and its imports of European finished goods to Africa.

Which of the following could be most effectively used to challenge the objectivity of Vandana Shiva's arguments in her book The Violence of the Green Revolution?

As an environmentalist and anti-globalization activist, Shiva may have been selective in presenting the scientific data regarding the effects of the Green Revolution.

EAST INDIAN POPULATIONS IN THE CARIBBEAN, CIRCA 2000 Country of Territory Population of East Indian Descent Population of East Indian Descent as a Percentage of the Total Population Guyana 317,000 39.80 Trinidad and Tobago 468,500 35.43 Suriname 161,000 27.00 Guadeloupe (French) 60,000 15.00 Martinique (French) 57,700 13.00 Grenada 12,000 10.80 Jamaica 96,000 8.20 British Virgin Islands 2,300 8.00 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 5,900 6.00 French Guiana 12,000 5.20 Saint Lucia 5,200 3.15 Saint Kitts and Nevis 1,500 3.00 Belize 7,600 2.10 Barbados 4,000 1.75 Compared with late-nineteenth-century East or South Asian migrants to other world regions, the ancestors of the populations shown in the table likely received a somewhat better reception in their host societies for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

Because of the ethnic and religious diversity of Caribbean colonial societies, there was no prejudice against newcomers, and immigrants, including Indian laborers, were generally welcomed by local populations.

Which of the following best explains the similarity between Hutu views of the Tutsi in the "Hutu Ten Commandments" and the treatment of Jews in Nazi Germany?

Both the Tutsi and Jews were persecuted based on ethnic prejudice.

Which of the following best describes the comparative change in kilometers of railroad lines in Britain and France from 1830 to 1850 ?

Britain possessed more railway lines in 1830 and expanded its lead significantly over France by 1850.

The changes in life expectancy in China described in the second paragraph are most likely attributable to which of the following?

By the mid-twentieth century China was still plagued by infectious diseases associated with poverty, while by the end of the twentieth century it had overcome those diseases.

All of the following statements about Canada in the early twentieth century are factually accurate. Which would most likely help to explain why Yanaihara thought that his claims regarding Korea might be well received by a Canadian audience?

Canada's economy grew during most of the early twentieth century under British rule, and Canadian troops willingly helped the British Empire defend its colonial territories in Asia and Africa.

Which of the flowing best explains how the immediate historical situation of the proclamation of Biafran independence from Nigeria informed the author's statements in the third paragraph?

Claiming to uphold the rule of law and oppose government corruption had become the norm for those seeking political power, even for military leaders seeking to challenge elected governments.

Which of the following does the author of Source 1 cite as evidence of cultural exchange between East and West Africa during the First World War?

Experiments in architecture and the gathering of souvenirs

The "Hutu Ten Commandments" is best explained as being part of which of the following continuities in twentieth-century history?

Extremist groups using propaganda to target specific minority populations

Which of the following best describes the expansion in total railway line kilometers by 1850 in countries that possessed zerokilometers of railroad lines in 1830 ?

Germany had the largest expansion.

Which of the following does the author of Source 1 NOT cite as evidence of European science and technology contributing to cultural change in Nigeria?

Gift gathering for women back home

Together with access to coal deposits, which environmental factor most directly contributed to Great Britain's early industrialization?

Its abundance of iron ore

"By 1830 an English textile worker was already producing with his mechanical spinning machine 350 to 400 times as much yarn per hour as an Indian craftsman with his traditional spinning wheel. The consequences for Indian textile production were fatal. In 1814 India imported one million meters of English textiles, in 1820 it imported 13 million and in 1890 more than two billion. British rule in India gave the British manufacturers free rein and made the protection of indigenous producers impossible. It stands to reason that Karl Marx condemned the driving force behind British expansion in India by calling it the 'millocracy' [meaning rule by the owners of textile mills]. . . . To be sure, the immense productivity of English textile workers from the early nineteenth century on made this branch of British industry superior to all of its former competitors, colonial and noncolonial alike. But while other countries could shield themselves from this danger by introducing protectionist tariffs, such protection did not exist in the British colonies. So here, in the case of the destruction of Indian textile industry, we see the importance of the colonial situation, namely the colonies' political dependence on the West, in arresting their economic development." Henk L. Wesseling, Dutch historian of colonial South and Southeast Asia, The European Colonial Empires, 1815-1919, book published in 2003 Which of the following aspects of the Marxist critique of capitalism would be most useful in understanding why the author of the passage chose to invoke Karl Marx's thought in the first paragraph?

Many Marxists criticized imperialism for arresting the economic development of the colonies and reducing them to mere raw material export economies, and Wesseling appears to agree with that criticism.

"In late nineteenth-century Tsarist Russia, the state participated directly in the nation's economy to an extent unequaled in any Western country. For example, in 1899 the state bought almost two-thirds of all metallurgical production in Russia. By 1900, the state controlled some 70 percent of the railways and owned vast tracts of land, numerous mines and oil fields, and extensive forests. The economic well-being of Russian private entrepreneurs thus depended in large measure on decisions made by the state authorities in St. Petersburg. This was a major reason why a large portion of the Russian middle class took a very timid approach to politics in this period. Russia's economic progress, particularly in the last decade of the nineteenth century, was remarkable by every standard. Railway trackage virtually doubled, coal output in southern Russia jumped from just under 3 million tons in 1890 to almost 11 million tons in 1900. In the same region, the production of iron and steel rose from about 140,000 tons in 1890 to almost 1,250,000 in 1900. Also, between 1890 and 1900 Russian production of cotton thread almost doubled and that of cotton cloth increased by about two-thirds. By 1914 the Russian Empire was the fifth-largest industrial power in the world, though its labor productivity and per-capita income still lagged behind those in Western Europe." Abraham Ascher, historian, The Revolution of 1905: A Short History, book published in 2004 The rapid growth of industrial output in Russia during the 1890s was most likely comparable to the growth of industrial output in which other state during the same period?

Meiji Japan

"Italians establish everywhere in Argentina the types of businesses in which they are employed in Italy: a pasta factory, a distillery, a sawmill, a lime furnace. Indeed, our compatriots engage in all types of industries and trades. Some are money brokers, some are blacksmiths, some are jewelers, some build houses, some are mechanics, and some are mill owners. In the rural districts, many people engage in multiple trades. Our immigrants in these areas might at once be a blacksmith and a shoemaker, a cook and a tailor, or a porter and a bricklayer. Our immigrants are willing, gracious, happy, and always trusting in a better future." Giosuè Notari, Italian ambassador in the city of Córdoba in Argentina, report to the Italian government describing the state of Italian immigrants in the city and province of Córdoba, 1905 Which of the following best explains why people from nonindustrialized regions constituted the majority of migrants in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

Nonindustrialized regions often experienced large population increases that made it more difficult for people to find local jobs.

"After long periods of error, philosophers have at last discovered the true rights of man and how they can all be deduced from the single truth: that man is a perceptive being capable of reason and acquiring moral ideas. At last, man could proclaim his rights out loud, rights that for so long had been ignored. He could submit all opinions to his own reason and use that reason to search for truth. Every man learned with pride that nature had not forever condemned him to base his beliefs on the opinions of others or the superstitions of antiquity. Thus developed an understanding that the natural rights of man are inalienable and cannot be forfeited and a strongly expressed desire for freedom of thought, trade, and profession. There also developed a desire to alleviate people's suffering, to eliminate all criminal laws against political dissenters, and to abolish torture. A desire arose for a milder system of criminal legislation that could give complete security to the innocent. All of these principles gradually filtered down from philosophical works to every class of society whose education went beyond basic literacy. These principles became the common faith of all people." Marquis de Condorcet, French nobleman and philosopher, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind, published in 1794 Which of the following is the main claim that the author makes in the passage?

