Unit IDs Complete 3-9

Whittaker Chambers

an editor and former Communist who accused Alger Hiss (State Dept. during FDR days) of giving govt. secrets to Russians, convicted of perjury. / Whittaker chambers was significant because he exposed Alger Hiss with secret documents to Nixon. This encouraged people to become more paranoid of communism and this case created a lot of fame for Richard Nixon to become elected in the future.

17th Amendment

Allowed direct election of senators. / Allows the people the right to vote for their own representatives.

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution" and was one of the three writers of the federalist papers. With his movement to ratify the constitution, he helped provided information to why it was important for the constitution to be created, being one of the reasons to the creation of the bank.

Patrick Henry

"Give me liberty or give me debt" A large support who supported the war with Britain for independence in late 1750s.

Gospel of Wealth

"With great wealth came with responsibility," with the idea that if you died wealthy, you died a failure. / Ideology that promoted assisting the poor, to help watch for the little man.

Espionage and Sedition Acts

(1917 & 1918) Made it a crime to interfere or say anything offensive about the draft and sale of war bonds and the war efforts, a violation of the freedom of speech. (Pg. 691)

Sacco & Vanzetti

(During the Reds care) Two individuals were accused of murder, had radical leftist politics, and after serving in an incredibly biased trail, they were both sentences to death.

Fetterman massacre

1500 Sioux Indians led 80 soldiers and Captain William Fetterman away from the fort and killed them 1866. (Pg. 528) Was a victory for Indians but Americans retaliated and Indians were in general unable to resist their land being taken away.

Comstock Act

1873, law prohibited circulation of "obscene" literature, basically anything that dealt with intercourse. (Pg. 585) / a small violation of the freedom of speech, helped discontinue the topic of sex in society.

National Security Act

1947 was a major restructuring of the United States government's military and intelligence agencies following World War II./ Helped give rise to government organizations such as the CIA and also reflected much of the anti communist sentiment that had grown.

Planned Parenthood v. Casey

1992, a Supreme court case that challenged several states to regulate abortion and declared that women must inform her partner of her intentions before aborting the embryo.

Swift Boat Veterans for Truth

2004, Political group that ran a series of ads that targeted John Kerry and his military accomplishments. / A political group who tried to discredit John Kerry, the Swift Boat Veterans for Truth was a political organization that set the precedent for candidates to discredit other candidates rather than making their own cases; they helped to exacerbate partisanship and the unwillingness to compromise to and even larger issue.

William McKinley

25th president who faced financial issue, established the Dingley tariff, and was assassinated during his second term. / His bold views on foreign policy helped strengthen the US position in global affairs, the SPAM war being one of his first stepping stones.

Woodrow Wilson

28th president who believed in moral diplomacy, a democrat, tried to lessen the extremities placed upon Germany after WWI, and waned the league of nations.

Erie Canal

364-mile waterway that connected the Hudson River to Lake Erie and became an immediate success and provided a better way to transport products 1817. (Pg. 293) For a short time the canal was the best way to transport goods from farmers to the Northern urban areas.

Credit Mobilier

A French owned sham company created to get land from the government then sold it off, bribes were made to congressmen, one of them being the vice president becoming one of the scandals of the Grant administration. Grant's presidency was full of scandals and corruption.

Tecumseh

A Shawnee war chief who brought back the western Confederation in 1809. (Pg. 235) Helped fight for the Indians right to their lands.

USS Maddox

A US owned boat that was "fired" by a northern Vietnamese communist, began the fight on Vietnam. (Lecture) / The USS Maddox was significant because it showed the trend of how the United States was very protective of their boats and it also led to the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution made the US more involved in the Vietnam War and it gave Lyndon B Johnson authorization to do what he needs to do without congress' approval. This was changed with the War Powers Act in the future which limited presidential powers.

John C Fremont

A candidate for the Republican Party. Johnson's impeachment

Wilmot Proviso

A amendment that stated that slavery was barred from all land that we might get from Mexico, was passed in the house but not the senate, helping the South confirm the belief that the senate was their shield. (Pg. 421) With the south believing the senate could provide their main source of protection, it hit the south hard during the civil war, with the little political figures fighting for slavery and the demand for emancipation, it caused the south to be at an disadvantage.

Compromise of 1877

A back-room deal in which Rutherford Hayes was put into office as president and in return he would end reconstruction. (Pg. 500) This made his presidency seem illegitimate and weakened his political power.

New Negro

A book written by Alain Locke and a term coined by him to refer to African American writers and artists in the Harlem Renaissance who celebrated black culture and identity. (Pg. 718)

Yalta Conference

A meeting in Yalta of Pres. Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin in Feb. 1945 in which the leaders discussed the treatment of Germany, Poland, and the creation of the United Nations, and Russia's relationship with Japan (War). (pg. 806)/ The Yalta Conference was significant because it showed America becoming more friendly with other nations and it also led to Berlin's divide. This divide led to communism and the Iron curtain to fall in the future which led to the Cold War.

Caucus

A meeting of party leaders (Pg. 318) Helped "sacrifice" individuality for the general good during these meetings, helped find a common ground.

Langston Hughes

A poet during the Harlem Renaissance who positively portrayed African Americans and illustrated hope for the future. (Pg. 718)

Warren G Harding

A republican who supported big business, supported the idea of "returning to normalcy," who had corrupt political members and was known for the Teapot Dome Scandal.

Lyndon B. Johnson

A southern republican but liberal president who promised the "Great Society" and declared a war on poverty. (Pg. 904) / After the assassination of John F. Kennedy, Johnson succeeded Kennedy as president, which led to the following year which he had won the elections by a landslide.

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery. (Pg. 470) Got rid of slavery but did not enforce any civil rights.

Lusitania

An incident where a British ship filled with civilians including 128 Americans was sunk by the Germans. (Pg. 686)

USO

An organization that helped entertain troops before being shipped off into war.

WWI Homefront

Anti-German sentiment lead to prohibition, Americans were encouraged to sacrifice some goods to help the war effort.

States' Rights

Argued states can void a law within its borders as an interpretation of the Constitution (Pg. 324) With the push for state rights, the common conflict with the interest of slavery began to divide the country even more, pushing towards the beginning of the civil war.

Modernist religion

As opposed to fundamentalism, modernists believed that religion and Darwinism could coexist.

Proclamation of 1763

Because Britain wanted peace and did not want to be involved with more wars with the Indians, they stated ¨colonist are hereby not allowed to move west of the Appalachian mountains,¨ however was ignored by colonists. (Pg. 140) Did not prevent any further conflicts regarding the Indians and was ignored.

Social Darwinism

Belief in natural selection, removed any responsibility on the part of the right to help poorer people. / Was advocated for by people like Carnegie and contributed to idea during the Great Depression that it was the man's own fault for not being able to keep their job.

Fascinating Womanhood

Book written by Helen Andelin in 1963, " Acceptance means that we accept our husband just as he is today, not trying to change him." / This book published against the women's civil rights movement by a woman offered an interesting perspective on the issues of civil rights, and displayed the resistance to women's rights from women themselves at times.

Pure Food and Drug Act

Came after the publication of "The Jungle," an act that inspects our food. (Pg. 629) / Roosevelt was able to regulate companies more because of the immense public pressure to.

Equal Rights Amendment

Campaigned by Alice Paul, an amendment that did not past. / A large movement that stood and fought for women

Panic of 1907

Caused by speculation, overproduction, and a weak banking system, and lead to the the Morgan-Tennessee Coal-promise that was later broken during Taft's term. / Lead to the creation of the Federal Reserve System.

Televangelism

Church on TV that attracted large audiences and preached conservative, consumerist, evangelicism. (Pg. 962)/ Since most American specifically middle class Americans had televisions in their houses and spread evangelical religious feelings which set up the Fourth Great Awakening reviving religion in America after a time of liberal counter culture society.

Tehran Conference

Churchill and FDR meet, a declared the attack on France (Nazi occupied) within the next six months.

Civil Rights Movement - grassroots

Civil rights movement that also pushed for women's rights, specifically the equal rights amendment. / This helped shine light at the unwavering, relentless fight from countless oppressed minority groups during the 60s and 70s, displaying that change can occur through peaceful protest.

Jane Addams & Hull House

Community welfare centers often run by the white and middle class to help the urban poor. (Pg. 627) / assisted the poor.

WWII - Pacific Theater

Consisted of the battles of Midway and Coral Sea and the droppings of the atomic bombs, all war action that took place within Asia.

Thomas Paine

Convinced Americans to declare independence from Britain, patriot and published Common Sense, 1776. Helped influence society for a better government after exploiting the unjust actions of Britain.

Commonwealth System

Created by the state government by 1820 where states provided aid to private businesses to improve general welfare. (Pg. 256) With the hopes of railroads passing through, speculators invested in land, which resulted in a recession.

American Colonization Society

Created in 1817 by Henry clay and other citizens, they argued that slaves should be freed and resettle elsewhere. (pg.267) Although slavery was viewed evil, they still did not believe in African American rights or the equality between blacks and whites.

Antiquities Act

Created in 1906, established natural monuments. / Helped preserve lands underneath federal funds.

Robert Fulton

Created the steam engine 1807. (Pg. 295) One of the most significant aspects during the industrial revolution, increasing technology during it's time.

Bill Clinton

Democratic president who had conservative ideologies, who created a budget surplus, mediated the Dayton and Oslo Accords, who was eventually impeached. / Demonstrated globalization during this era by passing free-trade agreements and reforming the US financial system to be more interdependent on foreign countries.

Roosevelt Recession

Direct response to Roosevelt's action in cutting the WPA, that lead to less government jobs and cut new deal jobs.

Prohibition

During WWI, anti-German sentiment spurred the illegalization of alcohol although there were still ways to get liquor, the law was repealed in 1933 because it was too difficult to enforce. (Pg. 713)

Interstate Commerce Act / Interstate Commerce Commission

During Woodrow Wilson's term, created the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate the railroads although it was not very effective. (Pg. 569)/ Attempted to give the ICC more authority over regulating railroads, but it failed.

1950s Gender Roles

During the Cold War, following gender roles was important as deviation from the norm was seen as un-american, subversive, and communist, in this time period "companionate" marriage was popular but did not mean "equal" and society was still overwhelmingly patriarchal. (Pg. 850) / By establishing a firm culture that dictated the roles of males being the breadwinners and the women tending the household, it further pushed working-baby boom- females in the 60s to 70s to fight for equal rights amongst the genders, contributing to the massive wave of liberal ideologies that helped steer America from decades of conservative representatives and consensus, to a more equal rights environment.

Washington Irving

Early 1800s, successful author who was the leader of American literacy with popular folk tales like Rip Van Winkle and Ichabod Crane. He helped people expand their knowledge and educate themselves through other means. Before this, the Bible was the only thing that was commonly read amongst the people.

Domino Theory

Eisenhower's theory of containment, which warned that the fall of a non-communist government to communism in Southeast Asia would trigger the spread of communism to neighboring countries. (Pg. 828) / The belief that political events in a exclusive country will trickle down to other countries and the belief will spread. This usually applied to bordering countries and was most notably used to describe the spread of Communism to other countries.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

Ella Baker organized this to facilitate sit-ins following he success of the Greensboro sit-ins, drew in huge participation of African American college students in the civil rights movement. (Pg. 882) / Jump started and organized the civil rights movement in the 1960s, gave many African Americans fair waged jobs, and those who weren't paid participating in freedom walks and sit-ins that helped the civil rights cause.

Treaty of Paris of 1783

Ended the Revolutionary war and where Britain recognized American independence and gave them back claims to the land south of the great lakes and east of the Mississippi river. (Pg. 196) The treaty that symbolized the freedoms of America from Britain, where the British understood that America was no longer affiliated with them.

Judiciary Act of 1789

Established a federal district courts in each state, three circuit courts that gets appeals from the district levels, created a supreme court. Also said that cases rising in state courts that dealt with federal laws can be appealed to the supreme court's and ratified the bill of rights. Helped extend the power of the branches, specifically the Judiciary.

American Anti Slavery Society

Established by Garrison and other abolitionists who sought support for the abolitionist cause through printing and literature 1835. (Pg. 362) First organization that combated slavery, influencing the public largely, specifically in the north.

Foraker Act

Established civilian government on Puerto Rico after the Spanish-American War.

Specie Circular

Executive order that required the Treasury Department to only accept gold and silver as payment for lands in the national domain 1836. (Pg. 338) Gold and silver were not so vulnerable to inflation.

Quebec Act

Extended Quebec's boundaries to the Ohio river in 1774, and allowed Roman Catholicism to be practiced. (Pg. 169) Americans ended up freaking out, believe that their religious rights were being violated.

Adolf Hitler

Fascist leader who lead the Holocaust and the ethnic cleansing of the Jews during WWII.

Federalists v. Antifederalists

Federalist believed in a strong, central government while anti federalists believed that a strong centralized government would be corrupted. (Pg. 207) With the belief of a loose interpretation of the constitution (federalists) and the belief that the constitution needed to be strictly regulated, (anti-federalist) the pro-slavery south would argue against the federal gov, stating that they cannot take their property away.

Frances Perkins

First women to be on the cabinet during FDR's presidencies.

Pendleton Act

Following the cry for civil service reform, government jobs were now given based on merit. (Pg. 638) / Provided many Americans a new job opportunity, the government hires more people during the Great Depression.

Fascism

Form of government characterized by dictatorial rule, extreme nationalism, disdain for civil society, and conviction that imperialism and warfare are the principal means by which the nation attains greatness. (Pg. 768)

Knights of Labor

Founded in 1869, the Knights of Labor were a "secret" society of workers, skilled and unskilled and only excluded Chinese immigrants, who gained momentum for their cause until the Haymarket Square incident. (Pg. 568) / society of workers who fought for the working class.

Marcus Garvey

Founder of the Universal Negro Improvement association and African Communities League, a proponent of Black nationalism in Jamaica and the US.

General Dwight Eisenhower

General that lead D-Day.

Holocaust

Germany's campaign during WWII to exterminate the Jewish race or "undesirables," resulting in the murder of over 11 million people, mainly of jewish descent. (Pg. 792)

New Deal

Government program that was established underneath FDR's presidency in the 1930s, designed to help improve conditions that rooted from the great depression

Henry Kissinger

He was appointed secretary of state in 1973 by President Richard Nixon and co-won the Nobel Peace Prize for his work in the Vietnam War's Paris accords./ Kissinger, under Nixon's administration, played a key role in administering and taking advantage of detente in order to help end the Vietnam War and facilitate more friendly relations with the USSR and the Chinese, allowing the US to obtain the diplomatic highground during the 1970s and the 1980s.

Nativism

Hostility towards non-native "Americans," specifically immigrants, usually by the white lower class. / Leads to anti-immigration laws and laws barring chinese immigrants from citizenship.

Bracero program

Importation of people from Mexico to serve as agriculture workers during WWII.

Monroe Doctrine

In 1832, James Monroe declared the closing of any further colonization/interference by European powers and pledged that the US will not be involved in European struggles. (Pg. 244) Help separate European countries with America and increased the pride of Americans.

Bush v. Gore

In december 2000, this supreme court case decided the legitimacy of the voter cards were invalid, awarding the electoral victory to Bush despite Gore's massive popular victory. (Pg. 1025) / This Supreme Court decision demonstrated a debate between the separation of powers. Does the Supreme Court have more power than the Executive Branch?

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

Insured deposits up to $2,500, also made sure banks were not making risky investments, part of New Deal. (Pg. 740)

Cash and Carry Policy

Issued by FDR, stated that "We (The US) will sell weapons to warring countries if and only if you pay in cash and pick them up from NYC."

Operation Rolling Thunder

Issued by Johnson, a massive bombing campaign on North Vietnam that had little effect on the morale of North Vietnam. (Pg. 911) / Operation Rolling Thunder which was enacted by Lyndon B. Johnson in 1965 began the long road of the Vietnam War. The hundreds of thousands of soldiers sent to the war led to the culture wars and further polarization within the social and political sectors of the American society.

Battle of the Petticoats / Peggy Eaton

Jackson's Secretary of War's wife was not technically divorced before she married and was ostracized by the other wives of cabinet members, this reminded Jackson of his wife so he got involved. With personal conflicts interfering with Jackson during his presidency, it affected his perspective on figures like Henry Clay, rejecting ideas from people he disliked simply because of the way people treated his wife.

Kitchen Cabinet

Jackson's group of advisors who were not official and were said to have entered through the kitchen doors. Jackson did not trust his cabinet and had a lot of enemies.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

January 1932, Hoover during the depression attempted to fix the economic crisis by lending out money cautiously to failing banks and to people losing their homes.

Jack London

Journalist that focused on nature. / promoted saving the environment.

Ida B Wells

Journalist that turned into an activist after three of her friends were lynched after their friend's business directly competed with another white male's general store./ influential figure who fought hard for African Americans during the era, being a major influencer during the civil rights movement.

Potsdam Conference

July 1945, helped by the US, Britain and Russia, a conference that dealt with the postwar fate of Germany.

Treaty of Versailles

June 28, 1919, the signature of this treaty ended WWI, and was brutal to germany- demanded 33 dollars in war repairments, reassigned German boundaries, causing Germany to all into a deep, unsavable economic crisis. (Pg. 697)

D-Day/Battle of Normandy

June 6, 1944, this amphibious, largest to US history invasion, lead by Northern France helped open a second front against Germany and helped move the Allies closer to victory in Europe. (Pg. 790)

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Law passed during Lyndon Johnson's administration that empowered the federal government to intervene to ensure minorities' access to the voting booth. (Pg. 891) / The voting rights act of 1965 was significant because it reinforced the idea of democracy and allowed the federal government to intervene and make sure that all races received equal voting rights. This affected the future

William Randolph Hearst

Leader of a huge newspaper company who exaggerated the truth to sell papers, lead the public in turning against Spain and pressuring Congress to go to war. (Pg. 675)

Appomattox Courthouse

Lee surrendered to Grant on April 9th of 1865, the war was basically over. (Pg. 474) Lee's surrender was the end of the Civil War and and marked the North's victory.