People have natural rights that can be established through rational inquiry.

The policy position of the Manitoba Liberal Party quoted in the appeal is best seen as a continuation of which of the following broader trends in the late 1800s and early 1900s?

Political parties embracing mass politics and broader popular participation in the democratic process

"After long periods of error, philosophers have at last discovered the true rights of man and how they can all be deduced from the single truth: that man is a perceptive being capable of reason and acquiring moral ideas. At last, man could proclaim his rights out loud, rights that for so long had been ignored. He could submit all opinions to his own reason and use that reason to search for truth. Every man learned with pride that nature had not forever condemned him to base his beliefs on the opinions of others or the superstitions of antiquity. Thus developed an understanding that the natural rights of man are inalienable and cannot be forfeited and a strongly expressed desire for freedom of thought, trade, and profession. There also developed a desire to alleviate people's suffering, to eliminate all criminal laws against political dissenters, and to abolish torture. A desire arose for a milder system of criminal legislation that could give complete security to the innocent. All of these principles gradually filtered down from philosophical works to every class of society whose education went beyond basic literacy. These principles became the common faith of all people." Marquis de Condorcet, French nobleman and philosopher, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind, published in 1794 Which of the following is an implicit claim that the author makes in the second paragraph?

Religion has been a force holding back the progress of humanity.

(Picture of the four human races that are illustrated and used in middle schools in France in the 1880s and 1890s) A caption below the image read: The White Race, the most perfect of the human races, lives mostly in Europe, West Asia, North Africa, and North America. It is characterized by its oval head and rather thin lips. The complexion may vary in color but is generally light. The Yellow Race occupies mostly East Asia, China, and Japan. It is characterized by its high cheekbones and almond-shaped eyes. The Red Race, which once upon a time inhabited all of North and South America, has reddish skin, deeply set eyes, and a long and arched nose.↵ (PPT) The Black Race, which occupies mostly Africa and the southern parts of Oceania, has skin that is very dark, dark brown eyes, and curly hair. The image and its caption provide evidence that would best help explain the ideas of which of the following ideologies that emerged in the late nineteenth century?

Social Darwinism

"Writing now, at an age beyond sixty, I must admit that we do not understand the operations of God's wisdom and are, therefore, unable to tell the causes of the terrible inequalities that we see around us,—why so many people should have so little to make life enjoyable, while a few others, not through their own merit, have had gifts poured out to them from a full hand. We acknowledge the hand of God and His wisdom, but still we feel horror at the misery of many of our brethren. We who have been born in a more fortunate condition—we to whom wealth, education, and liberty have been given—cannot, I think, look upon the unintellectual and toil-bound life of those who cannot even feed themselves sufficiently by the meager wages they have earned with so much sweat, without experiencing some feeling of injustice, some sting of pain. This consciousness of wrong has produced in many enthusiastic but unbalanced minds a desire to make all things right by pursuing equality. But any careful observer of our society, or any student of our history has to admit that, as unjust as it may seem, inequality is part of the natural order of things. You can make all men equal today, but God has so created them that they shall become unequal again tomorrow. The very word 'equality' presents to the imaginations of men ideas of communism, of ruin, and insane democracy. Instead of obsessing about equality, we should be working toward reducing inequalities—provided, of course, that we do so gradually and without any sudden disruption of society." Anthony Trollope, British novelist, autobiography written during the 1870s and published after his death in 1882 Trollope's arguments in the second paragraph are most clearly intended to offer an alternative to the arguments made by which late nineteenth-century group?

Socialists

Which of the following best explains how a supporter of free trade and market deregulation would counter Soros' critiques of free markets in the passage?

Soros ignores the fact that the adoption of free-market policies by states around the world in the late twentieth century increased standards of living for many people.

Source 1 "Beloved brothers in Christ, here again we should see and admire the boundless love of God toward us, that He has placed over us this great empire of the Ottomans. The Empire is a mighty obstacle to the Latin heretics in the West. By contrast, to us, the Orthodox people of the East, the Empire has been a means of salvation. For God has continued to put into the heart of the Sultan of these Ottomans an inclination to keep free the religious beliefs of our Orthodox faith and to protect us, even to the point of occasionally chastising Christians who deviate from their faith. Brothers, lately you would have heard a lot about this new system of 'liberty' originating in France. But let us examine the concept more carefully to see if it can be reconciled with good civil government and safety for the citizens. We see from the example of the French Republic that a national, democratic form of government can only provide 'liberty' if the word is taken to mean the freedom to simply act upon one's appetites and desires. But true Christian liberty, properly understood, means something quite different: to be free to live according to both divine and human laws. In other words, it is to live free to follow your conscience and free of any trouble with the authorities. Seen in this light, the new French system of liberty is a path leading to destruction, confusion, overturning of good government, or, simply speaking, a new ambush of the devil to lead us Orthodox Christians astray." Anthimos, Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem [then part of the Ottoman Empire], Paternal Instruction, leaflet printed in Greek for distribution among Christian communities in the Ottoman Empire, 1798 Source 2 "I address you in Hungarian today* because reviving our language is like cleansing the mirror of our history, so that the flies buzzing around may not deprive us of its light. It is a sad fate for a nation to perish—especially a nation such as ours that can boast of brilliant feats and that has only sunk to its present condition through the bitter workings of fate. It is of no use to try to accept with stern philosophy, common sense, and cold blood that all men are equal in everything, that the whole human race is a single nation. No! We are national beings and we were raised with our Hungarian selves that way, so that we can never be Germans, or French, or Poles, or Spaniards. We long for glory in this life as Hungarian sons of the Hungarian nation and, in the next, we pray that the angels of the heavens may know us as Hungarians. It is time for the mind of the Hungarian nation to be clarified through a revival of our mother-tongue. How can our educated classes study the languages of Europe, if we are forgetting our own? How could we lift up our people, most of whom live in the countryside, if we cannot offer them books to read in the language they speak? What we urgently need is a group of scholars who would be paid solely to translate works from Latin, French, German, and Greek into Hungarian—this would do more good for the refinement of the country's mind than a thousand Latin and German schools." *At the time, many educated Hungarians preferred to communicate in German, the language of the Austrian Empire of which Hungary was a part. György Bessenyei, Hungarian writer, "Oration on the Subject Matter of the Nation," essay published in 1817 Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the arguments made in the two sources regarding ideas of liberty and equality?

Source 1 rejects the ideas because of the threat they represent to multinational empires, whereas Source 2 rejects the ideas because of the universal and equalizing nature of their claims.

"OBJECTIVES OF YOUR JOURNEY In these parts of West Africa, France has obtained a few treaties with powerful chiefs, on the basis of which she claims immense regions in the great bend of the Niger River. She also sends French adventurers into a recognized British sphere of influence to make further treaties with native persons who claim to be the rulers or kings of certain regions. The goal of your journey therefore will be to (a) in places where the French pretend they have made treaties with the native rulers, to obtain a written declaration from the rulers that such statements are false, and then to make treaties for us; (b) in places where the French have made no such pretense, to secure treaties accompanied by a short declaration that no previous treaties have been made with any European; . . . (d) to collect detailed information of every kind about the regions you visit, but especially to make inquiries as to the existence of gold—either gold sands in rivers or gold lodes in rock; . . . (f) to impress upon all African chiefs how advantageous it would be for them to have Europeans bringing goods to their country, which can only be done if they sign the treaties; . . . (h) to note especially carefully the prevalence of gum arabic trees, shea butter trees, and rubber vines* in each region you visit." Letter from the directors of the British Royal Niger Company to its agent, Captain Frederick Lugard, directing him to travel up the Niger River in West Africa, 1894 *African trees that were used by Europeans in the production of cosmetics and processed food additives (gum Arabic), soap and candles (Shea butter), and tires and machine transmission belts (rubber) The rival British and French claims over the Niger River region in the 1890s were most directly a part of which of the following processes?