Mugwump

Liberal republicans who wanted the conservative, Democrat candidate Grover Cleveland. (Pg. 639) / Disliked change and thought it was easier doing what was comfortable.

14th Amendment

Most powerful government amendment, stated that if you were born on American land, you are a citizen, that you were entitled to equal protection under the law, and was used against the south, stating that they had to ratify this amendment to come back into the country. (Pg. 481) Made African americans citizens.

Feminism

Movement for equality for women. / The civil rights movement launched a nationwide effort to bring gender equality within america, fighting for equal pay, opportunities for work and education, legalization of abortion, and women's expansion for freedom.

John Muir & Sierra Club

Muir was a naturalist who loved Yosemite valley and sought to protect the wilderness, he founded the Sierra club and they were dedicated to preserving America's mountains. (Pg. 583) / helped create national lands protected by the government to help preserve the wildness in nature.

Ragtime

Music consisting of a syncopated beat originating in African music. (Pg. 617) / Preceded the blues and jazz, clubs were these musics were played were often mixed.

Blues

Music originating from the days of slavery, sang of hard work and heartbreak. (Pg. 618) / Later on, played a major influence for rock n' roll post WWII, helping to solidify youth culture.

Clinton impeachment

Occured when the president was accused of perjury during the Monica Lewinsky affair scandal, this was a decision on a strict party line vote, though the vote did not come close to a ⅔ majority vote. / Demonstrated culture war because there's a sharp divide between party lines. Republicans supported impeachment while the democrats did not.

Stock market crash

October 9, 1929, a huge crash in stocks due to overproduction, leading to the great depression and major deflation.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

On March 25, 1911, a fire broke out in a fabric factory that had extremely poor conditions, resulted in deaths of many workers, with a funeral that became political fighting for better working conditions. / first significant event that pushed for better working conditions, which also helped result in the temperance and women's rights movements.

John D Rockefeller & Standard Oil

One of the richest men at the time, owned a monopoly on oil and practiced predatory pricing. / symbolises the greed from large corporations.

Federal Arts Project & Federal Writers Project

Part of the New Deal, hired out of work artists, musicians, and writers to take photographs or record individual stories just to give them money. (Pg. 735)

McNary-Haugen Bill

Raised domestic prices for farm products, a plan in the 1920s that was meant to subsidize American agricultural products, were the gov, would invest in wheat and then store it/export it at a lost.

Half-Breed

Republicans who wanted civil service reforms. / Fought for the middle men.

Contrabands

Runaway slaves to the Union were labeled "contraband" meaning they were property that the rebels could not have. (Pg. 463) It was necessary to make slavery illegal in order for the army to legally take in fugitive slaves.

Wade-Davis Bill

Said that the majority of the white population had to take this oath that would allow them to re-entered into union. (Pg. 480) Because of how unregulated this bill was, little to no effort was placed into the white rejoining the union, leading to the creation of groups like the KKK, unregulated and unchecked groups that were common with southern whites.

Chief who led the Sioux in an inconclusive fight with General Sherman and won in the end when America had to abandon forts along the Bozeman Trail. (Pg. 528) Showed for the first time Native ability to succeed and win against Americans.

Sam Houston

McCarthyism

Senator Joseph McCarthy declared he had a list of known communists in office and sparked a witch hunt against suspected communists and communist sympathizers during the Cold War 1950's era. (Pg. 821) / Prolonged the Cold War and bred further fear of communist spread, tipping the public to favor wars against communist rebels.

Daniel Webster

Senator, former Federalist, and corporate lawyer, performed a famous speech in defense of the Union 1830. (Pg. 325) To many people at the time, all that mattered was that the Union stayed together.

Queen Liliuokalani

She was the queen of Hawaii and she openly opposed large American businesses, which led them to depose her. (Pg. 676)

Servicemen's Readjustment Act (aka GI Bill)

Single handedly changed American society by providing extremely cheap money for service mny, so that they could use the loans for school, education, or to buy a house.

A Mitchell Palmer

Started to bring out raids that were inflicted upon people that are believed to radical.

Angel Island

The Ellis island of the West, that allowed Asian immigrants into the US. / Following the immigration quotas, the easiest way for asians to immigrant to the US.

Joseph Stalin

The dictator of Russia throughout WWI and WWII.

Bernard Baruch

The head of the War Industries Board during WWI and regulated production of war equipment. (Pg. 688)

Kenneth Starr

The investigator of Clinton and Lewinsky affair. / His investigation into Bill Clinton was what got him impeached. However, due to party politics, Clinton was not removed from office.

Andrew Carnegie & US Steel

The largest steel industry owner at the time and author of "the Gospel of Wealth," (Pg. 546)/ Being on of the largest business during life lifetime, his distributed wealth helped endow educational, cultural, scientific and technological institutions.

Edmund G. Ross

The last remaining voter who determined Johnson's impeachment (convicted of "high crimes and misdemeanors"), and found Johnson not guilty. While preventing the impeachment of Johnson, he also embodied abolitionist views, and was a union officer, and helped in the journey for emancipation of the slaves.

Brigham Young

The leader of a group of Mormons who settled in Salt Lake City, Utah 1846. (Pg. 353) Helped promote mormonism that was different from the typically biblical religion during it's time.

Religious Right

The perception of immorality pushed Evangelist and Fundamentalists towards the Republican Party, they condemned divorce, premarital sex, abortion, and feminism. (Pg. 976) / Lead to an era of Republican control of the white house as people voted for Republicans to promote Christian morality.

Busing

The removal of students based on race over district lines. (Pg. 931) / The policy only addressed segregation de jure and did not help segregation de facto. Furthermore, students were assigned to schools far away from them, leading to discontent with busing. This led to the White flight and many white families moving their kids to private schools. Public schools also became predominantly nonwhite and busing lost its original purpose.

Albert Fall

The secretary of interior that was known to be involved within the Teapot Dome Scandal, being one of the first cabinet officer to serve jail time.

France Willard

The starter of the Women's Christian Temperance Union of 1874. / Major pusher for women's rights, and helped influence the 18th and 19th amendments.

Spanish-American War / War of 1898

The war for Cuban independence in which the US helped Cuba in fighting against Spain because of large public pressure as a result of yellow journalism. (Pg. 674-675)

Apollo program

Third US human spaceflight program, first landing of humans on the moon. / Under these Apollo programs, 12 men walked the moon. With many unfortunate accidents such as the killing of an entire crew during Apollo 1, it has spurred advances in rocketry and telecommunications and computers that would lead to the technological revolution and change the way of communication in the world forever.

Free Silver

This movement was a policy that revolved around loosening the money supply by expanding federal coinage that included silver as well as gold. People believed that this could help stimulate and encourage industry, however, William Jennings Bryan ended this, resulting in the republican's power to retain the gold standard. (Pg. 645) / At the start of the Great Depression, there was deflation because of the tightening of credit.

Henry Bessemer & Bessemer Process

This process was used to created steel, that was much stronger and lighter than iron, leading to the advancement in industrial innovations. / Contributed to the intense push from an rural agrarian society to a more intense, industrial one, leading to many workers rights movements due to the dramatic economic growth.

Navajo Code Talkers

Transmitted secret coded through the military using the navajos language, that were literally unbreakable during it's time.

William McKinley

Took office in 1897, a Republican president who was firm with the Gold Standard and president during the Spanish-American War. (Pg. 675)

Teddy Roosevelt

Took office in 1901, championed a "Square Deal" for Americans and was a progressive president despite being republican. (Pg. 678)

Management Revolution

Top managers are distinguished from day to day managers. / More involvement of individuals who own corporations.

Harry Truman

Vice President of FDR during his 4th term who became president, made the decision to drop two atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki effectively ending WWII. (Pg. 795)

Paul Revere

Warned the towns of MA about the British attack in April 1775. (Pg. 175) Helped prepare the Americans to fight against Britain in a surprise attack.

Joseph Pulitzer

Was a rival to Heart and sold newspapers.

Secession

When Lincoln was inaugurated, the House, Senate, and president had been won by the North, so southern states left the Union 1860. (Pg. 446) Secession was necessary for the South to maintain slavery but war was probably also necessary to end slavery.

Calvin Coolidge

When the boston police force held a strike to unionize, Coolidge fired the entire police force and was nominated for vice president for it. As president he was conservative and very pro business and appealed to people's desire for normalcy after WWI. (Pg. 707)

Holding Companies

Where you would establish a trust, then buy enough stocks in a competitor so that you can have enough voted to choose from their directors and you then later control. / Helped set of the concept of a corporation.

Eleanor Roosevelt

Wife of FDR, believed heavily in civil rights.

Square Deal

With the coal strike of 1902 being an example of Roosevelt's approach to public issues dealing with the working class conditions, this represents the belief in a fair bargain, treatment in the workforce. / FDR advocated for the New Deal in which Americans receive more support from the government.

Mark Twain

Wrote the Adventures of Tom Sawyer and the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, literature that opposed racism in America. / Influential author that displayed what like was like being the oppressed figure in the situation.

Daniel Webster

Young politician from NH that led the federalists who opposed higher tariffs and national conscription of state militiamen. (Pg. 237) Was an influential politician.

Mendez v. Westminster School District

a 1947 federal court case that challenged Mexican remedial schools in Orange County, California./ A precursor to the eventual decisive Brown v. Board of Education

Berlin Airlift

a military operation that supplied West Berlin with supplies such as food after Russians closed and importing and exporting sectors/transportation. / The Berlin Airlift ensured that those in West Berlin were supplied and able to survive in a capitalist lifestyle against their capitalist neighbors.

Committees of Correspondence

(1772-1773) Communications network that was established in the colonies and amount assemblies to provide for rapid dissemination of news about important political developments. (Pg. 168) With news being provided for the public, it gave a sense of unity amongst the colonist.

Quarter Act

1765, demanded that colonist will provide food and shelter for British troops. (Pg. 157) Unfair ruling from the British, being one of the leading causes for rebellions.

Gibbons v. Ogden

1824, gave national government jurisdiction over interstate commerce. (Pg. 242) Helped give the judicial branch power, and was beneficial to federalist who wanted a strong central government.

Second Bank of the United States

A national bank that many people especially in the West and South blamed for a lot of economic problems, was brought down in 1832. (Pg. 326) Shows America's attempt to keep the economy stable by keeping a bank within the nation, however, resulted in debt and failed.

Medicaid & Medicare

A national healthcare plan for the poor and the elderly and paid for in tax revenue. (Pg. 906) / Products of an age of liberal presidents, it would mark the height of the liberal era politics that would end with Reagan.

Freeport Doctrine

Presented by Douglas, stated that territory residents could exclude slavery by not adopting laws to protect it. (Pg. 438) Was used to work around the Dred Scott decision by giving local legislature the power to ban slavery and led to the creation of popular sovereignty.

Freedom of Information Act

Gave citizens access to federal records. (Pg. 948)/ The Freedom of Information Act seeked to help bridge the credibility gap between the US government and its citizens during the Vietnam War, calling for the government to be much more open with its decisions and policies.

Fugitive Slave Act

Gave federal aid to slave catchers as part of the Compromise of 1850. (Pg. 429) This was a compromise that was necessary for the Southern states to accept California as part of the Union as a free state.

Federal Reserve Act

Gave the nation a banking system that was more resistant to crisis by creating twelve district reserve banks funded and controlled by their member banks with a central Federal Reserve Board to regulate it. (Pg. 661) / A respond to a financial crisis that occurred in 1907, helped empower the RED to regulate and supervise banks to help bring a source of stability.

Homophile movement

Gay and lesbian Americans felt encouraged by Kinsey's report and became more open about their sexuality but making sure to appear model-citizens, dressing conservatively and finding psychologists to attest to their normalcy. (Pg. 856). The Homophile movement, which began in the 1950s, was the beginning of the gay rights movement in the US. Homosexuals, in order to not draw significant attention to themselves, lived rather conservatively and attempted to follow traditional consensus as closely as possible in order to assimilate into society; the gay rights movement would slowly evolve as the 1980s and the 1990s came forward, and issues surrounding it grew more prominent as well.

General Zachary Taylor

Polk sent him to provoke a war in Mexico by specifically crossing onto the Mexican drawn border which America did not acknowledge. From this war the US was able to "buy" California and enforce the Mexico-Texas border they believed was right.

Guaranteed the right of all residents including alleged slaves the right to a trial by jury. (Pg. 431) Allowed people to exercise their rights before being convicted of a felony or crime.

Poll Tax

Horatio Alger

Popular novelist during the industrial revolution. / Best known for his many formulaic juvenile novels about impoverished boys and their rise from humble backgrounds to lives of respectable middle-class security and comfort through hard work, determination, courage, and honesty.

Deindustrialization

Post WWII, the dismantling of manufacturing, representing a reversal of the process of industrialization that had dominated the American economy from the 1870s through the 1940s. (Pg. 944) / The name used to describe economic and social change involving the reduction of industry within an area. Commonly viewed as the "opposite Industrial Revolution", deindustrialization normally occurs because a certain industry is no longer popular, necessary, or viable.

Redeemers

Southern Democrats who wanted to make America a white man's country obstructed black men from voting. (Pg. 500) They were the KKK and they were very powerful at certain times, the Jim Crow laws also made voting very difficult for blacks.

Inland slave trade system

Supplied the Cotton South with slaves through professional slave traders in a process far less visible to Northerners but more extensive 1830's-1850's. (Pg. 380) The pushed the increased of slavery within the nation without bringing too much attention to the North.

Southern Tenant Farmers Union

Supported by the socialist party, black farmers joined this union when they were unable to receive the benefits of the Agricultural Adjustment Act due to their sharecropper status and reluctance of white landowners to distribute the subsidy. (Pg. 755)

Reagan coalition

Supporters of Reagan: affluent, white, Protestant voters who opposed activism and feared communism; white, middle class suburbanites and migrants to the Sunbelt who wanted to limit welfare spending, and southern whites who did not like Civil Rights. (Pg. 981) / A voter cohort that consisted of white middle class suburbanites, the Religious Right, blue collar workers in the Rust Belt, and other conservatives who disapproved of the chaos of the culture wars; the Reagan coalition would allow the largely Republican late 20th century to exist, and the Republican party focused on Christian morality and supply side economics as a result of the coalition's support; these planks defined Republican politics until the present day

Brown v. Board of Education

Supreme Court ruling that overturned the "separate but equal" precedent established in Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896, stating that educational facilities were unequal, thus violated the 14th amendment. (Pg. 878) / The Brown decision became great encouragement for the civil rights movement which believed that the government was in favor of civil rights. It sparked demands for equality for public spaces as well and led to a series of milestones for African Americans such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

James Garfield

The 20th president who was assassinated and succeeded by Chester B. Arthur. / Altered his fundamental beliefs to make sure political aspects during his presidency was correct.

Chester Arthur

The 21th president who signed the Pendleton Act. / Helped establish that positions in the government will be based of merit, not connections.

Benjamin Harrison

The 23rd president, defeated Cleveland in the 1889 election, established the McKinley Tariff and the Sherman Antitrust Act. / His bold beliefs in foreign policy, specifically through his goal of annexing Hawaii, helped display his vision in the nation's role in war affairs.

Suburbia

The growing suburbs and its inhabitants, they were almost entirely white middle class who moved out of cities as they began to attract more and more African Americans and immigrants. (Pg. 863)/ Heightened middle class white and consensus culture during the 1950s which also sparked those who rebelled against it like teens, hippies, and other more liberal groups against the consensus.

Tammany Hall

The headquarters dominated by the Democratic party machine, with William Tweed being a significant figure, located in NY, and was one of the major example to major cities dominated by political machines. / They helped immigrants gain jobs and get into politics, in exchange they got their loyalty when it came to elections.

Dingley Tariff

The highest tariff in American history, signed by McKinley. / Increased duties by an average of 57 percent.

Private sphere

The home and domestic scene where women were expected to operate at 1700's-1800's. (Pg. 367) Women got involved with reformation because it was seen as work within the private sphere.

Mutually Assured Destruction

The idea that the threat of nuclear weapons prevented war because neither side wanted to face devastating retaliation, this was the concept behind the Cold War. / Made the Cold War and actual COLD war because with the fear of being bombed, combined with the fear of starting yet another world war, there was no violence in regards to the fight on communism, which definitely elongated tensions and anxiety but was easier to solve due to the desperation to end it caused by the weariness of waiting for the end.

Committee of Public Information

The propaganda agency that suppressed wartime dissent by encouraging strong patriotism, used methods like having people give four minute speeches in theaters before a movie. (Pg. 690)

Working Class

The propertyless laborers and generally the poorest and least educated of the social classes. Made up the workforce that fueled the post-Civil War economy. The assembly line made things a little worse for the working class.

Major League Baseball

Was originally sponsored by businesses to create a sense of company loyalty from the workers, professional baseball players began appearing. / A integration of sports begin to file into American culture.

Elementary and Secondary Education Act

Was passed as a part of United States President Lyndon B. Johnson's "War on Poverty" and has been the most far-reaching federal legislation affecting education ever passed by the United States Congress. / Much like the Economic Opportunity Act, this Act was a part of LBJ's Great Society which attempted to expand federal spending to aid the poor and provide more universal benefits to US citizens; this act also reflected the growth of liberalism during the 1960s and 1970s.