The European "scramble" to acquire territories in Africa through both peaceful and military means

"After long periods of error, philosophers have at last discovered the true rights of man and how they can all be deduced from the single truth: that man is a perceptive being capable of reason and acquiring moral ideas. At last, man could proclaim his rights out loud, rights that for so long had been ignored. He could submit all opinions to his own reason and use that reason to search for truth. Every man learned with pride that nature had not forever condemned him to base his beliefs on the opinions of others or the superstitions of antiquity. Thus developed an understanding that the natural rights of man are inalienable and cannot be forfeited and a strongly expressed desire for freedom of thought, trade, and profession. There also developed a desire to alleviate people's suffering, to eliminate all criminal laws against political dissenters, and to abolish torture. A desire arose for a milder system of criminal legislation that could give complete security to the innocent. All of these principles gradually filtered down from philosophical works to every class of society whose education went beyond basic literacy. These principles became the common faith of all people." Marquis de Condorcet, French nobleman and philosopher, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind, published in 1794 Which of the following is an implicit claim that the author makes in the third paragraph?

The French Revolution has advanced the principles of Enlightenment.

The confrontation illustrated in the two photographs can be seen as a specific example of the global rivalries in the period after 1945 that also directly produced which of the following?

The NATO and Warsaw Pact military alliances

(picture of a painting of a Japanese mother and her children receiving news that their husband/father has died fighting in an overseas war. The husband's/father's uniform and sword are lying on the floor) Japanese expansion in the late nineteenth century is most directly explained in the context of the decline of which of the following empires?

The Qing Empire

Which of the following developments in the late twentieth century would most likely be cited to explain a flaw in Soros' arguments regarding "social needs" and "collective decision making" in the first paragraph?

The Soviet Union and other communist states in Eastern Europe collapsed largely because of economic inefficiencies created by centralized economic planning and attempts to eliminate all economic and social inequalities.

Which of the following aspects of the immediate historical situation in which the letter was written best explains the author's demands toward the end of the second paragraph?

The Soviet government used the pretext of the ongoing civil war to engage in repressive policies against entire sections of its population.

The unrest reflected in the image is best explained by which of the following features of the Russian government at the time of the photograph?

The Tsarist regime that governed Russia was autocratic and unresponsive to calls for reform.

All of the following statements about the Hutu and Tutsi ethnic groups in Rwanda are factually accurate. Which would best explain how the attitudes expressed in the "Hutu Ten Commandments" were a reaction to past developments in Rwandan history?

The Tutsi were heavily favored and promoted to positions of power under European colonial rule, while the Hutu were not.

(picture of a painting of a Japanese mother and her children receiving news that their husband/father has died fighting in an overseas war. The husband's/father's uniform and sword are lying on the floor) In addition to Japan, which of the following non-European states created an empire in the Asia-Pacific region in the late nineteenth century?

The United States

A historian studying the collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s would most likely use the letter above to illustrate which of the following?

The alienation of Soviet citizens from their government's official rhetoric of class struggle and anti-capitalism

Which of the following does the author of Source 2 most directly cite as evidence of a higher casualty rate among Senegalese soldiers in combat than among French soldiers in combat?

The casualty rate after July 1916

Which of the following contributed directly to Great Britain's ability to consolidate or expand its colonial control of interior regions of Asia and Africa in the late nineteenth century?

The changes illustrated in the top two rows of the image

The authors' discussion in the third paragraph of "the marked acceleration in health care improvements" in China after 1950 refers most directly to which of the following historical developments?

The communist victory in China's civil war

Which of the following is best supported by the information shown on the graph?

The cost of technologies that rely on the use of petroleum declined less rapidly than the cost of technologies that do not rely on the use of petroleum.

EAST INDIAN POPULATIONS IN THE CARIBBEAN, CIRCA 2000 Country of Territory Population of East Indian Descent Population of East Indian Descent as a Percentage of the Total Population Guyana 317,000 39.80 Trinidad and Tobago 468,500 35.43 Suriname 161,000 27.00 Guadeloupe (French) 60,000 15.00 Martinique (French) 57,700 13.00 Grenada 12,000 10.80 Jamaica 96,000 8.20 British Virgin Islands 2,300 8.00 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 5,900 6.00 French Guiana 12,000 5.20 Saint Lucia 5,200 3.15 Saint Kitts and Nevis 1,500 3.00 Belize 7,600 2.10 Barbados 4,000 1.75 Considering global trends in late-nineteenth-century migration movements, the Indian migrations to the Caribbean that produced the demographic situation shown in the table most likely led to which of the following short-term effects?

The creation of Indian ethnic enclaves in Caribbean societies

"In late nineteenth-century Tsarist Russia, the state participated directly in the nation's economy to an extent unequaled in any Western country. For example, in 1899 the state bought almost two-thirds of all metallurgical production in Russia. By 1900, the state controlled some 70 percent of the railways and owned vast tracts of land, numerous mines and oil fields, and extensive forests. The economic well-being of Russian private entrepreneurs thus depended in large measure on decisions made by the state authorities in St. Petersburg. This was a major reason why a large portion of the Russian middle class took a very timid approach to politics in this period. Russia's economic progress, particularly in the last decade of the nineteenth century, was remarkable by every standard. Railway trackage virtually doubled, coal output in southern Russia jumped from just under 3 million tons in 1890 to almost 11 million tons in 1900. In the same region, the production of iron and steel rose from about 140,000 tons in 1890 to almost 1,250,000 in 1900. Also, between 1890 and 1900 Russian production of cotton thread almost doubled and that of cotton cloth increased by about two-thirds. By 1914 the Russian Empire was the fifth-largest industrial power in the world, though its labor productivity and per-capita income still lagged behind those in Western Europe." Abraham Ascher, historian, The Revolution of 1905: A Short History, book published in 2004 The economic changes in rapidly industrializing countries such as the Russian Empire in the late nineteenth century led most directlyto which of the following social or intellectual changes during the same period?

The creation of new social classes and class consciousness

"We can agree that, in principle, it might be a good idea to permit both foreigners and Japanese to engage in coastal and seaborne shipping around and from Japan, because that would increase competition and improve efficiency. But, in practice, we know that seaborne shipping is too important a matter to be given over to foreigners. To do so would mean a loss of business and employment opportunities for our people in peacetime. And, in times of war, to not have the domestic capacity to transport goods would be tantamount to abandoning our status as an independent nation. In recent decades, Japan was forced to sign various treaties with foreign powers allowing their ships to proceed freely from one Japanese harbor to another. Some people claim that these treaty rights also allow foreigners to transport Japanese made goods, either around our country or for export to Korea or China. I am not qualified to discuss the legal merits of these positions, but I would like to point out that, unless we have a plan for developing our own domestic shipping businesses, we will never be able to compete with the foreigners in this field. In founding the Mitsubishi company,* my goal has been to help recover for Japan the right of seaborne shipping, so we no longer have to delegate it to foreigners. I regard this not only as my business interest but also as my duty as a citizen. If we don't succeed as a company, it would be useless for the government to try to renegotiate the unequal treaties, or to attempt to further develop Japan's economy. The government knows this, and that is why it protects our company. And we need the government's protection to compete against foreign rivals, such as the [British] Peninsula and Oriental Steam Navigation Company. Recently, the P&O Company has been working to set up a new line between Yokohama [in Japan] and Shanghai and is attempting to claim rights over the [Japanese] ports of Nagasaki, Kobe, and Yokohama. The P&O Company is backed by its massive capital, large fleet of ships, and experience operating in Hong Kong and China. How can we compete against such a giant if we do not have the backing of our national government?" *The Mitsubishi company was established in 1870 as a maritime shipping firm. In subsequent decades, it diversified into mining, manufacturing, and other fields. Yataro Iwasaki, president of the Mitsubishi Company, letter to company managers, 1876 The debates about maritime shipping in Japan alluded to in the first paragraph were most directly connected to which of the following nineteenth-century developments?

The development of rival economic theories differing with respect to their views of free trade

"Italians establish everywhere in Argentina the types of businesses in which they are employed in Italy: a pasta factory, a distillery, a sawmill, a lime furnace. Indeed, our compatriots engage in all types of industries and trades. Some are money brokers, some are blacksmiths, some are jewelers, some build houses, some are mechanics, and some are mill owners. In the rural districts, many people engage in multiple trades. Our immigrants in these areas might at once be a blacksmith and a shoemaker, a cook and a tailor, or a porter and a bricklayer. Our immigrants are willing, gracious, happy, and always trusting in a better future." Giosuè Notari, Italian ambassador in the city of Córdoba in Argentina, report to the Italian government describing the state of Italian immigrants in the city and province of Córdoba, 1905 Which of the following best explains why transoceanic migration increased significantly in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

The development of steam-powered ships made it easier and safer for people to cross the oceans.

"By 1830 an English textile worker was already producing with his mechanical spinning machine 350 to 400 times as much yarn per hour as an Indian craftsman with his traditional spinning wheel. The consequences for Indian textile production were fatal. In 1814 India imported one million meters of English textiles, in 1820 it imported 13 million and in 1890 more than two billion. British rule in India gave the British manufacturers free rein and made the protection of indigenous producers impossible. It stands to reason that Karl Marx condemned the driving force behind British expansion in India by calling it the 'millocracy' [meaning rule by the owners of textile mills]. . . . To be sure, the immense productivity of English textile workers from the early nineteenth century on made this branch of British industry superior to all of its former competitors, colonial and noncolonial alike. But while other countries could shield themselves from this danger by introducing protectionist tariffs, such protection did not exist in the British colonies. So here, in the case of the destruction of Indian textile industry, we see the importance of the colonial situation, namely the colonies' political dependence on the West, in arresting their economic development." Henk L. Wesseling, Dutch historian of colonial South and Southeast Asia, The European Colonial Empires, 1815-1919, book published in 2003 Wesseling's argument in the second paragraph best illustrates which of the following important distinctions within the practice of imperialism in the nineteenth century?

The difference between the economic effects of direct and indirect imperialism

Which of the following best summarizes the way in which the development of the factory system and the development of new transportation infrastructure such as railways worked together as factors facilitating British industrialization?

The factory system concentrated production in relatively few locations, and the new transportation infrastructure allowed more goods and people to reach these locations in less time.

"By 1830 an English textile worker was already producing with his mechanical spinning machine 350 to 400 times as much yarn per hour as an Indian craftsman with his traditional spinning wheel. The consequences for Indian textile production were fatal. In 1814 India imported one million meters of English textiles, in 1820 it imported 13 million and in 1890 more than two billion. British rule in India gave the British manufacturers free rein and made the protection of indigenous producers impossible. It stands to reason that Karl Marx condemned the driving force behind British expansion in India by calling it the 'millocracy' [meaning rule by the owners of textile mills]. . . . To be sure, the immense productivity of English textile workers from the early nineteenth century on made this branch of British industry superior to all of its former competitors, colonial and noncolonial alike. But while other countries could shield themselves from this danger by introducing protectionist tariffs, such protection did not exist in the British colonies. So here, in the case of the destruction of Indian textile industry, we see the importance of the colonial situation, namely the colonies' political dependence on the West, in arresting their economic development." Henk L. Wesseling, Dutch historian of colonial South and Southeast Asia, The European Colonial Empires, 1815-1919, book published in 2003 Which other process in the mid to late nineteenth century most directly led to situations in which non-Western countries found it very difficult to protect their indigenous industries from Western competition, as described in the passage?

The imposition of free-trade regimes on countries such as China, the Ottoman Empire, and Latin American countries through military or diplomatic pressure from Western countries

"There is no town in the world where the distance between the rich and the poor is so great, or the barrier between them so difficult to be crossed. The separation between the different classes, and the consequent ignorance of each other's habits and condition, are far more complete in this place than in any other country in Europe, or even in the rural areas of Britain. There is far less personal communication between the master cotton spinner and his workmen and between the master tailor and his apprentices than there is between the Duke of Wellington and the humblest laborer of his estate, or than there was between King George III and the lowliest errand boy in his palace. I mean this not as a matter of blame, but I state it simply as a fact." Richard Parkinson, English clergyman of the Anglican Church, "On the Present Condition of the Laboring Poor in Manchester," paper published in London, 1841 The rapid growth of nineteenth-century industrial cities such as Manchester is best understood in the context of which of the following economic developments?

The increases in agricultural productivity that freed up laborers for work in factories

"Writing now, at an age beyond sixty, I must admit that we do not understand the operations of God's wisdom and are, therefore, unable to tell the causes of the terrible inequalities that we see around us,—why so many people should have so little to make life enjoyable, while a few others, not through their own merit, have had gifts poured out to them from a full hand. We acknowledge the hand of God and His wisdom, but still we feel horror at the misery of many of our brethren. We who have been born in a more fortunate condition—we to whom wealth, education, and liberty have been given—cannot, I think, look upon the unintellectual and toil-bound life of those who cannot even feed themselves sufficiently by the meager wages they have earned with so much sweat, without experiencing some feeling of injustice, some sting of pain. This consciousness of wrong has produced in many enthusiastic but unbalanced minds a desire to make all things right by pursuing equality. But any careful observer of our society, or any student of our history has to admit that, as unjust as it may seem, inequality is part of the natural order of things. You can make all men equal today, but God has so created them that they shall become unequal again tomorrow. The very word 'equality' presents to the imaginations of men ideas of communism, of ruin, and insane democracy. Instead of obsessing about equality, we should be working toward reducing inequalities—provided, of course, that we do so gradually and without any sudden disruption of society." Anthony Trollope, British novelist, autobiography written during the 1870s and published after his death in 1882 Trollope's characterization of democracy in the second paragraph can best be seen as a direct reference to which aspect of the historical situation in the late nineteenth century?

The movements to reform countries' political systems by expanding the franchise

Which of the following developments or processes in the late twentieth century best explains the participation of foreign troops in the Angolan Civil War, as shown in the two photographs?

The proliferation of Cold War proxy conflicts

The point of view that Hitler expresses in the first three paragraphs is most directly significant in helping to explain how which of the following contributed to starting the Second World War?