Immigration Act

abolished an earlier quota system based on national origin and established a new immigration policy based on reuniting immigrant families and attracting skilled labor to the United States./ The Immigration Acts gradually stopped the flow of immigrants coming into America, such as the Chinese Exclusion Act, which prevented any immigrants to come To the United States from China.

Abolition

(1830s) Social reform that fought to end slavery without compromise that became increasingly polarizing and a prime cause of sectionalism as regional and socioeconomic identity became full intertwined with the issue of slavery . (Pg. 357) With major social reforms to free slaves, the conflict over slavery persisted, resulting in the civil war.

Little Turtle

(Indian) Miami chief whose confederacy warriors crushed American forces sent by Washington in 1790-1791. (Pg. 226) A figure who tried to protect indian land from Americans who forces Indians to sign documents in distress to take the Ohio Valley lands.

Stamp Act

1765, British laws imposed tax on all paper used in the colonies. The resistance was widespread, thus leaded to the act being repealed in 1766. (Pg. 157) The first act that really angered the colonists, and was one of the starting factors of the American revolution.

French and Indian War

1754-1763, also known as the seven years war, conflicts rose between the British and the French over lands west of the Appalachian Mountains, leading to an all out war. (Pg. 137-140) War paralleled with the Mexican American war, with America seeking for more land.

Sugar Act

1764, decreased the price on french molasses and increased the consequences for smuggling to appeal to the New England merchants, however ended up enraging merchants because they would be prosecuted in a jury full of british judges. (Pg. 155) Act that contributed to the American revolution.

Hollywood Ten

10 members of the Hollywood film industry publicly denounced the tactics employed by the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), an investigative committee of the U.S. House of Representatives, during its probe of alleged communist influence in the American motion picture business./ The Hollywood Ten represented the government's rampage and mass-hysteria in regards to the spread of socialist ideas and communism in the US; the Hollywood Ten also represented the individual resistance to the overbearingness of the government that would see itself evolve in the 1980s with neoconservatism.

Costs of the expanded British Empire

1690s- 1790s, fought four wars with Spain and France in 1702-1783 that caused Britain to fall in massive debt, and tried to tax colonies for money that eventually led to even more conflicts. (Pg. 152-155) The the British's motive to benefit from the colonies labor/work, they caused a dispute between the two the two, which lead to the complete independence from Britain, that resulted in a completely different country, political parties, belief system, etc.

Molasses Act

1733, parliament set a tax on french molasses to dissuade trade with foreign countries. (Pg.155) One of the specific factors that caused America to rebel against the British.

Townshend Acts

1767, led to boycotts and heightened tensions between British and American colonies after the British established new duties on products like tea, glass, etc. (Pg. 161) Was the earliest act that began to cause Americans to dislike Britain for their unjust taxations, which eventually lead to the secession of American from Britain.

Republicanism

1770's Believed in power from the popular/majority rather than a king, opposed anything leaning to power in the rich. (Pg. 197) Proposed check and balances were valued/favored within republicanism, and further advocated for free-soil, believing that slaves also had the right to human/ natural rights during the civil war era.

Complete independence

1770s, with the repeal of the Coercive acts and for refusing to be taxed/governed by Britain, colonist were encouraged. (Pg. 167) By resisting the British government, we see a sense of independence from the people, and that if they feel they are being mistreated by the government or by society, they have they right to boycott/ rebel. With the complete independence, it helped influence many other movements- like women's rights, emancipation, and became a symbol for equal rights between the government and the people.

Samuel Adams

1772, outspoken Patriot radical who persuaded towns in MA to set the committees of correspondences. (Pg. 168) Was one of the organizers of the Boston tea party, being one of the influential figures to the resistance of Britain.

Tea Act

1773, The british lowered the tax on tea and allowed the East India Company to make the tea cheaper to attract American colonist to buy the boycotted tea, however due to the resistance of the tea act, it led to the coercive act and imposition of military rules in MA. (Pg. 168) Americans had an extreme dislike for british control for their tariffs.

First Continental Congress

1774 a group of delegates came to PA to discuss the coercive acts, created the declaration of rights and imposed a limited boycott on trade with Britain. (Pg. 169) One of the predating events that showed resistance to Britain.

Colonial unity

1774 known as patriots, people who were for colonies and against Britain. (Pg.168) With the unity of patriots, it cause the separation between the colonies and Britain to deepen, which eventually lead to the war for independence. With the idea that if enough people were able to rebel against a government they did not like, this unity influenced many other rebellions in the future when the government was seem too "tyrannical."

The Association

1774, patriots pushed the third boycott of British goods and threatened others who did not follow through with the boycott. (Pg.171) Really pushed for the resistance against the british, leading up to the American revolution.

Shootout at Lexington and Concord

1775, minutemen held back 7,000 redcoats who were sent to Concord to take in colonial leaders and supplies. (Pg. 175) Was a major victory for Americans that gave motivation to fight for freedom.

Federalist Papers

1787 A series of articles written by Madison, Hamilton and Jay on why the constitution was great and should be ratified. (Pg. 207, 210) Modeled after Hamilton and his ideals, if was one of the most significant sources for interpreting the constitution.

"Peculiar Institution"

1787, N. term for slavery. (Pg. 266) With the north believing slavery is wrong/unusual, this further brought into the civil war era were the north fought along side the slaves in a form of abolition .

Checks and Balances

1788, authorities are divided into branches of legislatures with different power to prevent one power from being more powerful than the other. (Pg.210) This was one of the first attempts to keep the new governments power in check, however, because the north had more voice in the house of representatives, it helped create a imbalance between pro/anti slavery, with eventually lead the south persist to seceding.

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795, a federalist who was the first secretary of treasury, who advocated for a national bank, tariff system to pay off debt, and the assumption of state debts. With his creation of the bank, it caused one of the political disputes within elections (with tariffs, whether or not the bank should be revised, etc), with the south hating the bank, and the north favoring it.

George Washington

1789-1797, first president of the US, federalist, and was one of the founding fathers. Helped unify and empower Americans to persist and fight for Independence, and helped keep a country from political parties/separation due to beliefs.

Strict v. Loose Interpretation of the Constitution

1790 Strict favored having the states with more power, a weaker central government with supporters who believed congress couldn't do anything that wasn't mentioned in the constitution while the loose interpretation favored a strong centralized gov and allowed congress to enforce things that aren't mentioned in the constitution. (Pg. 218) The interpretation of the constitution later on changed whether or not slavery should be kept (ex. property rights, human rights, etc).

Republican Motherhood

1790's, women wanted larger roles in society, to have less children, to teach their children of values of republicans for a sense of individualism and self-achievements. (Pg. 259) Republican Motherhood by allowing women to be more active in managing plantation, businesses, and education. As a result, a movement of Republicanism started as Independence provided self-esteem and importance to women.

Hamilton's Financial Plan

1790s, borderline monarchical, favored a strong centralized government that tried to assist merchants and wanted to help the rich. (Pg. 216) Accomplished a lot for the economy to benefit financially, resulting in creating a national bank that was a large political point because of the south's strong dislike for the bank.

Second Great Awakening

1790s, religious revivals that started with the Evangelical denominations that made the US a Christian society. (Pg. 271) With Christians believing that the society had to improve for the millennium to occur, the beliefs became voiced out during the push for abolition.

Report on Manufacturing

1791, Places a tariff on foreign goods to protect American goods (that were expensive/worst) after Hamilton's plan to raise revenue for national debt, however did not make foreign goods too expensive. (Pg. 218) Resulted in the north supporting the higher tariff, and south wanting a lower one.

Toussaint L'Ouverture & the Haitian Revolution

1793, led the revolution were thousands of (free blacks, planters and slaves) fled the island to Charleston, Norfolk, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and NY, a revolution that represented a triumph of liberty over slavery and demanded racial equality. (Pg. 222-223) Helped represent a triumph of liberty over slavery, demanding racial equality.

"No Taxation Without Representation"

1794, rooted from the Whiskey rebellion, said that colonial farmers could not be prosecuted in a trial full of Britain-related people and face sized taxes from Hamilton's plan. (Pg. 274) One of the unifying times were the society as a whole believed that a government cannot rule without the people and their consent, being the main topic of discussion when rebellions began.

Treaty of Greenville

1795, Americans acknowledged Indian ownership of their land and in return for various payments, the Western Confederacy gave up most of Ohio to the US. (Pg. 226) Americans were still unjust within this exchange, still violating Indians rights to their land.

Pinckney's Treaty

1795, a direct response from the Jay's treaty where Spain after the saw how involved Britain was with the US, established a relationship with the US that reopened the Mississippi River to American trade and allowed settlers to export crops through the Spanish owned pot of New Orleans. (Pg. 232) Allowed more access to trade.

First Party System

1796 The federalists and the republicans. (Pg. 223) The first division between the people and society in terms of how the government should be ruled. As the parties move further into the future, their belief begin to revolve around slavery and whether or not it should be allowed.

Washington's Farewell

1796, serves as a guide for future presidencies stating that we should sway away from foreign alliances. Helped establish the two terms for presidents to rule, and tried to keep American separate from foreign countries to prevent unnecessary wars.

XYZ Affair

1797, an incident that led to an undeclared war that curtailed American trade with the French West Indies where Americans in France rebuffed for refusing to pay for a substantial bribe. Insulted the Americans, which lead to the Quasi war with France in near the 1800s.

Sedition Act

1798, prohibited the insulting of congress or the president, a violation of the first amendment. (Pg. 223-225) Violated the freedom of speech and was unconstitutional.

Quasi War with France

1798-1800, US and France fought in an undeclared war after the XYZ affair. (Pg. 223) Caused the Americans to be deeply divided by this military action, after congress distributed money for the military engagement against France.

Slavery in the new republic

1800's, south depended on slavery while the north mostly opposed, thus containing many free states. (Pg. 267) Influences many events and ideals like the Missouri Compromise, being the main cause of violent, racial, ethical movements, and the leading cause of the civil war.

Revolution of 1800

1800-1801, set an example that popular elected government can be changed peacefully after a peaceful transfer of power. (pg 225-226) With harsh elections with violent outbreaks (Ex. Sumner V. Brooks) occurring during the civil war era, elections (like the election of 1860) challenged this belief, with slavery being the main topic of dispute.

Gabriel Prosser

1800s, first armed rebellion led by him and 50 slaves near Richmond where Monroe's called the militia and he and half of followers were executed.

Samuel Slater

1800s, stole from England and took the watermill for the textile manufacturing. Increased manufacturing in America.

Sacagawea

1805, Native American who helped translate the Lewis and Clark's exploration of the Louisiana Purchase. (Pg. 233) Helped America understand the unknown, vast land in the west.

Era of Good Feelings

1817-1825, during Monroe's presidency, the federalist party has "died," republican party splitted into two, and Monroe was the last revolutionary president. (Pg. 244) A movement of nationalism and unity was spread during this era because this was one of the first movements that reflected upon Americans belief where fighting between two completely different parties was not a choice, and that they had only one president to vote and work with.

James Monroe

1817-1825, fifth pres., declared the Monroe doctrine to keep foreigners out, and got Florida from Spain. Leading providers for the creation and the drafting of the constitution and the bill of rights, both crucial to the American government and belief system.

Adams Onis Treaty

1819, John Quincy Adams wanted Spain to give up the Florida territory in the US, and the American government Spain's ownership of Texas and agreed to work out the western boundaries for Louisiana. (Pg. 243) With florida being the right environment to grow sugar, Northerns saw that the conditions that the slaves were place within plantations (especially sugar plantation) were unethical, which resulted in the persistence in abolition

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

1819, safeguards property rights, especially of chartered corporations. (Pg. 242) Helped strengthen federal power by setting precedents for america.

"Free Will" Baptists

1820's, went against predestination and believed the human capability to choose god, and began to revolve believing that people could shape their future. (Pg. 274) Through movements like abolitionism, for the sake of bring back the millennium they found ways to help make society better by trying to reform the government.

Shakers

1820s, christians led my Mother Lee Ann where women found a more significant role in society in charitable/religious organizations. (Pg. 275) Christians who were responsible for social reforms, especially abolitionism.

Utopians

1820s-1860s, 1000s of dissatisfied Americans left to the rural areas of the Northeast and Midwest and tried to create an ideal society that allowed people to connect with their spiritual potential and live differently, with a (eventually developed) culture that challenged sexual norms, brought forth traditional racists feelings, dressing codes in the larger cities of America. (Pg. 349) The desire for a perfect society motivated reformers to take on current issues and injustices, the most political of which was slavery/racism.

Maysville Road Veto

1830, Henry Clay sponsored a bill to build a road in Kentucky that went nowhere else other than Kentucky, and was vetoed by Jackson. With Jackson dislike to people for the battle of the petticoats, this was one of the first actions from Jackson that displayed his unwillingness to work with Clay.

Mormonism

1830, founded by Joseph Smith, a religion with member from the jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. (Pg. 352) A religion developed by people who believed in the world of wonder, supernatural powers and visions of the divine.

Samuel Morse

1830s, created the telegraph and established long distance communication, and helped to connect the North and West greatly. The North and the West were able to communicate better, because they shared similar interests and excluded the South for the most part, this in a way worsened sectionalism.

Ethnocultural politics

1830s, the practice of voting along ethnic/religious lines, became a feature of American life. (Pg. 340) Because America has such diverse cultures and ethnicities, politics were heavily influenced by the issue of immigrants.

American Temperance Society

1832, society made up of Evangelical Protestants that restrained the consumption of alcoholic beverages. (Pg. 310) An important issue for women reformers and was seen as an acceptable and normal way for women to actively work for a cause.

Force Bill

1833, gave the government authority to use the armed forced to collect the tariff revenue if need in response to SC ordinance of nullification (wanting to succeed). This resulted in the override in SC's attempted to nullify federal laws

Trail of Tears

1838-1893, part of Jackson's Indian removal policy, Van Buren forced Indians off of land at gunpoint, resulting to over 25% of the indians dying after not being able to make it all the way to Oklahoma or the west of the Mississippi. America would continue to push Indians off their land, or deal with them by assimilating them.

Thomas Edison

1847-1931, and American inventor and businessman who is known as the greatest inventor in American history. / Contributions to science helped shaped everything from electricity to research, innovations and inventions.

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

1848, Mexican government gave up their claims to the disputed territory in Texas, and agreed to sell the Mexican Cession (CA and NM) to the US for 15 million. With the vast increase in land, the land lead to the inevitable civil war, due to the tensions created by the north and south on the topic of slavery and human rights.

Seneca Falls Convention

1848, The first women's convention in NY that published the declaration of sentiments, a declaration that paralleled with the declaration of independence. (Pg. 371) The beginnings of women's suffrage and involvement in politics.

Jefferson Davis

1861, was elected when the "Confederate states of America" was created after succeeding, was also known as the "New Calhoun" (-Ms. Moore). Davis defended against the Union and lost, but he was remembered and many southerners memorialized him to bring back the south before reconstruction.

Homestead Act & Homesteaders

1862, gave 160 acres of western land for free to anyone who could live and improve it within three years, which resulted in the rapid development in the west after the civil war. However, due to the land being really difficult to manage, these people found it difficult to live on their land. (Pg. 516) The land that was unsuitable for farming generally ended up being anti-slavery, while fertile lands tended to be pro-slavery.

Freedman's Savings and Trust Company

1865, a private bank that worked closely with the Freedmen's Bureau and union army across the south, and when the bank failed in 1874), congress refused to compensate it's 61,000 depositors. (Pg. 497) During economic crises people look to the government for help so they tend to vote Democratic.

Freedmen's Bureau

1865, until the 1870s, it was the first federal agency that provided direct payments to assist those in poverty and foster welfare, by aiding displaces blacks and other war refugees. (Pg. 481) Social welfare was a progressive thing that individuals living in urban areas favored.

Battle of Little Bighorn

1876, George Armstrong Custer attacked indians who refused to be moved to a reservation (Specifically the Sioux, Arapaho, and Cheyenne Indians) and Custer force's were annihilated, however the Indian's victories were shorted lived after white males were called to retaliate. (Pg. 533) A sense of racial and cultural superiority justified the seizure of land of Native Americans.

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 til the 1940s, a law that barred Chinese immigrants from entering the US for work. (Pg. 561) / Influenced other acts to ban asian descent, contributing to the hostility placed against asians and discrimination that followed after the world wars.

Charles Grandison Finney

A Presbyterian minister who rejected Calvinism and helped bring about the Second Great Awakenings through conversions 1820's. (Pg. 306) The more welcoming and less strict branches of Christianity were new and sparked religious fervor. Converts often showed their devotion through reform work.

Civil Rights Cases

1883, Supreme court decisions that resulted in the struck down on the civil right act of 1875, that prevented key reconstruction laws and helped influence decisions that sanctioned segregation. (Pg. 500) With the government's effort to make it difficult for African Americans to be seen as equals, this discrimination followed way into the future into MLK's time, later fight for equal civil rights a century after the civil war ended.

Ezra Pound

1885-1972, a realists musician, poet, and author. / Was responsible for defining, promoting a modernist aesthetic in poetry.

Haymarket Square Riot

1886, during a meeting of the Knights of Labor called by local anarchists a protester threw a bomb that killed several policemen, 8 anarchists were convicted and the Knights of Labor lost support because of anarchist ties. (Pg. 568)/ A national strike that promoted the equal rights for workers and for compensation, mirroring the strikes that developed during the civil rights movement for equal, human rights.

Dawes Severalty Act

1887, A law that gave Natives individual ownership of land by dividing reservations into homesteads, that resulted in a loss of over 66% of lands held by the Indians at the time of the law's passage. (Pg.532) Another form of nativism and racial discrimination that was continued on for years, and began to branch out to other races within it's generation.

Omaha Platform

1892, the Populist platform that called for bigger government to serve the people. (Pg. 644) / FDR's New Deal also created a bigger government that more heavily regulated companies and created jobs to help people directly.

Enlightenment

18th century movement that used reason and facts to reevaluate previous doctrines and traditions to re-shape the world. (Pg. 159) Beliefs changed society by leading people to believe movements like transcendentalism (people to think beyond societal norms and recollect with nature) and took it further to believe that slavery was wrong in the form of abolitionism.

Elkins Act

1903, prohibited discrimination rates that targeted specific people/groups. / Explicitly targeted discrimination based off of race and ethnicity, and tried to prevent such actions.

Hepburn Act

1906, gave the ICC greater latitude to set railroad rates. / Led to the discontinuation of free passes to loyal shippers.

New Nationalism

1910, stated by Roosevelt, promoted the gov. Intervention to enhance public welfare, including a federal child labor law, more recognition of labor rights, wages for women and suffrage, and curbs on the power of federal courts to stop reform. (Pg. 656) / This platform did not win the election for Roosevelt but Wilson had progressive ideas about government as well and carried some of them out.

16th Amendment

1913, Allowed congress to collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without appointment among other states. / Income tax allows for the building of roads and bridges, enforces laws and helped allow congress to levy taxes.

Clayton Antitrust Act

1914, this law strengthened the federal definition of "monopoly" and gave more power to the Justice department to pursue antitrust cases, and specified that labor unions could not be prosecuted for "restraint of trade," rather, ensured that antitrust laws would apply to corporations than unions. (Pg. 662) / Act helped outlaw practices that were considered harmful to consumers.

National Park Service

1916, a federal agency that provided a comprehensive oversight of the growing systems of national parks. (Pg. 583) / The government provided jobs developing natural parks and trails during the Depression for out of work youth.

Adkins v. Children's Hospital

1923, Supreme court case that voided a minimum wage for women workers in the District of Columbia, reversing many of the gains that had been achieved through the decision in Muller v. Oregon. (Pg. 707)

Glass-Steagall Act

1933, law that created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation that helped insure deposits up to 2,500, and helped prohibited banks from making risky investments with customers deposits. (Pg. 740)

Wagner Act

1935, upheld the right of industrial workers to join unions and establish the National Labor Relations Board, a federal agency with the authority to protect workers from employer coercion and to guarantee collective bargaining. (Pg. 747)

Rural Electrification Act

1936, provided federal loans for installation of electrical distribution systems to serve in isolated rural areas.

America First Committee

1940, a committee comprised of senators, journalists, publishers, etc, organized by the isolationist, opposed the US from joining WWII. (Pg. 771)

Lend-Lease Act

1941, Legislation that enabled Britain to obtain weapons from the US without cash, but with the promise to reimburse when the war ended, a reflection of FDR's desire to assists Britain in any way possible. (Pg. 771)

Congress of Racial Equality

1942, founded by James Farmer, a civil rights organization that espoused nonviolent direct action and organized a series of nonviolent direct action, and called attention to blatant violations of recent supreme court rulings against segregation in interstate commerce. (Pg. 870) / Important for African Americans during the Civil Rights movement. It's goal is to bring everyone together peacefully regardless of age, color, religion, sex, etc. This goal is still in place however as the world is still not completely unified.

Chinese Revolution

1949, Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong declared the creation of the People's republic of China, America's first lost to communism. (pg. 814)/ This 5 year war resulted in a Communist takeover of China. The fight was between Nationalists and Communists as both were disputing which form of government was most effective and resulted in a divisive split as many Nationalists went to Taiwan while Communists remained in mainland China.

McCarran Act

1950 An Act to protect the United States against certain un-American and subversive activities by requiring registration of Communist organizations, and for other purposes. / Exemplified the extent of fear that communism had instilled in the American people and government itself.

Federal Highway Act

1956, was enacted on June 29, 1956, when President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the bill into law. (Pg. 857) / The creation of the Federal Highway Act revolutionized American transportation across the US and allowed for greater mobilization of jobs and the workforce across the country; further public works developments, such as metros and subways, would continue to expand on this transportation.

Eisenhower Doctrine

1957, declaration that the US would actively combat communism in the Middle east. (Pg. 829) / The Eisenhower Doctrine set the stages for US foreign military policy for the late 20th century, much in line with the idea of the containment of communism and the Truman Doctrine. Any country that requested supported for US military aid against the threat of communism would receive it, causing America to involve itself in a proxy battle against the global spread of communist ideas.

Hot line

1963, The hotline was intended to help reduce the risk of nuclear war occurring by accident, miscalculation or failure of communications. / The Hotline established after the Cuban Missile Crisis was the beginning of detente between the US and the USSR, and helped to set in stone the idea of mutual coexistence with the Soviets without the massive threat or fear of nuclear warfare breaking out between the two countries.

Economic Opportunity Act

1964 act which created a series of programs to provide young people with training and employment, aimed at alleviating poverty and spurring economic growth in impoverished areas. (Pg. 905) / The Economic Opportunity Act was part of the larger "War on Poverty" enacted by US President Lyndon B. Johnson in his domestic agenda, also known as the Great Society. This federal expansion to aid the poor was part of a liberal upheaval during the Vietnam Era that reflected the political dynamics of the democrats and liberalism itself.

Free Speech Movement

1964, was a college campus phenomenon inspired first by the struggle for civil rights and later fueled by opposition to the Vietnam War. / This movement led by students in UC Berkeley lead to a rather chaotic standoff between the faculty and the students, setting the standard for liberal young students to take the initiative for more freedom of speech and protests.

Southern Strategy

1968 election, the democrats in the south gravitated to Nixon, and the Republicans were directly campaigning in the South./ A political strategy that gained lots of support from the South which was a cause of Reagan's Election as well as the many years of conservative political feeling from the Silent Majority and those in the south.

War Powers Act

1973, A law that limited the president's ability to deploy the US forces without congressional approval, this was passed to fight the abuses displayed through the Nixon's administration. (Pg. 948)/ The War Powers act was significant because it showed the limits of the federal government. This act limited the president's power to deploy forces without congress' approval. This helped create a more reliable government and made sure that the president would not over exercise his powers in future conflicts.

James Buchanan

A Northern Democrat who wanted the Missouri Compromise line back and extended to the Pacific Ocean as well as cutting California into two Californias, supported by the Upper South. (Pg. 418) With his failure to prevent the south from seceding, his views eventually lead to the divide within the nation, basically left the civil war into Lincoln's possession.

Bakke v. UC Regents

1978 Supreme Court ruling that limited affirmative action by rejecting a quota system. (Pg. 951) / Played into the question of the legality of affirmative action. It seemed as if they were used to justify and over-compensate the racism that had existed before. The conclusion that affirmative actions continued without a change. However it also ties into the decision of Brown vs Board of Education in 1954 and its decision that segregation by race is unconstitutional. There was also the debate on whether this became reverse discrimination.

Ethics in Government Act

1978 is a United States federal law that was passed in the wake of the Nixon Watergate scandal and the Saturday Night Massacre./ This Act, created in the wake of the Watergate scandal by Richard Nixon, showed the curbing of power of the US government and attempted to set limits and restrictions on what the government could legally do and hide from the public; this was an attempt to reestablish the trust between the people and the government lost after Vietnam and Watergate in the 1960s and 1970s.

Webster v. Reproductive Health Services

1989, Supreme court case that upheld MO state laws that regulated public employees from performing abortion unless the life of the mother is threatened. / This court case imposed restrictions on abortions as the Supreme Court upheld a Missouri law that restricted the use of state funds and facilities for legal abortions; it was win for the Religious Right, and showed that America had not abandoned its conservative, Christian moral values during the culture wars.

John Adams

2nd president of the US and was a federalist who passed the alien/sedition acts (which ended up hurting his party and himself), and prevented an all out war with France after the XYZ affair. Because of the alien/sedition act creation, it further causes more Americans to rebel, and was one of the reasons for the creation of the VA and KY resolutions.

Geronimo

A Chiricahua Apache leader who led a rebellion. (Pg. 533) Native Americans had few victories against the US, they were forced onto reservations in the end.

General Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson

A Confederate general who fought against McClellan. (Pg. 449) Was a celebrated figure after the Civil War and statues of him were put in place after reconstruction.

Hoover Dam

A Dam built during the Great Depression using Public Works Administration funds, originally named Boulder Dam. (Pg. 760)

Jacob Riis & How the Other Half Lives

A Danish-born journalist who included numerous photograph in his book of extreme poverty in the cities 1890. (Pg. 625)/ helped expose the difficulties of individuals that lived in poverty.

Franklin Pierce

A Democratic candidate who became an expansionist president. (Pg. 431) With a president who believed that abolition was a threat to the unity to the nation, he helped increase the amount of land America inquired, attempting to help spread slavery.

Emilio Aguinaldo

A Filipino rebel leader who attempted to fight back against the US who had just annexed them in the Treaty Versailles. (Pg. 678)

Korematsu v. US

A Japanese American who challenged the Executive Order of 9066, and became a supreme court case.

Huey Long

A Louisiana Senator who did not believe FDR was doing enough with the New Deal and did a lot of controversial and dictatorial things that helped the poor during the Great Depression, was assassinated before he could attempt to run for presidency. (Pg. 747)

William Lloyd Garrison & The Liberator

A Massachusetts abolitionist and printer who started the Liberator an anti-slavery weekly and founded the New England Anti-Slavery Society 1805-1879. (Pg. 362) Rallied the support of middle class Northerners against slavery, which then created pressure for the Civil War

William Jennings Bryan

A Nebraska congressmen and free-silver advocate who sided with farmers was nominated by the Democratic Party in the 1896 election, lost. (Pg. 647)/ Big advocate for protecting individuals and the democratic process against monopolistic businesses, fought for peace, prohibition, and women's suffrage.

Earl Warren

A Republican governor of California who was appointed chief justice by Eisenhower and made very liberal rulings in favor of civil rights and liberties. (Pg. 930)/ As a Supreme Justice, Warren achieved many liberal ideals such as equal rights in criminal justice and the beginning of equality based on desegregation, creating many parts of the world we know today.

Andrew Johnson

A Senator of Tennessee who refused to secede and remained loyal to the Union and became the vice president of president Lincoln, later, president. (Pg. 480) It was necessary to appoint someone from the south to unify the nation after the civil war.

Henry Cabot Lodge

A Senator who supported annexing the Philippine. (Pg. 675)

General William Sherman

A Union general who shared Grant's unconditional surrender approach, led his soldiers on Sherman's March where he burned the land he passed by, destroying railroads by bending the tracks around a tree called Sherman's Hairpin. (Pg. 469) Contributed to the Union victory, his total war strategy left the South in bad shape that required the North's help to rebuild.

Ngo Dinh Diem

A Vietnamese anti communist Catholic who was given control over South Vietnam in order to promote a pro-American government.(Pg. 828) / Diem's rein in the South set the precedent for the relation between the North and South as well as the United States. Diem's extreme radicalism set up the beginnings of the Vietnam War. The US's support for Diem regime put the North against the US and Southern Vietnam.

Rachel Carson & Silent Spring

A biologist published the analysis of DDT on the environment and revealed that it was toxic for people and animals. (Pg. 939)/ The documentation of pesticides and other harmful substances influenced the public's perception of wartime use of the such substances. Silent Spring had profound effects on the public and influenced the future of wartime and public awareness.

Evangelicalism

A branch of Christianity that takes the word of the Bible literally. (Pg. 962) / It was very passionate and emotional on painting what a perfect society was, and gained rapid popularity Post WWII due to the unclear, social changed within America.

Jacksonian Democracy

A branch of the democratic party who supported President Jackson. Grievances during the Jackson administration remained in American society, such as farmers' hatred of the bank.

Eugene V Debs

A candidate in the 1912 election, Debs was a socialist who was against capitalism, previously organised the American Railway Union that protested companies and supported strikes. (Pg. 657) / An influencer who fought for workers rights.

Salvation Army

A charity organization operated mainly by the white middle class that provided social welfare and encouraged temperance. / Got the prohibition act passed but charity organizations such as this one were unable to keep up during the Great Depression.

Middle Class

A class made up of farmers, mechanics, manufacturers, traders, and others professions who made enough income to afford luxuries 1854. (Pg. 302) With the creation of the middle class, the economy increases and strengthens due to the work accomplished through the middle class, and the governmental reforms to help fit the middle class demands.

Internet / World Wide Web

A collection of servers that allowed access to millions of documents, pictures, and other materials enhanced by commercial possibilities. (Pg. 1012) / The internet is a huge part of society today, improving communication and spreading information efficiently, and is what we are doing our IDs on.

Robert Owen & New Harmony

A community that hoped to achieve perfection and bring about the coming of Jesus but collapsed under economic realities 1825. In an attempt to perfect society, they helped promote society to go against their traditional way to bring Jesus back to earth.

Multiculturalism

A concept that suggested that Americans were not a single people, but a diverse combination of different ethnic and racial groups who maintained much of their identity from their birth country. (Pg. 1015) / A counter to nationalism and desire to erase minority cultures, reflecting the attitudes of liberals in the 1900's.

National Review

A conservative magazine founded by William F. Buckley, a prominent conservative intellectual. (Pg. 976) / The purpose of this magazine was to criticize liberal policy, which was successful due to the lashback liberals were already facing; contributed to the Republicans dominating the government and rising conservatism during the 80s.

George Wallace

A conservative third-party candidate who was segregationist. (Pg. 922)/ This third-party candidate in the Election of 1968 hoped to draw Southern votes away by promoting segregationist and emphasizing "law and order"; although he failed, his influence exposed the major issues of concern in the time period (and opened them up to future discussion): liberal elitism, welfare policies, and law/order.

John Steinbeck

An American author that focused on the migrant workers during the Great Depression, who focused on primarily realism and imagination.

Port Huron Statement

A convention of Students for a Democratic Society in Port Huron, Michigan, that expressed the student's disillusionment with the nation's consumer culture and gulf between the rich and poor and were against Cold War policies and the Vietnam War. (Pg. 914)/ The Port Huron Statement set the precedent for the far left movement and set a the mood for the following 30 years.

Ghost Dance movement

A cultural movement that spread across many reservation where Native Americans would do dances in hopes to bring back bison and bring a storm that would drive the white people back across the Atlantic. (Pg. 534) Native American resistance to Americans ended in more violence to the Natives.

Hippies / Counterculture

A culture that ran against the consensus culture of the 1950's which the young, New Left students took part in, characterised by long hair, tie dyed shirts, and beads. (Pg. 918)/ The hippies gave us great new music and freedom to express ourselves. And with the growing rebellion within the youth, the protests brought quicker "attention to problems abroad and at home and also influenced a lot of politicians to create their platforms based on the ideals of the future voters. But also, the counterculture created a huge stigma that was opposed by conservatives and as time went on, the focus point shifted as things got to radical and we started to steer more towards conservative and religious values.

Grover Cleveland

A democrat with conservative and small-government views. (Pg. 639) / A major political reformer who tried to get both north and south side to get along.

Bay of Pigs

A failed U.S sponsored invasion of Cuba in 1961 by anti- Castro forces who planned to overthrow Castro's government. (Pg. 830) / Demonstrated the strength of Cuba and resulted in a reassessment of Cuban policy by President Kennedy.

Fort Sumter

A fort off the coast of South Carolina and the only fort who did not go to the Confederacy, it stayed loyal to the Union requiring Lincoln to send supplies, Davis told Lincoln if he supplied them it would be an act of war, Lincoln could not be the one starting the war so he said he was sending a ship of only supplies, no weapons or ammunition, if it was shot at then the Confederates will have started the War. (Pg. 446) In the end it didn't matter who fired first but it was necessary at the time for one's side to be the defending side to look good in the public's eye.

Emmett Till

A fourteen year old African American boy who was accused of assaulting a white woman, he was mutilated and murdered and the white men who committed the crime went free, even admitting their guilt later. (Pg. 880) / Emmett Till's death sparked a huge wave of protest by the black community for federally-enforced equality and justice; Till's open-casket funeral served as a huge catalyst for the sit-ins, bus boycotts, and overall civil rights movement that spread across the country in the 1960s.

David Walker / Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World

A free black man who ridiculed the religious justifications for slavery in his stirring pamphlet 1829. (Pg. 360) Helped gain support for abolitionism which created pressure for emancipation.

Billy Sunday

A fundamentalist preacher who used baseball games to attract and appeal to audiences, and modernised old beliefs and values. (Pg. 602) / Preachers on the radio gained large audiences and challenged FDR's New Deal policies.

Grange

A gathering of farmers who all felt victimized by corporations to aid each other by setting up their own banks and insurance companies, which were mostly unsuccessful. (Pg. 565) / We see the neglect of the government in assisting the lives of the poorer class, and with attempts to make better of a bad situation, the poorer class are unable to improve their life.

Stonewall Riots

A gay bar called the Stonewall Inn was raided by police in 1969, riots ensued. (Pg. 926)/ Fired up the Gay Community which sparked rapid growth and support for the LGBT community and led to the Gay Rights Movements starting in the late 1960s; still found in the later 21st century fighting for gay equality.

General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

A general who fought in the Mexican-American War. He invited Americans to populate Texas but expected them to learn spanish and become Catholic, instead they wanted to become part of the United States.

Rock n roll

A genre of music originating in African American rhythm and blues, popular in the 1950's among the youth, the most popular singer was Elvis Presley. (Pg. 848) / Rock and roll played an important role in the characterization of the 1950's teen. This upbeat style of music influenced later genres of music and played a vital role in creating an identity for the baby boomer generation.