The provisions of the Treaty of Versailles that ended the First World War

"By 1830 an English textile worker was already producing with his mechanical spinning machine 350 to 400 times as much yarn per hour as an Indian craftsman with his traditional spinning wheel. The consequences for Indian textile production were fatal. In 1814 India imported one million meters of English textiles, in 1820 it imported 13 million and in 1890 more than two billion. British rule in India gave the British manufacturers free rein and made the protection of indigenous producers impossible. It stands to reason that Karl Marx condemned the driving force behind British expansion in India by calling it the 'millocracy' [meaning rule by the owners of textile mills]. . . . To be sure, the immense productivity of English textile workers from the early nineteenth century on made this branch of British industry superior to all of its former competitors, colonial and noncolonial alike. But while other countries could shield themselves from this danger by introducing protectionist tariffs, such protection did not exist in the British colonies. So here, in the case of the destruction of Indian textile industry, we see the importance of the colonial situation, namely the colonies' political dependence on the West, in arresting their economic development." Henk L. Wesseling, Dutch historian of colonial South and Southeast Asia, The European Colonial Empires, 1815-1919, book published in 2003 The economic statistics cited by Wesseling in the first paragraph are most likely intended to illustrate which aspect of the nineteenth-century global context?

The role of British imperial policy in reversing the development of Indian textile manufacturing

"In late nineteenth-century Tsarist Russia, the state participated directly in the nation's economy to an extent unequaled in any Western country. For example, in 1899 the state bought almost two-thirds of all metallurgical production in Russia. By 1900, the state controlled some 70 percent of the railways and owned vast tracts of land, numerous mines and oil fields, and extensive forests. The economic well-being of Russian private entrepreneurs thus depended in large measure on decisions made by the state authorities in St. Petersburg. This was a major reason why a large portion of the Russian middle class took a very timid approach to politics in this period. Russia's economic progress, particularly in the last decade of the nineteenth century, was remarkable by every standard. Railway trackage virtually doubled, coal output in southern Russia jumped from just under 3 million tons in 1890 to almost 11 million tons in 1900. In the same region, the production of iron and steel rose from about 140,000 tons in 1890 to almost 1,250,000 in 1900. Also, between 1890 and 1900 Russian production of cotton thread almost doubled and that of cotton cloth increased by about two-thirds. By 1914 the Russian Empire was the fifth-largest industrial power in the world, though its labor productivity and per-capita income still lagged behind those in Western Europe." Abraham Ascher, historian, The Revolution of 1905: A Short History, book published in 2004 As described in the passage, the pattern of economic development in Russia in the nineteenth century differed most strongly from which other pattern of economic development during the same period?

The transition from preindustrial to industrial production through the actions of private entrepreneurs or companies

Which of the following best explains the long-term historical significance of the views expressed by Yanaihara in the passage?

They show that some members of the Japanese elite sought to justify aggressive Japanese colonial efforts in China and the Pacific region.

Which of the following most likely explains why Niebuhr chose to publish his article in a popular publication like Life magazine?

To change government policies in a democratic country like the United States, it was first necessary to change public opinion.

Which of the following best explains why the author brings up the example of the Sikh migrant cutting his hair before coming to England as a way of supporting his argument that the experiences of South Asian and European immigrants to Britain were "poles apart"?

Unlike European immigrants, South Asian immigrants had to suppress parts of their culture and remove important religious symbols to fit into British society.

As indicated by the passage, Vietnam's achievement of independence differed in what way from the achievement of independence by many other former colonies?

Vietnam gained its independence through a violent uprising rather than a negotiated settlement.

"OBJECTIVES OF YOUR JOURNEY In these parts of West Africa, France has obtained a few treaties with powerful chiefs, on the basis of which she claims immense regions in the great bend of the Niger River. She also sends French adventurers into a recognized British sphere of influence to make further treaties with native persons who claim to be the rulers or kings of certain regions. The goal of your journey therefore will be to (a) in places where the French pretend they have made treaties with the native rulers, to obtain a written declaration from the rulers that such statements are false, and then to make treaties for us; (b) in places where the French have made no such pretense, to secure treaties accompanied by a short declaration that no previous treaties have been made with any European; . . . (d) to collect detailed information of every kind about the regions you visit, but especially to make inquiries as to the existence of gold—either gold sands in rivers or gold lodes in rock; . . . (f) to impress upon all African chiefs how advantageous it would be for them to have Europeans bringing goods to their country, which can only be done if they sign the treaties; . . . (h) to note especially carefully the prevalence of gum arabic trees, shea butter trees, and rubber vines* in each region you visit." Letter from the directors of the British Royal Niger Company to its agent, Captain Frederick Lugard, directing him to travel up the Niger River in West Africa, 1894 *African trees that were used by Europeans in the production of cosmetics and processed food additives (gum Arabic), soap and candles (Shea butter), and tires and machine transmission belts (rubber) Which aspect of the historical situation in West Africa in the 1890s best explains the board of directors' instructions to Lugard in article (h) of the letter?

West Africa was becoming a source of important raw materials for Europe's industrializing economies.

"We can agree that, in principle, it might be a good idea to permit both foreigners and Japanese to engage in coastal and seaborne shipping around and from Japan, because that would increase competition and improve efficiency. But, in practice, we know that seaborne shipping is too important a matter to be given over to foreigners. To do so would mean a loss of business and employment opportunities for our people in peacetime. And, in times of war, to not have the domestic capacity to transport goods would be tantamount to abandoning our status as an independent nation. In recent decades, Japan was forced to sign various treaties with foreign powers allowing their ships to proceed freely from one Japanese harbor to another. Some people claim that these treaty rights also allow foreigners to transport Japanese made goods, either around our country or for export to Korea or China. I am not qualified to discuss the legal merits of these positions, but I would like to point out that, unless we have a plan for developing our own domestic shipping businesses, we will never be able to compete with the foreigners in this field. In founding the Mitsubishi company,* my goal has been to help recover for Japan the right of seaborne shipping, so we no longer have to delegate it to foreigners. I regard this not only as my business interest but also as my duty as a citizen. If we don't succeed as a company, it would be useless for the government to try to renegotiate the unequal treaties, or to attempt to further develop Japan's economy. The government knows this, and that is why it protects our company. And we need the government's protection to compete against foreign rivals, such as the [British] Peninsula and Oriental Steam Navigation Company. Recently, the P&O Company has been working to set up a new line between Yokohama [in Japan] and Shanghai and is attempting to claim rights over the [Japanese] ports of Nagasaki, Kobe, and Yokohama. The P&O Company is backed by its massive capital, large fleet of ships, and experience operating in Hong Kong and China. How can we compete against such a giant if we do not have the backing of our national government?" *The Mitsubishi company was established in 1870 as a maritime shipping firm. In subsequent decades, it diversified into mining, manufacturing, and other fields. Yataro Iwasaki, president of the Mitsubishi Company, letter to company managers, 1876 Iwasaki's position in the letter on the relationship between the Mitsubishi Company and the Japanese government is most clearly a response to

Western governments gaining access to Japan's markets by imposing laissez-faire economic regimes

"We can agree that, in principle, it might be a good idea to permit both foreigners and Japanese to engage in coastal and seaborne shipping around and from Japan, because that would increase competition and improve efficiency. But, in practice, we know that seaborne shipping is too important a matter to be given over to foreigners. To do so would mean a loss of business and employment opportunities for our people in peacetime. And, in times of war, to not have the domestic capacity to transport goods would be tantamount to abandoning our status as an independent nation. In recent decades, Japan was forced to sign various treaties with foreign powers allowing their ships to proceed freely from one Japanese harbor to another. Some people claim that these treaty rights also allow foreigners to transport Japanese made goods, either around our country or for export to Korea or China. I am not qualified to discuss the legal merits of these positions, but I would like to point out that, unless we have a plan for developing our own domestic shipping businesses, we will never be able to compete with the foreigners in this field. In founding the Mitsubishi company,* my goal has been to help recover for Japan the right of seaborne shipping, so we no longer have to delegate it to foreigners. I regard this not only as my business interest but also as my duty as a citizen. If we don't succeed as a company, it would be useless for the government to try to renegotiate the unequal treaties, or to attempt to further develop Japan's economy. The government knows this, and that is why it protects our company. And we need the government's protection to compete against foreign rivals, such as the [British] Peninsula and Oriental Steam Navigation Company. Recently, the P&O Company has been working to set up a new line between Yokohama [in Japan] and Shanghai and is attempting to claim rights over the [Japanese] ports of Nagasaki, Kobe, and Yokohama. The P&O Company is backed by its massive capital, large fleet of ships, and experience operating in Hong Kong and China. How can we compete against such a giant if we do not have the backing of our national government?" *The Mitsubishi company was established in 1870 as a maritime shipping firm. In subsequent decades, it diversified into mining, manufacturing, and other fields. Yataro Iwasaki, president of the Mitsubishi Company, letter to company managers, 1876 The commercial rivalries discussed in the third paragraph best illustrate the interplay between nineteenth-century economic development in Japan and the development of

Western-dominated large-scale transnational businesses

Waterways such as canals and rivers were important in the process of early industrialization because they provided

a means for integrating economic activities in regional and national markets

(Picture of the four human races that are illustrated and used in middle schools in France in the 1880s and 1890s) A caption below the image read: The White Race, the most perfect of the human races, lives mostly in Europe, West Asia, North Africa, and North America. It is characterized by its oval head and rather thin lips. The complexion may vary in color but is generally light. The Yellow Race occupies mostly East Asia, China, and Japan. It is characterized by its high cheekbones and almond-shaped eyes. The Red Race, which once upon a time inhabited all of North and South America, has reddish skin, deeply set eyes, and a long and arched nose.↵ (PPT) The Black Race, which occupies mostly Africa and the southern parts of Oceania, has skin that is very dark, dark brown eyes, and curly hair. Although ideas of European superiority over non-Europeans had existed for centuries, views such as those expressed in the passage provide evidence of an important change in the late nineteenth century that is best explained by the fact that they

combined old cultural prejudice with supposedly "scientific" new ideas of the biological and evolutionary basis of human differences

"There is no town in the world where the distance between the rich and the poor is so great, or the barrier between them so difficult to be crossed. The separation between the different classes, and the consequent ignorance of each other's habits and condition, are far more complete in this place than in any other country in Europe, or even in the rural areas of Britain. There is far less personal communication between the master cotton spinner and his workmen and between the master tailor and his apprentices than there is between the Duke of Wellington and the humblest laborer of his estate, or than there was between King George III and the lowliest errand boy in his palace. I mean this not as a matter of blame, but I state it simply as a fact." Richard Parkinson, English clergyman of the Anglican Church, "On the Present Condition of the Laboring Poor in Manchester," paper published in London, 1841 The class relationships in Manchester described by Parkinson are best explained in the context of the

continuous migration of new workers to industrial towns and the high job turnover

"There is no town in the world where the distance between the rich and the poor is so great, or the barrier between them so difficult to be crossed. The separation between the different classes, and the consequent ignorance of each other's habits and condition, are far more complete in this place than in any other country in Europe, or even in the rural areas of Britain. There is far less personal communication between the master cotton spinner and his workmen and between the master tailor and his apprentices than there is between the Duke of Wellington and the humblest laborer of his estate, or than there was between King George III and the lowliest errand boy in his palace. I mean this not as a matter of blame, but I state it simply as a fact." Richard Parkinson, English clergyman of the Anglican Church, "On the Present Condition of the Laboring Poor in Manchester," paper published in London, 1841 The disparities of wealth mentioned by Parkinson in the passage are best explained in the context of the

high profits and low wages associated with manufacturing industries in the nineteenth century

"Your Highness, dear Major Leutwein! I received your long letter late last night. I take it from this letter that you accuse me of various misdeeds and seem to claim the right to condemn me to death as if I were a common criminal. You seem to try to reason with me by force of guns. You say that I arrogantly claim to be the ruler over certain territories. This is my answer: You white men know very well that this territory of which you speak has been under my rule since the death of my grandfather. The Herero nation attacked my grandfather's Nama nation without any cause, but he fought them back and conquered them. Later these same tribes attacked me as well. I conquered them a second time. So these lands that you seek are mine by double right of conquest. This has been an old rule of war. Obviously you cannot see any other way of getting hold of these lands, so you are attacking me by force. You say that you are sorry that I do not accept German protection and do not pledge my allegiance to the German emperor. Here is my answer: I have never in my life seen the German emperor and I am sure he has never seen me. Therefore, I could not have possibly hurt him. God has made us both rulers in different parts of the world. I don't think that one can call someone guilty if he wants to remain an independent ruler over his land and his people. If you intend now to have me killed because of my love of independence, this is not shame or harm. If I have to die, I shall do so as an honest man defending my property and my rights." Hendrik Witbooi, leader of the Nama people in the German colony of South West Africa, letter to the commanding officer of the German colonial army, 1894 Witbooi's point of view in discussing his right to rule the Nama lands "by double conquest" is historically significant mostly because it illustrates how

interethnic conflicts in Africa led to political fragmentation and ultimately limited Africans' ability to resist imperialism

"Your Highness, dear Major Leutwein! I received your long letter late last night. I take it from this letter that you accuse me of various misdeeds and seem to claim the right to condemn me to death as if I were a common criminal. You seem to try to reason with me by force of guns. You say that I arrogantly claim to be the ruler over certain territories. This is my answer: You white men know very well that this territory of which you speak has been under my rule since the death of my grandfather. The Herero nation attacked my grandfather's Nama nation without any cause, but he fought them back and conquered them. Later these same tribes attacked me as well. I conquered them a second time. So these lands that you seek are mine by double right of conquest. This has been an old rule of war. Obviously you cannot see any other way of getting hold of these lands, so you are attacking me by force. You say that you are sorry that I do not accept German protection and do not pledge my allegiance to the German emperor. Here is my answer: I have never in my life seen the German emperor and I am sure he has never seen me. Therefore, I could not have possibly hurt him. God has made us both rulers in different parts of the world. I don't think that one can call someone guilty if he wants to remain an independent ruler over his land and his people. If you intend now to have me killed because of my love of independence, this is not shame or harm. If I have to die, I shall do so as an honest man defending my property and my rights." Hendrik Witbooi, leader of the Nama people in the German colony of South West Africa, letter to the commanding officer of the German colonial army, 1894 Witbooi's statement in the last paragraph that he would likely be killed in the process of resisting the Germans is historically significant because it shows that Africans understood the

low probability that armed resistance would be successful because of the military advantages of Europeans