Free Soil

A gradual process to end slavery that said that slavery was a threat to republicanism, and that no new slaves will enter. (Pg. 421) This was progressive for its time, late 1800's progressivism is also about helping the less fortunate and lower social classes.

Anti-Mason movement

A group against Masons, a secret society that were a powerful political group in the 1820's. (Pg. 333) Third parties were important because not every group felt represented by the two main parties.

Audubon Society

A group dedicated to the preservation of nature. / Park and reservation development occurred during the Great Depression to give Americans jobs.

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

A group founded from the whites only Mississippi Democratic Party determined to attend the 1964 Democratic National Convention as the legitimate representatives of their state. (Pg. 891) / Helped defend voting rights of African Americans gained in the 24th amendment.

Tuskegee Airmen

A group of African Americans who fought during WWII, a segregated unit within the war.

USS Maine

An American naval ship that sank in Havana harbor during the cuban revolt against Spain in 1898.

Students for a Democratic Society

A group of college students inspired by the civil rights movement who issued the Port Huron Statement. (Pg. 914) / One of the first examples of young liberals which impacted many new liberal ideas that impacted modern issues like abortion, gun politics, gay rights, and other liberal favored movements.

Contract with America

A group of initiatives including tax cuts, reducing welfare programs, anti crime initiatives, and reducing regulation. (Pg. 1021) / Demonstrated a shift in Clinton's liberal agenda by forcing him to adopt more conservative views on his actions. Clinton was willing to reach out to Republicans.

Oliver North

A high ranking officer in the army who took the blame for the Iran-Contra Affair. / Directly involved in the Iran-Contra affair, he weakened Reagan domestically due to major political moves during his last two years in presidency.

Frederick Jackson Turner

A historian who proclaimed the end of the frontier and portrayed Indians as savage. Said the west was dead. (Pg. 535) The negative portrayal of Native Americans aided in driving them from their land, there was little organized protests for Indians.

Phyllis Schlafly

A housewife who was against the ERA feminist movement and argued that women's subservient roles were actually empowering. (Pg. 952) / Schlafly's clear opposition to the Equal Rights Act helped characterize and identify the extremely radical conservative movement.

Marshall Plan

A humanitarian approach to prevent communism in Europe by where America gave over $13 billion dollars to Europe over a span of three years. (pg. 809) / A huge reason why the Iron Curtain bisected eastern and western europe, the Marshall Plan stopped the spread of communism to western nations following the end of WWII.

Artisan Republicanism

A ideology that promoted/celebrated the independence of worker that owned their own business, and was based on liberty and equality. (Pg. 291) Small business owners in certain industries could not outcompete large corporations, railroads charged corporations less, which lead to a desire for regulations for free competition.

Election of 2000

A illegitimate voting situation caused troubles between the two candidates. / Super tight election that revolutionized the voting polls.

Tet Offensive

A large scale invasion of South Vietnam by the Vietcong on Tet, the Vietnamese New Years, while it was a military loss the result was waning American support for the war as TV showed an enemy that was not losing as the US was claiming. (Pg. 919)/Horrific images were displayed on television screens all across the nation which sparked anti-war sentiment among liberal groups like the Students for a Democratic Society and set up many more years of liberal feelings throughout American society.

GI Bill / Servicemen's Readjustment Act

A law passed in 1944 that provided educational and other benefits for people who had served in the armed forces in World War II. / The GI Bill was significant in that it facilitated the transition of WWII veterans back into American society by providing newfound opportunities for educational advancement and business; stimulated the American economy through a major housing/baby boom, significantly expanded the middle class (consequently exposed middle class morality issues and gender inequalities), and contributed to the emergence of consensus culture.

Keating-Owen Act

A law that prevented goods made from factories that used child labor to be sold. / Fought against child labor, and fought for better working conditions to protect workers.

Détente

A lessening of tensions that was Nixon's method of getting "peace with honor" in Vietnam, involved visiting China and the Soviet Union. (Pg. 928) / By officially trying to eased tensions between the US and the USSR, Nixon was able to play two of the major, powerful countries, China and the USSR, and was able to encourage economic and nuclear treaties, which helped increase national security.

Barack Obama

A liberal president who took office after George W. Bush, who advocated for traditional ideals such as healthcare, social groups, and deficit spending. (Pg. 1030) / His biracial ethnicity demonstrated the official end to segregation and discrimination against African American. Furthermore, his creation of the Obama Care and big government taxes demonstrated a revival of liberalism.

Harlem Renaissance

A literary, artistic, and intellectual movement that helped increase pride in black culture by celebrating African American life and creating a new cultural identity among African Americans. (Pg. 718)

Three Mile Island

A location in 1979 where a nuclear power had a meltdown that released radioactives, resulting in the removal of thousands of civilians. (APES) (Pg. 942)/The Three Mile Island was significant because it showed the trend of technological advancements taking over the US. These technological advancements led to even more advancements in the future like the computer and phone etc.

Cotton gin

A machine that separated seeds from a cotton ball much faster than people could do by hand 1793. (Pg. 290) Enabled slavery to be more profitable since cotton was easier to process, making it harder for the South to get rid of slavery and sharecropping.

Panic of 1819

A major economic crisis the US where farmers and planters were faced with a 30% drop in agricultural prices, decrease in income, thus lead to many falling into debt and eventually bankruptcy. (Pg. 251) Economic recession resurfaces again after Europe goes to war because at the end, Europeans did not have to rely on the Americans for supplies.

Gettysburg

A major victory for the Union which allowed for a landslide win for the Republican Party in the North and waning support for Jefferson Davis in the South, Britain also, recognizing the likely outcome of the war, withdrew battleships they were making for the Confederates. (Pg. 466) Was the point where it was pretty clear the Union would win.

Plessy v. Ferguson

A man named Homer Plessy was one eighth black and refused a seat in the first class car and ordered to sit in the colored car, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the segregation laws, stating that they did not violate the 14th Amendment as long as the accommodations for blacks and whites were "separate but equal." (Pg. 580) / This ruling is overturned in Brown v. Board of Education which declared separate could not be equal.

Thomas Jefferson

A man of words who was a philosopher, the main author of the Declaration of Independence, the third president of the US, a Democratic-Republican who also admired France. (Pg.159) Was the reason for the creation of the Anti-federalist, main writer of the Declaration of Independence, and was a crucial factor for the independence from Britain.

Selma March

A march from Selma, Alabama to the state capital that was met with tear gas and clubs from state troopers, the incident was shown on TV and became known as "Bloody Sunday." (Pg. 891)/ The large groups of protesters coupled with the high enthusiasm among them during the march prompted Lyndon B. Johnson to create federal laws to protect the voting rights for African Americans

Economic Recovery Tax Act

A massive tax cut that embodied supply-side principles. (Pg. 983) / Demonstrated republicans really liked tax cuts, specifically income tax cuts in this case to combat the recession of 1980.

Yippies

A member of a youth group of politically active hippies, who nominated a pig. (Lecture) /Yippies were significant because they showed how younger people started gaining a voice in American Politics. The Yippies televised a lot and gained a lot of support from the American public which drove America to end the Vietnam War in the future.

Transcendentalism

A middle class response to a changing, increasingly urban natural and social landscape that attempted to preserve and value the disappearing way that celebrated the idea that an individual is strong, capable who is essentially good. A cultural movement that lead to realistic criticism that challenged the rationality of man.

Warsaw Pact

A military alliance established in E. Europe in 1955 to counter the Nato alliance, included Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, E. Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the soviet union. (Pg. 812) / The Warsaw Pact was significant because it showed how a lot of nations went against America's ideology of Democracy. The Warsaw Pact made Communism harder to defeat which prolonged the "war". This also led America to create more alliances in the future to help defeat the Warsaw Pact.

Valley Forge

A military camp where George Washington, 12,000 soldiers and hundreds of camp followers suffered a horrible winter together 1777-1778. (Pg.189) Though many suffered, Washington helped empower and motivate them to fight against Britain, being one of the crucial moments in history that pushed America to fight

Dwight Eisenhower

A moderate Republican and centrist who did not dismantle the New Deal when he became president, his defense policy during the Cold War was the "New Look." (Pg. 825) / The 34th President of the United States and a 5 star general in the United States Army during World War II. A popular candidate, he was limited by the 22nd amendment claiming he could not be president for a third term. He is well known for being a supreme commander in NATO, his establishment of NASA, as well as many other successful feats.

Mikhail Gorbachev

A moderate, reform-minded Russian Communist leader who opened relations with the US and took part in ending the Cold War as well as dismantling the USSR. (Pg. 992) / He helped to bring about internal economic reform by introducing glasnost and perestroika which opened up the USSR to reform and ultimately lead to to the destabilization of the communist party; helped to change the political outlook in the USSR.

Social Gospel

A moralistic tone where folks who brought religion to their reform efforts, primarily humanitarianism and protestantism. / Protestants, particularly those in the KKK were able to get the prohibition act passed.

Black Power & Stokely Carmichael

A more secular brand of black nationalism following the lead of Carmichael who called for black self-reliance. (Pg. 893) / Carmichael's repudiation of nonviolence for black power and racial separatism was evidence of the frustration and repression that the African-Americans felt while trying to gain their rights. When King's ways proved not progressive enough, he inspired the Black Panthers and a stronger retaliation against the oppressors.

Sabbatarianism

A movement for the reading of the Sabbath commandments on the seventh day of the week as a kind of reform. (Pg. 374) Influenced the working culture that breaks should occur during the week.

Reform

A movement led by Congregational and Presbyterian minister for social reform that called for reducing the consumption of alcohol 1800's. (Pg. 305) Movements to help alter American society improved the working ethics inhibited by Americans.

Ashcan School

A movement where artists painted the cities and daily life instead of nature like in Transcendentalism, also involved abstract art. / New movement of art that helped portray what like was like in the city.

Jazz

A musical genre that resulted from the Harlem Renaissance. (Pg. 718)

Malcolm X

A muslim African American activist who preached militant separatism, violence only in self-defense, and was hostile to mainstream civil rights activism. (Pg. 892) / Malcolm X was one of the primary leaders in the Civil Rights Movement, next to Martin Luther King Jr., known as one of the most influential African Americans in history. Although he was one of the biggest Civil Rights leaders, he had advocated for the complete separation of blacks from whites.

Rough Riders

A name given to the first US volunteer Cavalry under the leadership of FDR during the Spanish-American war.

Welfare capitalism

A system of labor relations where the management is responsible for the employee's well-being, government unemployment compensation and Social Welfare did not exist. (Pg. 708)

Greenback Labor Party

A national political movement of workers whose goal was to regulate corporations, enforce 8 hour workdays, and print more greenback dollars to stimulate inflation which made debt easier to pay back. (Pg. 565-566) / actually have work day regulations that is far to the company and employees.

Vietnamization

A new US policy devised under Nixon in the early seventies of delegating the ground fighting to the south Vietnamese in the Vietnam war, with American troops and deaths dropped, with the killing in Vietnam persisting through. (Pg. 927) / Vietnamization was significant because it gradually took troops out of Vietnam and answered a lot of the American's request. By taking troops out of Vietnam and creating better relations with a foreign nation, the tensions of the Cold War died down which led to the Cold War's end in 1990.

Women's Liberation

A new brand of feminism in the sixties that attracted young, college educated, middle class women who were anti war, democratic, civil rights activist, who sought to end the denigration and exploitation of women. (Pg. 924) / Women's Liberation was significant because it showed the theme of women constantly trying to obtain equal rights. This created feminism which led to women becoming more involved with society and politics in the future.

Tennessee Valley Authority

A new deal agency that was created to generate electric power and control floods in a seven US state region around TN, and helped create many jobs dealing with dams and provided electricity.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A notable women who supported Garrison's abolition movement and the women's rights movement. (Pg. 366) Women were deeply involved in reform, the more controversial of which was abolitionism but it was not weird for women to be involved.

Zimmerman Note

A note created by Arthur Zimmermann that was meant to propose a Mexican-German alliance in case of a war dispute breaking between Germany and the US, however Britain interfered, resulting in Mexico never receiving the note.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

A novelist and opponent of transcendentalism who wrote the Scarlet Letter to warn against excessive individualism 1850. (Pg. 348) Prompted people to believe that being your own could be destructive.

Herman Melville

A novelist who wrote against transcendentalism in this book Moby Dick 1851. (Pg. 349) Believed that the sense of individuality was corrupt, going against a trend that began to develop during the middle 1800s.

Sequoyah

A part-Cherokee silversmith who perfected a system of writing for the Cherokee language 1821. (Pg. 327) America's first attempt to understand Native American culture.

Energy Crisis

A period of fuel shortages in the US after the Arab states in the OPEC declared an oil embargo in 1973. (Pg. 939) / The Energy Crisis in the US reflected the steadily rising competitiveness of other countries on an international scale with the US in terms of energy production and oil; the US faced massive traffic jams and vehicular breakdown with the shortage of gasoline and oil as well as steadily rising oil prices.

Perestroika

A policy introduced by Gorbachev meaning "economic restructuring", encouraged widespread criticism of the rigid institutions and authoritarian controls of the Communist regime. (Pg. 993) / Introduced the USSR to capitalist reforms, and it helped to jumpstart the economy by bringing in bigger corporations as well as allow more freedoms to citizens.

Glasnost

A policy introduced by Gorbachev meaning "openness", encouraged widespread criticism of the rigid institutions and authoritarian controls of the Communist regime. (Pg. 993) / This policy allowed freedom of speech in the Soviet Union and eventually led to the people of the satellite countries rebelling against the communist government and breaking free, which led to the demise of the Soviet Union.

"New Look"

A policy of developing nuclear weapons at a faster rate and using the threat of "massive retaliation" to defend against other countries. (Pg. 826) / Eisenhower's plan with the new look was an important factor in pushing the arms race further. While the New Look did keep major wars from occurring, it left America in a state of insecurity, which would manifest in McCarthyism and eventually the social revolutions in the 1960s.

Billy Graham

A preacher who coupled gospel with theatrics and emphasised the coexistence of protestantism and consumerism as well as fear of "godless communists." (Pg. 849) / One of many ministers who broadcasted his sermons on radio and television and with large audiences. He helped shaped the worldview of many who found a common ground with the Bible and secular views of the time. His work for racial integration and work as the spiritual advisor for many presidents made him a very important man in shaping the consensus and decisions of the nation.

James Polk

A president who was an expansionist and slaveholder who began the Mexican War and annexed Texas. (Pg. 418) By helping to inherit such a large piece of land, he helped contribute to the largest increase in land in America's history, and further deepened the topic of slavery, later helping increase America's economy after the industrial revolution.

De Lome Letter

A private letter from a Spanish minister that belittled McKinley, was shown to the public and created more pressure for Congress to fight in the Spanish-American War. (Pg. 675)

1968 Democratic National Convention

A protest against the Vietnam War in Chicago by many organizations. (Pg. 921) / The explosion of this candidate election was another huge factor in the downfall of the democratic party at the time. The instability of this convention would lead to the election of Nixon, and overall cause a right wing comeback up until the Watergate Scandal.

Coxey's Army

A protest during the Panic of 1893 consisting of unemployed individuals who wanted the government to provide jobs building roads, populist. / Despite the publicity his group received, it had no impact on public policy, however, it inspired other marches and was symptomatic of the unrest among working people.

Lyman Beecher

A protestant minister who advocated for the Benevolent Empire and the reform movements 1829. (Pg. 368) Preached for reforms and was a central figure for controversial topics.

March on Washington

A quarter million arrived to the Lincoln Memorial for a massive demonstration for Jobs and Freedom. (Pg. 886) / Publicized the Civil Rights and Martin Luther King like never before making it a turning point in the Civil Rights Movement and the lead to the eventual passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the 24th Amendment.

USS Cole

A radical muslim group detonated bomb in the USS Cole killing 17 American sailors and injuring 37. (Pg. 1024) / The attack by Al Qaeda terrorists on the guided missile destroyer USS Cole that killed several U.S. sailors; when both the Bush and Clinton administrations did not respond militarily Al Qaeda was emboldened to carry out the attacks on the World Trade Center.

Carrie Nation

A radical reformer who was against the sale of alcohol. / Lead to the Prohibition Act and showed dominance of protestantism in America.

Transcontinental railroad

A railroad that the Northerners really wanted, that went from LA to Houston, eventually lead to the Gadsden purchase. With the increase in railroads, it lead to further advancements in technology and transportations, creating an economic increase pre progressivism era, later creating labor rights strikes during the progressivism era for equal pay and fair working conditions.

Transcontinental Railroad

A railroad that the Northerners really wanted, that went from LA to Houston, eventually lead to the Gadsden purchase. (Pg. 431) The railroad was mainly in the North which attributes to their victory as they were more able to transport their troops and supplies.

Tom Johnson

A reform-minded Democratic businessman who became mayor of Ohio in 1901 on the promise he would end political machines and corruption. (Pg. 624) / Presented progressive ideologies and advocated for smaller business by telling the government to counter big corporations.

John Humphrey Noyes & Oneidas

A religious group that embraced the idea of perfectionism that if the world is rid of sin, Jesus will come back to Earth. With the want to bring Jesus back, they attempted to reform society "perfect it" and tried to make society better for all races.

Fourth Great Awakening

A religious revival in the 1970's and 1980's, a period where evangelism became more popular to contrast the progressive politics. (Pg. 962) / Due to the rise in divorce rates, feminism, gay rights, social unrest, abolition and the sexual revolution during the 60's, Americans began to turn towards conservative religion and it paved the way towards a want for more religious presidents(Carter and Reagan) and a lean towards the religious right in politics.