(Picture of the four human races that are illustrated and used in middle schools in France in the 1880s and 1890s) A caption below the image read: The White Race, the most perfect of the human races, lives mostly in Europe, West Asia, North Africa, and North America. It is characterized by its oval head and rather thin lips. The complexion may vary in color but is generally light. The Yellow Race occupies mostly East Asia, China, and Japan. It is characterized by its high cheekbones and almond-shaped eyes. The Red Race, which once upon a time inhabited all of North and South America, has reddish skin, deeply set eyes, and a long and arched nose.↵ (PPT) The Black Race, which occupies mostly Africa and the southern parts of Oceania, has skin that is very dark, dark brown eyes, and curly hair. Based on the context of European imperialism in the late nineteenth century, a historian examining the image and its caption would likely explain that they provide evidence of how France sought to

reassure students that France's inhumane colonial policies were justified by a so-called "civilizing mission"

Based on the historical situation in which the speech was given, Hitler's most significant motivation for giving the speech was likely to continue to

reinforce the idea to the German people that past injustices required Germany to continue its military buildup and engage in future territorial expansion

The argument in the third paragraph regarding the connection between the Partition of India in 1947 and Punjabi migrations to Britain in the 1950s is most directly supported by the author's claim that

resettling Partition refugees led to an economic crisis in rural Punjab, leading to further population movements

Compared to the position of anticolonial movements earlier in the twentieth century, the prospects for movements such as Ho Chi Minh's in the mid-twentieth century could most accurately be described as

stronger because the Second World War weakened imperialist powers

The letter's significance as a source of information on popular attitudes to Bolshevik revolutionary policies lies in the fact that it suggests that some Soviet citizens

supported the Bolsheviks in their nationalization of industrial property but urged them to seize the upper classes' private property as well

The authors' argument in the third paragraph concerning the effect of "social factors" on the effectiveness of a country's healthcare system likely refers to all of the following general trends in the twentieth century EXCEPT

the high likelihood that increasing longevity would lead to an increase in overall healthcare costs

In the period circa 1750-1900, the historical process illustrated by the image led directly to all of the following major global transformations EXCEPT

the outbreak of the Atlantic revolutions and the emergence of new states in the Americas

Contrary to the author's implicit argument in the second paragraph regarding South Asian migrants' determination to integrate into British society, the migration of former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles typically resulted in

the preservation of cultural and economic ties between former colonies and metropoles, as immigrant communities maintained some connections to their countries of origin

In addition to the factors exemplified by the passage, the end of the Cold War was also directly hastened by all of the following EXCEPT

the signing of nuclear arms control treaties between the United States and the Soviet Union

Unlike the four scenes in the top two rows of the lithograph, the inclusion of the two scenes in the bottom row is best explained by

the technological innovations of the second industrial revolution

The ideas behind the establishment of the council referred to in Source 1 and the ideas behind the establishment of the bank referred to in Source 2 are most similar in that

while the council and the bank were intended to provide benefits to all members, a small group of states were allowed to retain permanent decision-making power

Which of the following best explains why the passage is likely NOT a reliable source of information regarding the level of popular support and enthusiasm for the Chinese government's push for iron and steel in 1958?

As a government official, the author would have felt compelled to overstate the success of communist policies of resource redistribution to demonstrate his loyalty to the party.

"Writing now, at an age beyond sixty, I must admit that we do not understand the operations of God's wisdom and are, therefore, unable to tell the causes of the terrible inequalities that we see around us,—why so many people should have so little to make life enjoyable, while a few others, not through their own merit, have had gifts poured out to them from a full hand. We acknowledge the hand of God and His wisdom, but still we feel horror at the misery of many of our brethren. We who have been born in a more fortunate condition—we to whom wealth, education, and liberty have been given—cannot, I think, look upon the unintellectual and toil-bound life of those who cannot even feed themselves sufficiently by the meager wages they have earned with so much sweat, without experiencing some feeling of injustice, some sting of pain. This consciousness of wrong has produced in many enthusiastic but unbalanced minds a desire to make all things right by pursuing equality. But any careful observer of our society, or any student of our history has to admit that, as unjust as it may seem, inequality is part of the natural order of things. You can make all men equal today, but God has so created them that they shall become unequal again tomorrow. The very word 'equality' presents to the imaginations of men ideas of communism, of ruin, and insane democracy. Instead of obsessing about equality, we should be working toward reducing inequalities—provided, of course, that we do so gradually and without any sudden disruption of society." Anthony Trollope, British novelist, autobiography written during the 1870s and published after his death in 1882 Which of the following pieces of information that Trollope reveals about himself in the passage might best explain his contention that economic inequalities ought to be addressed "gradually and without any sudden disruption of society"?

His admission that he was born into a fortunate condition

The changes reflected in which of the following lines in the table are most directly associated with the emergence of debates about the nature and causes of climate change in the late twentieth and early twenty-first century?

Lines 4 and 9

The changes reflected in which of the following lines in the table are most directly associated with international conflicts over scarce natural resources in the late twentieth century?

Lines 5 and 6

Which of the following arguments could be most effectively used to undermine Vandana Shiva's implicit criticism of free trade and globalization in the passage?

Many developing countries could never become self-sufficient food producers because of limitations of size, climate, and available cropland.

Which of the following would most likely be cited to explain a weakness in Soros' arguments in the passage about the power granted to free-market forces in the global economy?

Market forces are constrained to a large extent by regulations imposed by governments, international economic institutions, and regional trade agreements.

Based on the graph, which of the following best describes the development of transportation and communication in the twentieth century?

New methods of transportation and communication became more affordable over time.

Source 1 "Beloved brothers in Christ, here again we should see and admire the boundless love of God toward us, that He has placed over us this great empire of the Ottomans. The Empire is a mighty obstacle to the Latin heretics in the West. By contrast, to us, the Orthodox people of the East, the Empire has been a means of salvation. For God has continued to put into the heart of the Sultan of these Ottomans an inclination to keep free the religious beliefs of our Orthodox faith and to protect us, even to the point of occasionally chastising Christians who deviate from their faith. Brothers, lately you would have heard a lot about this new system of 'liberty' originating in France. But let us examine the concept more carefully to see if it can be reconciled with good civil government and safety for the citizens. We see from the example of the French Republic that a national, democratic form of government can only provide 'liberty' if the word is taken to mean the freedom to simply act upon one's appetites and desires. But true Christian liberty, properly understood, means something quite different: to be free to live according to both divine and human laws. In other words, it is to live free to follow your conscience and free of any trouble with the authorities. Seen in this light, the new French system of liberty is a path leading to destruction, confusion, overturning of good government, or, simply speaking, a new ambush of the devil to lead us Orthodox Christians astray." Anthimos, Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem [then part of the Ottoman Empire], Paternal Instruction, leaflet printed in Greek for distribution among Christian communities in the Ottoman Empire, 1798 Source 2 "I address you in Hungarian today* because reviving our language is like cleansing the mirror of our history, so that the flies buzzing around may not deprive us of its light. It is a sad fate for a nation to perish—especially a nation such as ours that can boast of brilliant feats and that has only sunk to its present condition through the bitter workings of fate. It is of no use to try to accept with stern philosophy, common sense, and cold blood that all men are equal in everything, that the whole human race is a single nation. No! We are national beings and we were raised with our Hungarian selves that way, so that we can never be Germans, or French, or Poles, or Spaniards. We long for glory in this life as Hungarian sons of the Hungarian nation and, in the next, we pray that the angels of the heavens may know us as Hungarians. It is time for the mind of the Hungarian nation to be clarified through a revival of our mother-tongue. How can our educated classes study the languages of Europe, if we are forgetting our own? How could we lift up our people, most of whom live in the countryside, if we cannot offer them books to read in the language they speak? What we urgently need is a group of scholars who would be paid solely to translate works from Latin, French, German, and Greek into Hungarian—this would do more good for the refinement of the country's mind than a thousand Latin and German schools." *At the time, many educated Hungarians preferred to communicate in German, the language of the Austrian Empire of which Hungary was a part. György Bessenyei, Hungarian writer, "Oration on the Subject Matter of the Nation," essay published in 1817 Which of the following is an accurate comparison between the views expressed in the two sources?