Theodore Roosevelt

A republican who embraced many progressive reforms, who invested a lot into conserving the environment, also known as the trust buster. (Pg. 650) / Helped expand the concept of foreign policies and helped prepare the US and helped build the country's defense.

Richard Nixon

A republican who was known for being "tough on communism" and became president after Carter, Watergate. (Pg. 922) / Nixon's role in de-escalating the Vietnam War was crucial to the regain political and social balance within the nation. Nixon's consequent diplomatic relations with the USSR and China proved to be important as future presidents were able to piggy back on the relationships that Nixon had forged. However Nixon's participation in the Watergate Scandal proved to be equally as powerful as his unlawful use of power led to the public distrust in the Republican party.

Grandfather clause

A requirement that you had to prove your grandfather was white in order to vote, this was specifically to exclude blacks from voting. Was a law designed to prevent blacks from exercising civil rights, Jim Crow laws would also make it difficult for African Americans to participate in white society.

Crisis of Masculinity

A result after the cult of domesticity was demolished during the great depression, males began to feel useless in terms of not being able to work and provide financial support for their families, resulting in males becoming "wonders," where they walked around town, wandering.

Second Great Awakening

A revival of religious feelings 1700-1800. Lead to various forms of reform movements and encouraged individual redemption, that you can work to make yourself and society better. (Pg. 308) Lead to a lot of reformation, mostly by women, popular issues being temperance and education.

Hard Hats

A riot where about 200 union workers, mostly construction workers, attacked anti-Vietnam War protesters in lower Manhattan, NYC. / The Hard Hats under Nixon served as a foil to Vietnam anti-war protesters during the 1960s, and would actively target and beat protesters; this represented the massive divisions and split between the US and how much division the Vietnam War had caused.

Indian Ring

A scandal during the Grant administrations where an official accepted a bribe regarding the corrupt seizing of funds meant for Indians on reservations. These common themes of corrupted dealings eventually lead to the creation of the Liberal Republican Party, and helped expose common acts of corruption that also occurs oftenly during the progressivism era with political machines.

Television

A system that broadcasts visual images and sounds for entertainment, news, and education. / The invention of the TV was a huge technological advancement being capable of spreading news quickly which was critical during the Vietnam war where many horrific images were presented on screen around America sparking protest among young college citizens.

Watergate

A scandal that occurred in 1972, where a break in at democratic party headquarters in Washington D.C, by men working for Nixon's reelection campaign, with Nixon's efforts to cover it up, which eventually lead to Nixon's resignation. (Pg. 947)/ It created a mistrust between the people and the government; causing not only the next presidential term to switch to Democratic, but brought a lot of people into politics, eager to dig out all the corruption in the government(ex. Watergate babies).

Civil Rights Movement - courts

A series of cases known as the Civil Rights Cases during the sixties and seventies. / The civil rights movement helped win major cases revolving education, racial equality, banning segregation, changing federal barriers, with cases that helped make discrimination end to all minority groups.

Red Scare

A series of strikes began to surface in the US, causing the public to freak out due to Russia's transition into communism. (Pg. 708)

Jim Crow

A set of laws in the South named after an African American stereotypical character that legally segregated whites and blacks. (Pg. 580) / African Americans had a difficult time voting even after the Jim Crow laws were abolished, groups like the KKK often physically barred black voters from entering their ballots.

Civil Works Administration

A short-term program that put millions of Americans to work building roads and bridges and other public structures. (Pg. 741)

Double V Campaign

A slogan and drive to promote the fight for democracy, also within the US for African Americans during WWII.

Upper Class

A small but influential percentage of Americans who were often speculators, plantation owners, factory owners. With the upper class having main influence on the nation, most of the government actions were in control by the upper class.

Beats / Beatniks

A small group of literary figures based in NYS and SF in the 1950s who rejected mainstream culture and instead celebrated personal freedom, which often included drug consumption and casual sex. (Pg. 849)/ Speaking out against consensus, Beatniks created a new rebellious culture and many different types of influential works/books.

Popular Front

A small, vocal group of Americans who pushed for greater U.S involvement in Europe, for FDR to take a bigger stance against European fascism. (Pg. 770)

Julius & Ethel Rosenberg

A snitch told on Julius and Ethel as the spies who gave nuclear secrets to the Soviets, Julius may have but Ethel was innocent but they were both sentenced to death. (Pg. 824)/ Contributed to the Red Scare, the fear of Communist and Soviet spies infiltrating America, since they were spies for the Soviets, who were tried and hung for their actions.

Upton Sinclair & The Jungle

A socialist who published a book that focused on immigrants and the working conditions they face, that led to the multiple policies regarding the meat-packing industry. / Resulted in the workers compensation and better working conditions in the workplace, with common ideologies that are still being advocated for to this day in the food industry.

Black nationalism

A strain of African American thought that emphasized black racial pride and authority, that was brought into the spotlight during Marcus Garvey's pan africanist movement in the early twentieth century and various organizations in the sixties and seventies, such as the Nation of Islam and the Black Panther party. (Pg. 892) / Although these militant ideologies clashed with MLK, this pushed the black power movement and helped African Americans to accept and take pride in their identities, which helped motivate many young advocates to fight for equality amongst the races in the 50s to 60s, pushing for peaceful integrations with whites.

Lowell girls / Lowell-Waltham System

A strategy to find a cheap labor source in young women, mostly daughters from farm families, by offering food, board, and cultural activities in exchange for the women to work in the factories for a wage 1820's (Pg. 288) For the first time, women are allowed into the workforce, helping women during this time to form a sense of individuality.

Henry David Thoreau

A strong abolitionist and transcendentalist who put Ralph Waldo Emerson's ideas into action and lived in the outskirts of MA, alone in the woods for a year. Was one of the many influential figures who promoted living closely with nature, and fought for human rights.

Culture Wars

A struggle between young liberals and old conservatives, new and old morals and values. (Pg. 1012) / Backlash from progressive movements and conflict between conservatism and liberalism furthered partisanship and formation of the Republican identity.

Dennis Kearney & Workingman's Party

A sudo political party that appealed to white working class americans, that resulted in the 1977 mob burn down in SF Chinatown, and multiple acts of violence towards Asian Americans. / depict the type of discrimination the Chinese faced while living in America, with little to no compensation.

Lawrence v. Texas

A supreme court case that overturned a previous ruling by stating that anti-sodomy laws were unconstitutional on the grounds that they violated the Due process clause of the 14th Amendment. / This was a step for homosexuality and it demonstrated the growing effects that the gay rights movement had not only socially, but also politically by limiting the power states had.

Dred Scott v. Sanford

A supreme court cases a formerly enslaved slaves went to court arguing that after his deceased master's mistress moved him to IL (A free state) that he was free, however, resulted in the Supreme Court stating that Scott was still a slave because African Americans (in general) were not citizens, meaning that they did not have the right to sue, that Scott was still property, that slavery could only be determined by the state's constitution, and that "Slavery follows the flag." (Pg. 433) With the pretty much legalization of slavery everywhere, this amplified the issues dealing with slavery and negated the doctrine of popular sovereignty and undermined the political platforms that fought for emancipation.

Obergefell v. Hodges

A supremem court case that homosexualies have he fundamental right to marry under the constitution. / An effect of the gay rights movement; protected safe-sex marriages.

Popular Sovereignty

A system that ditched the Missouri Compromise line, settlers of a territory determined for themselves whether the state would be a slave or free state. (Pg. 428) Allowed the Civil War to start early in Kansas because pro and anti slavery settlers fought to make Kansas a slave or free state respectively.

Planned obsolescence

A tactic utilized by corporations after the Great Depression where products were made to become obsolete after a while and consumers were forced to buy more. / Planned obsolescence helped shape modern capitalism, but at the same time helped boost the economy.

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

A tariff that was support to increase tariffs during its time, however, William Howard Taft was too weak to actually abide by it. / Lobbyists were able to get many products to be exempt, setting a precedent business being stronger than government.

Lost Generation

A term coined by writer Gertrude Stein, it refers to the veterans of WWI who often got PTSD and could not quite fit back into society. (Pg. 720)

Strategic Defense Initiative (aka Star Wars)

A theory proposed by Reagan of satellites in space that would strike down missiles before they landed that was extremely unrealistic. / The Strategic Defense Initiative was a largely fictionalized attempt at missile defense that was created primarily to push the USSR into a missile defense race; the rather elaborate ruse of missile defense worked, and the USSR spent tons of money to try and beat the US's fake defense system; as a result, the situation within the USSR deteriorated after the huge expenditures and the Union dissolved shortly thereafter Gorbachev tried to fix things with Glasnost and Perestroika.

H-bomb

A thermonuclear device a thousand times more powerful than the atomic bomb dropped in Hiroshima and Nagasaki developed by the US and USSR during the Cold War arms race. (Pg. 813)/ The H-bomb would set the precedent for the buildup of nuclear warfare under the administrations of the early Cold War presidents in the United States; Eisenhower's doctrine of Massive Retaliation led to the colossal buildup of nuclear weaponry that would go on to define the very nature of the time period. Over time, nuclear disarmament agreements would help to limit the overbearing influence of the weapons and end the Cold War.

New Woman

A transition of female culture during the 1920s to a less conservative mindset, to a more free, more independent

Scopes Trial

A trial that was highly sensationalized for John Scopes, a substitute teacher with the ACLU who taught Darwinism and was found guilty by the jury and fined $100 ($14k today). (Pg. 713)

John Kerry

A vietnam veteran and Democratic nominee in the 2004 election, lost because he appeared unpatriotic because of his activism. / Kerry was a huge influence as he was secretary of state, a presidential nominee, and a longtime member of the senate.

Berlin Wall

A wall built between west and east Berlin in 1961, with a sole purpose of keeping west fascists from entering east germany. / The wall stood as a symbol of the Cold War and the stark difference between the communist USSR and the capitalist countries that would prove to be non negotiable. The end would come when one side collapsed. It was torn down by rebellious East Germans after Gorbachev's relaxing of communism laws emboldened the citizens to rebel against their oppressive government.

WWI

A war directly started by the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand and benefitted America economically.

Mexican-American War

A war provoked by Americans to draw their border between Mexico and Texas and take California. (Pg. 419) Germany attempts to ally with Mexico in WWI because they are upset with the US with this incident.

"Peculiar Institution"

A way to refer to the institution of slavery.

Monica Lewinsky

A woman whom Clinton had an affair with, creating a scandal. (Pg. 1022) / Due to her scandal with Bill Clinton, it lead to his near impeachment as president (didn't happen) and widely discredited him for the rest of the term. The Republican's vendetta against them also distracted America from the bigger national issues during that time period.

Insane asylums & Dorothea Dix

A women who advocated for the separation of the insane and the criminals 1841. (Pg. 367) First woman/person to differentiate criminals and the mentally ill.

Dr. Alfred Kinsey

A zoologist from Indiana University who conducted controversial studies and published Sexual Behavior in the Human Male and Sexual Behavior in the Human Women, speaking on many subjects that were taboo at the time such as homosexuality and revealing shocking statistics of sex outside of marriage, confirmed there was a sexual revolution and helped Americans be more open about talking about sex. (Pg. 855) / Wrote the bestselling books Sexual Behavior in the Human Male and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female. Both books focused on sexual orientations regarding men and women and also focused on topics that were taboo during the time period.

24th Amendment

Abolished the poll tax for all federal elections. / The Abolishment of poll taxes was another important step forwards in civil rights, as it was integral in holding back Jim crow- type taxes that kept minorities from voting

Dodd-Frank

Act passed pre-Great recession that helped update regulations in regards of the financial system, especially banks that have low chances of failing, and helped create regulatory agencies to protect consumers. / Demonstrated Obama's liberal reforms to reinvigorate the American economy through government regulation of banks.

American System

Advocated by Clay and used by Quincy Adams, national bank that controlled the nation's financial system that had tariffs that provided revenue while encouraging industry, that provided funds for the city's infrastructures. (Pg. 319) Liked by the upper class factory owners and disliked by farmers, farmers saw that the government supported corporations more than they supported them.

War in Afghanistan

Afghanistan harbored Osama Bin Laden, causing America to invade them. / The death of Hussein left a power vacuum that the US had to fix, the government went into deficit partly because they spent money to to fight the war and to stabilize the country.

Great Migration

African Americans migrated to the northern cities to fill jobs created by increased demands and jobs left by white men who had joined the army, Mexicans who mostly occupied rural farm work also left for the cities during the wartime labor shortages. (Pg. 694)

Millennialism

After 1000 years of peace, the devil would come out and in one final battle that is so destructive that would destroy earth, resulting in Jesus taking only good people to heaven and the rest to Hell, and because of this, people who wanted to live in the 1000 years tried to make society better to bring Jesus to Earth. This influenced people who wanted to live 1000 years to push and try to make society better to bring jesus to earth.

War on Terror

After 9/11, Bush declared he would fight Al Qaeda who took credit for the bombings. (Pg. 1026)

USA PATRIOT Act

After 9/11, granted the administration sweeping authority to monitor citizens and apprehend suspected terrorists. (Pg. 1028) / After the attacks on the World Trade Center, the PATRIOT act was enacted to prevent future terrorist attacks of that scale in the U.S.; however, its system of surveillance in the houses of U.S. citizens, as well as the heightened security in airports, has faced opposition, particularly from libertarians and others who tend to dislike constant government surveillance.

Pancho Villa

After Madero (Mexican nationalist) overthrew Diaz (pro American business) and Wilson supported Huerta (but he was not democratic) and then supported Carranza (didn't want Wilson's advice about democracy) to overthrow Huerta and then tried to support Pancho Villa but stopped because he had little political power, Pancho Villa decided to launch some raids to New Mexico that killed some people. (Pg. 683-684)

Jones Act

After Spanish-American War, made Puerto Rico a US territory and Puerto Ricans Americans citizens, also promised that the Philippines would one day be free. (Pg. 678)

Potsdam Conference

After WWII, Stalin was unwilling to allow countries self-determination and was determined to control Europe with communist governments, Truman took Roosevelt's place in this conference. (Pg. 807) / The Potsdam Conference changed the dynamic of the war and created lasting impressions between the Allied forces. The decision to have an unconditional surrender set the relation the US and other Allied countries would have between the aggressors such as Japan and Germany.

Vietnam War

After WWII, Vietnam was liberated from the Japanese but France wanted to retake their colony, North Vietnam was controlled by communists which prompted America to financially support France's invasion. When France ceased fighting America continued to back a South Vietnam and began to send troops to fight the communists in North Vietnam who sought to unify the country. (Pg. 833 & Pg. 910)/ Permanently sealed the alliance between us and China and Russia, but also set tensions between the people and the government, causing yet another shift in party for the next term. Not only that, it brought the youth out and gave them a platform to use their voice and advocate for things they believed in, causing a new stigma of teen rebellion.

Nuremberg Trials

After WWII, a series of trials were held in Nuremberg or 24 major Nazi leaders, 12 were sentenced to death.

Disenfranchisement of black voters

After reconstruction, black voters were barred from voting either through violence or by law. (Pg. 500) The Jim Crow laws made sure black voters had far less say in the government even after the Civil War.

Reconstruction

After the Civil War ended, the South was destroyed economically and required help from the North, the North tried to rebuild the South in its image. (Pg. 480) For a while, blacks were able to vote and experienced some civil rights but when reconstruction ended the KKK made sure blacks could not vote.

Platt Amendment

After the Cuban Revolution, the US withdrew from Cuba on the condition that Cuba could not make a treaty with any nation except America and America could interfere with Cuban domestic affairs. (Pg. 678)

Panama Canal

After the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, America was able to ask Columbia to let them to build a canal to connect the Atlantic and Pacific but Columbia refused, Roosevelt covertly supported a revolution that won and then was recognised as the new nation of Panama, they allowed America to construct the canal. (Pg. 682)

The New South

After the Radical Reconstruction fervor, the South had begun to undo the reconstruction by finding ways to exclude blacks from voting. (Pg. 497) Lynching was common in the south, this lead to the Great Migration.

Second Party System

After the decline of federalists, the struggle of power occurred between Democrats and the new Whigs 1830's-1850's. (Pg. 332) The party in power generally depends on the economy, the two parties do not always encompass the issues of every group but third parties remain mostly irrelevant.

Federal Housing Administration

Agency established in 1934 that helped refinance house mortgages for mortgage holders facing possible foreclosure. (Pg. 744)

Taft-Hartley Act

Allowed states to outlaw close shops, forced unions to purge themselves of communists. (Lecture)/ The Taft Hartley act was significant because it created a level playing field between employers and labor unions. This contrasted the norm of unions always being in favor and this led to a more equal environment for union workers.

Defense of Marriage Act

Allowed states to refuse to acknowledge gay marriages or civil unions formed in other states. (Pg. 1020) / Demonstrated culture wars in that republicans resisted same sex marriage.

19th Amendment

Allowed women the right to vote. / As a result of the equal rights movement, this is one of the biggest accomplishments for women because it was the first action that allowed women to finally elec their own individuals, the ability to be equal citizens to men.

General Jack Pershing

Also John J. Pershing, lead the American Expeditionary Force which were American soldiers in WWI. (Pg. 686)

Urban 1920s America

Although alcohol was prohibited at this time, people in urban areas found ways to drink anyways, often in speakeasies or by crossing the borders to another country. (Pg. 712)

Root-Takahira Agreement

America acknowledged Japan's control of Manchuria and confirmed principles of free oceanic trade. (Pg. 682)

Deficit growth

America's debt increased as the Republican government issued tax cuts but were unable to reduce spending. / The increasing size of the deficit lead to a loss of support for the current administration and the election of Clinton in a conservative era.