Source 1 emphasizes the importance of religious identities and solidarities as drivers of human behavior, whereas Source 2 emphasizes the importance of ethno-linguistic identities and solidarities as drivers of human behavior.

The letter above could best be used to illustrate which of the following aspects of the historical context of the late twentieth century?

The globalization of consumer culture despite the rivalries of the Cold War

Which of the following best describes a difference between the purpose of the institution established in Source 1 and the purpose of the institutions established in Source 2 ?

The institution established in Source 1 was intended to prevent war, while the institutions established in Source 2 were intended to promote economic development and international trade.

Which of the following aspects of the international context in which the petition was produced most likely strengthened the petitioners' demands?

Women's critical contributions to the home front effort during The First World War

Which of the following best explains a likely significant purpose behind Yanaihara publishing his article in a Canadian journal?

Yanaihara wished to justify continued Japanese colonial rule of Korea to potentially hostile Western states.

Considering the global context of the 1970s, which of the following would have been the most significant difference between young people living outside the Communist bloc and the two young men in the source?

Young people outside the Communist bloc would have been unlikely to need to buy Western goods on the black market.

In the context of the late 1930s, the arguments that Hitler makes in the last paragraph are most significant in explaining how

imperialist aspirations contributed to motivating the policies of fascist states

In the late twentieth century, members of conservationist and environmentalist movements would most likely have cited the data in all of the following lines of the table as support for their concerns EXCEPT

lines 1 and 2

Which of the following best explains Niebuhr's likely purpose in recounting Soviet actions in postwar Europe?

By pointing out the hypocrisy of Soviet policies, he hoped to encourage a more confrontational stance on the part of the United States government.

Which of the following aspects of the immediate historical situation in China in 1958 best explains the author's perspective in the passage?

Chinese leaders had made it clear that meeting the goals of the Great Leap Forward was the highest priority facing the country.

As expressed in the passage, Havel's vision of effecting change in the communist bloc was most consistent with which of the following developments?

Grassroots citizens' organizations forming to protest the economic and social injustices in the Communist bloc, such as the Solidarity labor union in Poland

The political activism embodied in the petition is best seen in the context of which of the following broader twentieth-century developments?

Groups and individuals using universal principles to challenge established social norms

Which of the following best explains Niebuhr's sense of alarm about Soviet intentions in occupied Eastern Europe?

He was concerned that Americans would be reluctant to see their recent allies in the Second World War as a threat.

Wilhelm II's assurances in the second paragraph that "nobody is threatening the honor or power of Russia" and that the tsar can "well afford" to await the results of attempts to defuse the crisis best testify to the importance of which of the following factors in the outbreak of the First World War?

Intense nationalism, fueled by mass media, often forced the hand of military and political leaders.

Which of the following best explains how this photograph from the Second World War can be connected to the Cold War that began shortly afterward?

It shows the technological advances made by one of the victors of the Second World War that solidified its position as a postwar superpower.

Which of the following would best support Schama's argument in the first paragraph about the role of Churchill's speeches in Great Britain's war effort?

New mass media such as radio greatly expanded the reach of governments' mobilization efforts.

"Your Highness, dear Major Leutwein! I received your long letter late last night. I take it from this letter that you accuse me of various misdeeds and seem to claim the right to condemn me to death as if I were a common criminal. You seem to try to reason with me by force of guns. You say that I arrogantly claim to be the ruler over certain territories. This is my answer: You white men know very well that this territory of which you speak has been under my rule since the death of my grandfather. The Herero nation attacked my grandfather's Nama nation without any cause, but he fought them back and conquered them. Later these same tribes attacked me as well. I conquered them a second time. So these lands that you seek are mine by double right of conquest. This has been an old rule of war. Obviously you cannot see any other way of getting hold of these lands, so you are attacking me by force. You say that you are sorry that I do not accept German protection and do not pledge my allegiance to the German emperor. Here is my answer: I have never in my life seen the German emperor and I am sure he has never seen me. Therefore, I could not have possibly hurt him. God has made us both rulers in different parts of the world. I don't think that one can call someone guilty if he wants to remain an independent ruler over his land and his people. If you intend now to have me killed because of my love of independence, this is not shame or harm. If I have to die, I shall do so as an honest man defending my property and my rights." Hendrik Witbooi, leader of the Nama people in the German colony of South West Africa, letter to the commanding officer of the German colonial army, 1894 Witbooi's perspective in the last paragraph is historically significant because it most directly illustrates which of the following rationales for African people resisting European imperial encroachment?

Resistance to preserve traditional political structures threatened by direct European territorial expansion

The passage can best be used to explain the role of which of the following in bringing about the First World War?

Rival great power alliances

Which of the following events that preceded the outbreak of the First World War best explains why Russian troops were being mobilized against Austria-Hungary, as stated in the first paragraph?

Russia was acting in support of Serbia, which was facing an imminent Austro-Hungarian attack following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

The makeup of the force shown in the image is best explained by the fact that by 1917

Russia's army morale and home-front effort were collapsing because of the strains of total war

Which of the following best explains the significance of the intended audience of Yin Zeming's pamphlet in shaping the author's narrative?

Since it targets an international audience across the Cold War divide, the pamphlet presents an idealized, propaganda-tinged vision of Chinese accomplishments.

Considering the purpose of the letter, it most likely overstates which of the following?

The extent to which wealthy Russians continued to live exactly as they did before the revolution (second paragraph).

Which of the following best describes a main idea common to both passages?

The new organizations should facilitate greater international cooperation.

The image could best be understood as evidence for which of the following developments?

The shift in the global balance of power associated with the Second World War

Which of the following developments in the period after 1945 most directly prevented localized conflicts such as the one illustrated in the two photographs from escalating into global wars?

The threat of the use of nuclear weapons

The passage can best be used to illustrate which of the following developments in the 1970s and 1980s?

The way in which government efforts to suppress criticism and restrict freedom of speech proved ineffective in stemming public discontent within communist regimes

Which of the following best characterizes the significance of the events in Russia in the winter of 1917, as shown in the image?

They started a process that eventually led to a communist revolution.

"Italians establish everywhere in Argentina the types of businesses in which they are employed in Italy: a pasta factory, a distillery, a sawmill, a lime furnace. Indeed, our compatriots engage in all types of industries and trades. Some are money brokers, some are blacksmiths, some are jewelers, some build houses, some are mechanics, and some are mill owners. In the rural districts, many people engage in multiple trades. Our immigrants in these areas might at once be a blacksmith and a shoemaker, a cook and a tailor, or a porter and a bricklayer. Our immigrants are willing, gracious, happy, and always trusting in a better future." Giosuè Notari, Italian ambassador in the city of Córdoba in Argentina, report to the Italian government describing the state of Italian immigrants in the city and province of Córdoba, 1905 Which of the following best explains a difference between European and South Asian migration during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

Unlike European migrants, South Asian migrants often served as indentured laborers.

Based on the author's point of view, it is most likely that the information presented in the passage

overstates the extent to which Northern Nigerians were responsible for undermining the united Nigerian state