Loyalists

American colonists who remained loyal to the crown. (Pg. 174) Because of the loyalist being mainly the lower class, it is similar to how slaves fought alongside the union, because they did not want the opposite team to gain power.

Annexation of Texas

American settlers who lived in Texas wanted Texas to become a part of the United States as a slave state. (Pg. 418) Lead to the Mexican-American War in which the US also takes California.

Nativism

American-born citizens condemned immigration and believed in the superiority of Protestant religion and culture 1800's. (Pg. 310) The working class did not like immigrants and often formed nativist groups to try to gain middle class support to limit immigration.

Gold Rush

Americans and immigrants traveled to California after news that there was gold in 1849. (Pg. 425) Americans and immigrants migrate to California and create towns and cities there because some did not make enough money to go home.

Red Scare

Americans at the time were deeply afraid of communist spies leaking government information to the Soviet Union, while the extent of communist espionage was not as far as it seemed, this fear triggered a nationwide witch hunt for suspected communists and sympathizers. (Pg. 820) / Created a frenzy within the nation that targeted many democrats which caused a shift in the political balance once again and a total mistrust within the citizens and with the government.

Closing of the Frontier

Americans believed that the open land which provided hope that no matter how low you fall, you can always start a new life in new land, the closing of the frontier meant that safety net was no longer present, Americans mourned for this perceived loss. (Pg. 535) Farming became less and less attractive to the younger generations compared to city life, the "frontier" was no longer seen as opportunity.

Thurgood Marshall

An African American NAACP lawyer who helped prepare cases against racial discrimination using the fourteenth amendment to overturn the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling. (Pg. 878)/ Thurgood Marshall helped towards the desegregation of public places and ensured that colored children will get equal educations as whites by helping with the influence of the decision of Brown v. Board of Education.

Martin Luther King, Jr.

An African American minister and activist who became the face and leader of the civil rights movement. (Pg. 886) / A crucial part of the Civil Rights Movement, King personified civil disobedience and and peaceful protest.

Zora Neale Hurston

An African American woman who was a writer during the Harlem Renaissance who produced short stories celebrating the average black man or woman. (Pg. 718)

Ronald Reagan

An actor before WWII who gained an anti-communist reputation from being the head of the Screen Actors Guild and rooting communists out of the industry, became president after Carter as a Republican and introduced a trickle-down theory of economics. (Pg. 974) / Ronald Reagan was a conservative politician who was elected president in 1980. Elected by the conservative tide after the culture wars, Reagan's politics and policies would go on to define the Republican platform to this day, as presidents such as Bush, Bush, and Trump would continue to try and implement supply side economics along with a tough foreign policy.

Magic Johnson

An african american sports star who contracted HIV from a women and changed Americans' view of AIDs as a disease that could strike anyone. / When he came out that he had HIV/AIDS, it changed the way Americans viewed this disease, since he did not fit their stereotype of being a homosexual; helped to bring more awareness to this epidemic.

War Production Board

An agency during WWII that was in charge of rationing war production.

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty

An agreement between Nixon and Brezhnev to limit their nuclear arsenal and end the arms race. / One of the first efforts at denete with countries like China and the USSR and may have caused the end of the Cold War with the USSR demilitarizing and allowing things like glasnost and perestroika.

Kyoto Protocol

An agreement signed nationwide in 1992 that fought to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. / This was a huge step in trying to fight global warming and pollution. It is still in effect today.

Martin Van Buren

An architect of the upcoming systems of the party government and rejected traditional-republican beliefs if they were dangerous. (Pg. 317) Supported the abolitionist movement and Abraham Lincoln.

Louis Sullivan

An architect who designed the skyscraper. / helped improve population density.

Rust Belt

An area of the northeast and midwest where manufacturing declined. (Pg. 944)/ This pushed a migration of workers across the nation to find better access to jobs and opportunities for work.

9/11

An attack launched by Al-Qaeda, four attack planes crashed in the US, two in the Twin Towers in NY, the Pentagon, and a field in PA. (Pg. 1026) / Created a sense of fear amongst Americans and a dislike and stereotype against Muslims that still exists today. Demonstrated the dangers of the world and terrorists alike and begin the strengthening of the American government policies.

European Union

An attempt by European nations to prevent any further war by uniting them towards a common economical and diplomatic goal to increase unity and weaken separations between countries. / The European Union was created as almost like a trade system and a way to elevate each other in the world's view. They are still around today and hold major sway in Europe.

Economic Growth and Tax Relief Act

An attempt enacted by Bush to assist the poor by extending earned-income credit, but ended up benefiting the rich by phasing out the estate tax on inheritance. (Pg. 1026) / Demonstrated republicans really liked tax cuts, specifically income tax cuts in this case.

Indian Boarding Schools

An attempt to assimilate Indians by taking their children and sending them to learn how to live like white people, a way to kill their culture. Probably one of the first occurrences within America that displayed an ethnic cleansing theme, and helped promote the sense of nativism within America.

American neutrality (both pre WWI and pre WWII)

An attempt to keep America out of the WWs, however, with the sinking of the Lusitania (which killed 128 americans), this officially pushed America out of it's attempt to stay neutral.

Crittenden Compromise

An attempt to keep the south from seceding, a proposed compromise that allowed slavery in territories where it already exists, and the westward extension of the missouri compromise to the CA border. (Pg. 446) Lincoln rejected this because he believed the compromise would begin more wars, which was confirmed after the south decided to secede due to the disconnect they felt with themselves and the government, leading to an all our war, leading to the emancipation of slaves.

National Organization for Women

An civil rights organization for women based on the NAACP, fought for equal rights for women. (Pg. 909)/ Instrumental to the eventual passing of the Equal Rights Amendment in 1972.

Stagflation

An economic condition combining unemployment, stagnant customer demand, and inflation. (Pg. 942)/ Created lots of economic pressure on citizens across America with very little inflation and increasing prices as a result in high oil prices which may have been a reason towards the Persian Gulf War in trying to protect the Western oil supply for America.

Elijah Lovejoy

An editor of an Abolitionist journal who was shot and killed by a mob 1837. (Pg. 365) With the death of this editor, the abolitionist movement reacted with sudden fear from the public with their stance on slavery, displaying high levels of opposition America.

Clean Air Act

An effort to set stricter standards for air quality, imposed limits on emissions in effort to better the quality of the atmosphere. /This act would promote and enforce clean air quality laws and played a large role in the prevention of air pollution. It was very influential for it's time and is currently still enforced around America.

Election of 1864

An election that even during the war, Lincoln did not want to suspend the election because he wanted to protect the rights of the government and the union, and nominated a southern VP so that we could represent unity with the North and South. (Pg. 468) Lincoln was able to present an attempt to motivate the nation to unity together for the common man, and helped prove to the nation that he cared for civil rights and the constitution, even during war.

Hurricane Katrina

An environmental hit to the Gulf coast in 2004, causing trillions of dollars and displaced many southerners, leading to years of rebuilding. / This hurricane brought to attention the terrible conditions minorities in New Orleans were living in and the risk that hurricanes and floods brought to places with low incomes.

Gilded Age

An era of rapid industrial and economic expansion that focused on the reforms (regarding poverty, working conditions, etc.) in the late nineteenth century, that resulted in the intense transformation of American culture and society. (Pg. 638) / Was an era of industrialization in America that allowed them to supply other nations in WWI and WWII.

Frederick Douglass

An escaped African American abolitionist. (Pg. 362) Was one of the most influential figures who fought for abolition.

Cult of Mourning

An etiquette surrounding the death of a loved one, an established "certain way to grief," also resorting to the creation of decoration day, now known as memorial day. (Pg. 456) A culture that has been passed down for generations, the etiquette to mourn for a love one is still present to this day.

Abraham Lincoln

An ex-Whig who ran for president as a Republican after gaining fame from the Lincoln-Douglas debates, was an unabashedly sectional candidate (but more moderate than William Seward) who represented northern interests, was the president during the Civil War. (Pg. 437) Lead the nation into the Civil War and freed the slaves but did not truly improve their lives.

Dr. Benjamin Spock

An expert who gave advice to women during the Baby Boom regarding childcare and motherhood. (Pg. 851) / Dr. Spock was a pediatrician who was also the People's Party candidate in 1972. He strived for free medical care and the repealing of victimless crime laws which infamously included abortion.

Roosevelt Corollary

An extension of the Monroe Doctrine that declared that the United States had unrestricted right to regulate Affairs in the Caribbean. (Pg. 683)

Gag Rule

An informal agreement in the House of Representatives to automatically table anti-slavery petitions 1836-1844. (Pg. 365) Provided conflicts regarding slavery within the nation.

Underground Railroad & Harriet Tubman

An informal network of abolitionist whites and blacks that assisted slaves in escaping to the North, one influential runaway slave was Harriet Tubman who risked enslavement multiple times to return to the South and aid other runaways 1835. (Pg. 362) This allowed the mass escapes of slaves during this time, and heavily influenced slaves to escape through the railroads to head north.

United Nations

An international body that agreed upon a the yalta conference, and in 1945 San Francisco, in which nations listed: US, Britain, France, China, and the soviet union, and seven other nations elected on a rotating basis. (Pg. 807)

League of Nations

An international regulatory organization that promised each country's independence and territorial integrity, to mediate problems, reduce the military, and would control aggressive nations with a collective military unit. (Pg. 697)

Alexander Graham Bell

An inventor who patented the first telephone. / Technological inventions such as radios and telegraphs helped communicate during the war.

442nd Regimental Combat Team

An military team comprised of mainly Japanese Americans, who fought in WWII than going into the concentration camps.

Iron Clad Oath

An oath that the former Confederates had to take swearing that they never took up arms against the American government. (Pg. 480) Although it was vetoed, it made former confederate members take up the 13th amendment, pushing to attempt to make America accept African Americans and their freedom while protecting the American government.

Executive Order 8802

An order signed by FDR in 1941 that prohibited discrimination in the workplace based off of race, culture, identity, etc, and helped established the Fair Employment Practices Commision. (Pg. 780)

Executive Order 9066

An order that removed anyone, immigrant and citizen, that is of german, italian and japanese ancestry, however, it's known and targeted mainly the Japanese Americans.

Young Lords Organization

An organization that sought self-determination for Puerto Ricans in the US and in the Caribbean, with their dedication community organizing produced a generation of leaders and awakened community consciousness. (Pg. 894) / Fought for fair and equal treatment for not only African Americans but other Minorities living in America as well as added to the civil rights movements pushing their agenda and finally abolishing segregation de jure and decreasing inequality in America.

Jimmy Carter

An outsider president who did not have political capital to achieve many things. (Pg. 949)/ After his father's death, Jimmy Carter was fueled by the rising of Civil Rights Movements, which caused him to become the Senator of Georgia, then the governor of Georgia, and lastly becoming the president of the US.

Boxer Rebellion

An tension based uprising in 1900, an attempt to drive all foreigners, with boxers being a chinese secret society who fought with their fists.

Earth Day

Annual event that honored the environment, beginning in 1971. (pg. 939)/ The establishment of Earth Day brought into the attention the importance of Americans to take care of their Earth and advocated for new reforms and changes to the lifestyle to ensure America did their part for a cleaner world.

George Kennan

Anti-communist, known for the Long Telegram. / Help contribute to the creation of the ideology known as containment.

Muckrakers

Applied by Roosevelt, they were investigative journalists who exposed political scandals and industrial abuses. (Pg. 619) / Created public support of Roosevelt's new policies for regulation of companies.

Sandra Day O'Connor

Appointed by Reagan, the first woman to serve in the Supreme Court, whose presence helped maintain a moderate political view on issues such as individual liberties and abortion rights. (Pg. 985) / A justice on the Supreme court, appointed by Reagan, who helped pass more conservative measures in court,, such as abortion laws; she helped the conservative movement's morality programs stay in place.

South Carolina Exposition and Protest

Argued that because different regions had different interests, tariffs enforced by another state was unconstitutional 1828. (Pg. 324) Although slavery was the real issue, secession was the result of many conflicts of interests that was caused by fundamental difference in the socio-economic structures of the North and South.

Francis Townsend

Argued that the new deal wasn't doing enough, and advocated for the elderly.

Homestead Strike

Armed guards hired by Carnegie to control steel workers who worked at skilled labor who began protesting after their wages were cut. / showed a major opposite of Carnegie, that he is willing to help the poorer class, but when it comes to his workers, he does little to nothing to assist them.

Non Importation Act

Around 1766, In an effort to boycott British goods (with the crucial help from American women), the first continental congress adopted the act and was enforced by the Continental congress. (Pg. 161) Stated that America would support whoever would remove their trade restriction, later causing disputes with Britain after 1806, with France being the first to lift their trade regulations.

Mother Ann Lee Stanley & Shakers

Around 1770, a women who believed she was the incarnation of Christ and led small amount of followers (who got their name by having a ecstatic dances as part of their worship) to America, established a church in Albany, NY. (Pg. 349) Were a part of the Second Great Awakening.

Miranda v. Arizona

Arrestees must be informed by the police of their right to remain silent, ruled by the Warren Court. (Pg. 930)/ This case would further outline the judicial process and grant further rights to suspects in legal cases.

Immigration

Arrivals to a country from another country (Pg. 310) The lower working class see them as competitors who will work the same jobs for less and form nativist groups. They are the subject of middle class reformers.

Internment

Associated with the Japanese Americans during WWII, where US citizens were forced out of their homes simply based off of ethnicity, and were told it was for the safety for themselves, the nation, when really, it was because America was racist.

Pearl Harbor

Attacked by Japan on December 7th, 1941, leading the US to declare war on Japan. (Pg. 773)

Hillary Clinton

Attempted a healthcare reform, a devoted wife, state senator, secretary of state, and a democratic nominee for presidency. / Clinton's role in her husband's administration really shaped how involved a first lady should be involved. She is still a major part of today's political scene due to her knowledge, experience, and drive in the political sphere.

V-J Day

August 14th 1945, Japan surrenders unconditionally to the allies, officially ending WWII.

Atlantic Charter

August of 1941, a meeting with Churchill that laid out the purpose of the war, defining the Allies goals for WWII.

F Scott Fitzgerald

Author of "The Great Gatsby," and exposed the shallowness of the lives of the wealthy and privileged.

Battles of the Civil War

Because both sides were American, the Civil War is considered the single costliest war for America. Most of the wars were fought on the Confederate side and where the Union tended to win. (Pg. 477) Once reconstruction ended, the South glorified the Confederacy and the war heroes who fought for slavery, they also framed the KKK as heroes of the Post-Reconstruction Era.

"Blue Collar Blues"

Because factories were closing and construction came to a standstill, "blue collar workers" struggled to find jobs. (Pg. 959) / The economic hardships that workers faced in the 70s resulted in multiple construction projects coming to a pause, the unemployment rates increased dramatically, resulting in multiple companies closing down, one of the first major working class downfalls ever since the end of WWII.

National Consumers' League

Began in NY, a national progressive organization that encouraged women through their shopping decisions to support fair wages and working conditions for laborers. (Pg. 629) / Fueled the era of consumerism in the 1920's, everyone was spending including women and children.

Joseph Smith

Believed in the second appearing of Jesus (where he appeared in tribes of the new world) who had strict morals and believed in a perversion of christianity and was eventually killed. Displayed someone who was devoted towards Christianity and was extremely with his beliefs, resulted in his death.

Henry Clay

Believed in war with Britain, wanted the conquest of Canada, led Madison to declare war, and was the elected speaker of the house in 1811. Wanted to recharter the bank to get people to go against Jackson but because of Jackson (and his dislike for Clay), it was backfired because of the results siding with Jackson.

Radical Republicanism

Believed that freedmen should have the same civil rights as white men, abolitionists. (Pg. 438) African americans do not have equal civil rights until the civil rights movement because of the Jim Crow laws.

Casablanca Conference

Between FDR and Churchill during WWII, they planned for a future global military strategy for the western Allies.

Exodusters

Black migrants who traveled to Kansas hoping to farm the land and escape poverty and white violence. (Pg. 520) Even after the civil war ended and slaves had their freedom, America continued to display acts of racial discrimination towards African Americans, making it difficult for them to live out their lives as Americans, with this lasting all the way until the 1960s when the movement for civil rights began again.

Deep Throat

Bob Woodward's anonymous source to the Watergate scandal; eventually revealed himself to be Mark Felt, the Deputy Director of the FBI/ / Deep Throat was the nickname of a top secret government informant. The anonymous source was very insightful and provided insight to the Watergate Scandal. Many wondered who Deep Throat actually was. In actuality, his name was Mark Felt who was a former director of the FBI.

Tuskegee University

Booker T. Washington, a former slave, created a black university that was meant to be a technical school, that all eventually became high ivy leagues. / Helped destroy the common belief that African Americans are incapable of knowledge than that of a white person, with this being one of the significant events in history that contributed to African Americans and their journey to equal rights.

Leveraged buyouts

Borrowing of money by a company to buy another with the expectations that they will sell a portion of the assets later. / During the 1980s, there was a lot emphasis on making money and being successful, which was achieved through the buying of stocks and restructuring a company to make it seem more profitable; reflected the culture of success within America.

YMCA

Boston 1851, promoted muscular Christianity. (Pg. 580)/ Ideals and movements that promoted the idea that "men are stronger than women" helped set gender roles after WWII, that women are incapable of achieving the same results than men.

Border ruffians

Both anti- and pro-slavery peoples crossed over to Kansas to vote fraudulently for Kansas to be free or slave respectively. (Pg. 433) They did not allow for actual Kansans to choose and made it difficult for Congress to incorporate Kansas.

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

Britain relinquished rights to build a canal in Central America that would connect the Atlantic and Pacific to the US in 1901. (Pg. 682)

Winston Churchill

Britain's english prime minister who served to help attempt to end WWII with the US.

Thomas Hutchinson

British governor in MA whose policies helped provoke the Boston Tea Party. (Pg. 158) Because of his support for imperialism, his house was looted and burned by the sons of liberty, symbolizing the violence that patriots had for anything that violated what the people wanted.

Gustavus Swift

Broke down the dealing of killing cows to repetitive assembly line and make an investment in transportation for cheapers, and invested in distribution. / Helped make mass production easier and cheaper.

White flight

Bulldozed neighborhoods to make large houses, large suburbs. (Lecture) / White flight was significant because it showed the trend of how the American society was still nativist and unwilling to coexist with minorities. This contributed to migration trends during the 1950s. With white flight, white Americans moved towards the suburbs to leave the big cities for the poorer minorities and this led to a lot of division between races and classes in the future.

Commercial Domesticity

Businesses worked to become more women and children friendly and refine their image to appeal to more consumers. (Pg. 577) / Lead to a surge of consumerism that fueled the economic boom of the 1920's and 1950's-1970's.

Noah Webster

CT school principal and lawyer who wrote many American dictionaries and argued that boys should be educated as a nationalist. (pg. 263) Pushed for the education and wanted to raise the nations intellectual standards.

Birth control pill

Capsule that women could take to prevent pregnancy. /There was a Christian fundamentalist uprising caused by the opposition to liberalism and progressive social trends that became the background for the protest against birth control pill. Conservatives, especially the religious ones, focused on abortion. After Roe v Wade decision came out, they developed their stance as the New Right and the "Moral Majority".

Northerners saw the South as barbaric, South idolized the attacker. (Pg. 481) Further sectionalized the north and south and only encourage more violence, leading up to the Civil War.

Carpetbaggers & Scalawags

Sentimentalism

Celebrated the appreciation of God, and encouraged young adults to marry for love, not resources. (Pg. 258) This movement helped bring more independence for women, being one of the first representations of women and their willingness for independence for the future and their society.

Cesar Chavez, Dolores Huerta & United Farm Workers

Chavez and Huerta were the leaders of the Mexican American community, they created a farm union to fight for laborers' rights using methods such as striking certain produce for years. (Pg. 897) / The work of Chavez and Huerta led to an overall wage increase in 1870s and was part of a bigger conflict of racial tensions and the lack of consciousness of America as a "nation of immigrants." Various ethnic groups including Latinos, American Indians, and Asian Americans, pushed for redress for the racial discrimination they faced in society and work.

Al Gore

Clinton's VP in the 2000 election, became a advocate for environmentalism after his electoral loss. / Demonstrated the revival of environmentalist efforts against climate change, especially reliance on foreign oil. It also showed how environmentalist, as counterculture activists, pushed for more recycling, reduce carbon footprint, less consumption, and general sustainability for the environment.

Slavery

Coerced labor of Africans in Southern states of America and supplied the labor for the South's plantations 1600-1800. (Pg. 282) With racial inferiority where whites southerners pushed for white supremacy, the oppression to the African American race was consisted up until the civil war.

Sons of Liberty

Colonists who in 1765, originated from Boston, MA (and eventually spread to other colonies), protested the Stamp act and others imperial acts that took place in the 1960s. (Pg. 158) Although it had a bad reputations for patriots, it gain a lot of support from many colonists to join.

Vietcong

Communist guerrillas in South Vietnam. (Lecture) / The Vietcong were significant because they pushed were from South Vietnam but still fought against the capitalist south. This showed how communism was starting to become a dominant force in areas like Vietnam. With the North Vietnamese army and the Vietcong, Vietnam soon fell under communism totally.

Globalization

Companies expand across borders and become international leading to a surge of capitalism across the world. (Pg. 1004) / The economy of one nation heavily impacts the economy around the world, the Great Recession hurt the European economy as well as America.

"Crime of 1873"

Congress adopted the gold standard and stopped making silver coins since a large amount of silver is expected to be mined soon. (Pg. 515) Farmers hated this because they want the inflation that would come with the influx of silver to pay off their debts, they form granges and the People's Party.

Samuel Gompers & AFL

Creator of the American Federation of Labor, who advocated for pure and simple unionism and focused on only skilled labors and individuals, that was every exclusive, excluding African Americans and women. / Unions were supported by the government after the world war because they pledged the no-strike pledge.

WWII - European Theater

Consisted of D-Day and V-E day, wars that were located in Europe during WWII.

War Powers Act

Consisted of the WACs and WAVES, women who helped within the war, being some of the most important contributors to WWII.

Equal Rights Amendment

Constitutional amendment passed by congress in 1972 that would require equal treatment of men and women under federal and state law. (Pg. 952)/ The failure of the Equal Rights Amendment to pass in the US represented the resistance to gender equality and issues that the US still faces to this day. The controversy of the Amendment has sparked the question on whether time limits should be set for amendments, and of gender equality as well.

Monopolies

Corporate control of the resources and the steps of the assembly line for a product, allowing them to undercut other independent companies and set their own prices without competition. (Pg. 548) / Allowed products to be made more cheaply so lower class was able to afford them.

Multinational corporations

Corporations who embraced globalization and spread across other countries. (Pg. 1010) / These corporations represented a globalization of the economy, which allowed for investment capital to flow out of nations all over the world; this also lead to cheaper labor, bad working conditions, and minorities being taken advantage of due to the outsourcing for labor outside of the U.S.

Public Works Administration

Created by FDR to put money into people's pockets by offering jobs in construction. (Pg. 741)

Welfare State

Created by FDR, laid by the New Deal program, where the government undertakes the task to protect the health and well beings of its citizens, financially and socially, through grants, pensions and other benefits.

Manifest Destiny

Created by John O'Sullivan in 1845, it referred to the movement of American individuals to the west, which helped increase the political extension of US territories, driven by the idea that it was God's plan to have Americans take over the entire continent, however was probably driven by more economic factors such as cheap land and precious metals. (Pg. 412) This is similar to the Americans' desire for imperialism when "liberating" the Philippines.

John Deere

Created the steel plow and mass produced it allowing for easier farming and higher agricultural yield 1837. (Pg. 296) With the creation of the steel plow, it increased the production on farms, making it easier to make a profit.

Vertical Integration

Cut out the middleman, everything is owned by the top person/figure, a model in which the company controlled all aspects of the production of all raw materials to finished goods (Pg. 547) / Contributed to the quota of the elitists and the poor, resulting in less competition due to the gigantic growth in big businesses.

World Trade Organization

Deals with rules of trade between the nations. / The World Trade Organization founded to regulate the international trade that drove the increasingly globalized world of the late 20th century, was seen as a symbol for America's wealth and capitalist nature, as it was built in New York; Al Qaeda terrorists attacked and destroyed the World Trade Organization in the 9.

Battle of Trenton

Dec. 26, 1776, Washington had a surprise attack on sleeping Hessians in Trenton and with this success, it motivated colonist towards their journey for independence. The American were empowered to fight in the American revolution, with Britain not really caring because their soldiers and government were tired of fighting.

Charles River Bridge Co. v. Warren Bridge Co.

Declared a legislative charter did not necessarily bestow a monopoly and challenging the binding nature of contracts 1837. (Pg. 331) Went to court to fight for the production of products for the general welfare.

Federal Trade Commission Act

Declared any unfair or deceptive practices that revolved around commerce was unjust and unlawful. / Helped to protect against unfair competition to help bust the trusts.

Ocala Demands

Demands that asked for lower tariffs and graduated income taxes, new banking system regulated by the federal government. / These policies were later put into place when the Great Depression occured.

Betty Friedan & The Feminine Mystique

Described the confinement of women's identities to motherhood and argued the stereotype of women staying home was isolating and suffocating in the 1950's. (Pg. 909)/ As a founder for the National Organization and a feminist, she went on to redress the discrimination against women and was able to gain recognition for her non-extremist ways yet distaste against abortion laws as a liberal feminist.

Keynesian Economics

Developed by John Maynard Keynes in the 1930s, that purposeful gov. Intervention in the economy can be affect the level of overall economic activity and thereby prevent severe depressions and runaway inflation. (Pg. 751)

Saddam Hussein

Dictator of Iraq who ignited the Gulf war through his invasion of Iraq and often quarrelled with the US through the US invasion of Iraq, until his death in 2004 by hanging. / The dictator of Iraq, who was deposed by the United States during the war on terror; his absence destabilized the country, and the US had to pay large sums of money to rebuild Iraq; the Shiite government installed in the country was incredibly anti-Sunni; many disenfranchised Sunnis turned to terrorism, in particular to a group called ISIS.

Partisanship

Division through party lines, Republican and Democrat. / Votes for Clinton's impeachment divided along party lines.

Declaration of Independence

Document that declared the separation from Britain and was adopted 1776, on July 4th. (Pg. 178) With seceding a nation/country when the people did not support its government reoccured during the Civil War, beginning with SC.

Robert LaFolette

Governor who fixed the corrupt rail system in Wisconsin. (Pg. 652) / An opponent of corporate power and helped root out corruption.

Virginia Plan

Drafted by Madison that introduced a powerful three branch government with representation in both houses of congress with the same number of representatives, to voice the small states in the national government. (Pg. 205) Foundation of the house of representatives.

Breakup of Yugoslavia / Balkanization

Due to the high concentration of various hostile minority groups controlled by soviets, Yugoslavia helped lead several smaller states against communism control. / Demonstrated NATO's power to eradicate Milosevic's ethnic cleansing in this region. Also demonstrates new diplomatic relationships after the end of Cold War.

Clinton health care failure

Due to the incredibly conservative times and the republicans control of both chambers of congress, Clinton's attempt at proposing a Healthcare system was a failure. / Demonstrated the general assumption that republicans resisted health care as unnecessary and that Clinton's democratic reforms were shut down by the republican dominated Congress.

Wall Street bull market of the 1980s

Due to the tax cuts and deregulation occuring during Reagan's era, with a promise that the lower class would decrease, Wall street increased their trade, which lead to the ultimate downfall in the stock market crash. / The bull market encouraged buying and speculation and was the cause of the Great Recession.

Court Packing

During FDR's second term, he attempted to create a law that would force Supreme Court justices to retire at 65 and increase the number of justices by 6 because the Supreme Court was not allowing some of his New Deals, was unsuccessful because it was seen as a power grab that messed with the purpose of check and balance. (Pg. 750)

Whiskey Ring

During Grant's administration, the treasury officials stole thousand of textile money. Displayed common corruption within the political figures, sharing common characteristics that could be found within the progressivism era with groups like political machines.

Credibility gap

During Kennedy years, if we lose vietnam after all the war and money, countries wouldn't believe in what America can do. / Specifically targeting LBJ's presidency, many Americans began to lose their faith towards the government with what was being stated and what actions were occuring, and with this major inability to trust the government, events such as Watergate, the Pentagon papers, and troops in Vietnam caused inconsistent path for Americans during the late 1900s, with inconsistent parties and the disdain in following certain political parties.

Kitchen debate

During Nixon's visit to the Soviet Union, he and Nikita Khrushchev got into a heated debate about their rival systems such as the American kitchen in the American National Exhibition in Moscow. (Pg. 840)/ The Kitchen Debate, which was a debate between U.S Vice President Richard Nixon and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, became one of the most famous moments of the Cold War

Margaret Sanger

During and after WWI, Sanger pushed for social welfare then branched off into advocating for birth control, opened the first birth control clinic.

Sexual Revolution

During the 1950's, Kinsey published studies that confirmed a hidden change had occurred to American society as sex became more prevalent outside of marriage. (Pg. 855) / Was birthed out of the baby boom and the constant strive, from the teenagers to rebel. Yet brought a lot of attention to the diseases and consequences of too much sex. The consequences were then put into the limelight when abortion laws became an issue and the HIV/AIDs epidemic. This soon showed that there were many bad consequences, which also made a small way for religious conservatives to spread their beliefs and morals on the importance of abstinence.

Non-violent Direct Action

During the Civil rights movement, is the practice of achieving goals such as social change through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, satyagraha, or other methods, while being nonviolent. / Set the Civil Rights Movement apart from all other wars that forced what they wanted through violence. Set an example of morality that ultimately granted what they wanted in a more respectable fashion.

Arms Race

During the Cold War, it was believed that the best deterrent to an attack by the communists was the threat of an all-out attack using the devastating power of nuclear weapons, the US and USSR raced to build this weaponry for fear of falling behind the other in technology. (Pg. 826) / With massive attempts to win dominance over the USSR and their sphere of communist influence around the globe, the arms races pushed scientific boundaries during the 50s to 60s, helped contribute to on-growing tensions with the USSR, and helped contribute to the ongoing nuclear fear that one country may unleash their descriptive weapons on another.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

During the Great Depression, Hoover thought the reason could be that people were not spending domestically so he raised the tariff, instead of helping the economy it created retaliatory tariffs in other countries and hindered global trade. (Pg. 736)

Military-Industrial Complex

Eisenhower recognised that in times of war, industries and the military have an unspoken alliance and this could lead to corruption and abuse of power. (Pg. 841) / Got the nation to come together for a little to collectively work on beating the dangers of communism. Thus propelling the nation towards numerous advances in technology and war strategy that would later be of use. / Got the nation to come together for a little to collectively work on beating the dangers of communism. Thus propelling the nation towards numerous advances in technology and war strategy that would later be of use.

Treaty of Paris of 1898

Ended the Spanish-American War, Cuba go independence from Spain and US got the Philippines for $20 million. (Pg. 678)

Hiroshima & Nagasaki

Ended the war with Japan in WWII with atomic bombs.

North American Free Trade Association (NAFTA)

Envisioned the creation of a free-trade zone covering all of North America. (Pg. 1010) / Created a free-trade zone in all of North America, which helped America to integrate itself in the European market and international markets in general.

International Monetary Fund

Established in the Bretton Woods Conference, served as a investor to high risk countries in the need of a capital infusion, works to promote trade by fostering corporations and regulate currency exchange rates. / The IMF regulates the economy and keeps anything like the Great Recession or Great Depression from occuring again, in theory.

Tea Party

Far-right opposition group against Obamacare. (Pg. 1031) / The Tea party was formed on an anti-tax anti-spending platform, and appealed to those who were tired of paying high taxes to support wars and other expenditures, such as education and healthcare; They helped elect a majority Republican Congress when Obama was in office, curbing his plans for universal healthcare.

Farmers' Alliance

Farmers who were often democrats, united to try to address their grievances about industrialization and the money supply, only to be defeated by the financially, well rounded republicans. / a situation similar to the elite and poorer individuals, were the poorer people unity together and try to voice out their situation, only to be ignored by their government, who are rich individuals.

Massive resistance

February 25, 1956, U.S. senator Harry F. Byrd calls for a strategy to oppose the integration of public schools in Virginia/ The pushback from white southerners delayed the move for desegregation and exemplified some americans unhappiness of the new role of the African American in society.

Works Progress Administration

Federal New Deal program established in 1935 that provided government-funded public works jobs to millions of unemployed Americans during the Great Depression in constructions and arts. (Pg. 749)

Environmental Protection Agency

Federal agency created by congress and Nixon in 1970 to enforce environmental laws, conduct environmental research, and reduce human health and environmental risks from pollutants. (Pg. 939) / The EPA, created by Richard Nixon in an effort to help control the US' influence upon the environment, represented the nation's growing awareness of environmental issues and impact that had carried over from the Gilded Age's progressive movement. The EPA would set the precedent for increased environmental awareness and events that still continue to this day.

National Recovery Administration

Federal agency established in June 1933 to promote industrial recovery during the Great depression by encouraging industrialists to voluntarily adopt coded that defined fari working conditions, set prices, and minimized competition. (Pg. 741)

Civilian Conservation Corps

Federal relief program that provided jobs to millions of unemployed young men who built thousands of bridges, roads, and other public structures, increasing the national infrastructure. (Pg. 741)

Centralized v. Decentralized Government

Federalist believed in a strong, centralized government while democratic-republicans/Anti Federalists believed in a weak decentralized government (more state governments). (Pg. 207) Due to the two beliefs, it caused a split and creation of the two parties in the late 1700s, creating the democratic republican party and the federalists.

Gold Standard Act

Firmly peg the dollar to gold, excluding silver and basically anything else that wasn't gold. / A act that made it difficult for money to cycle around, primarily only the wealthiest people were about to possess gold.

Moral Diplomacy

In Wilson's terms, it doesn't matter the amount of military or bank, but a safer world for democracy.

Coney Island

First amusement park built, opened in 1895. / First physically entertainment attraction that was built to entertain the public.

Sherman Antitrust Act

First law that forbid combinations that restraint trade, but was really weak and punished business not actions, and was used to break up unions rather than big businesses. / Was fixed during the world war by FDR in exchange for the no strike pledge.

John Marshall

First major court case was the Marbury vs. Madison, secretary of state for James Adams, and was the chief of justice of the supreme court. (Pg. 231) Helped give more power to the judiciary branch and the national government due to his ruling siding with the loose interpretation of the Constitution.

Bill of Rights

First ten amendments that protects individual rights and citizens and was ratified in 1791. (Pg. 216) Abolitionists believed that human rights expanded to also slaves, while pro-slavery section argued that the end of slavery would interfere with the individuals rights to property.

Gerald Ford

First unelected president who took office on August 9, 1974, following the resignation of President Richard Nixon (1913-1994), who left the White House in disgrace over the Watergate scandal./ This president's pardon of Nixon in regards to the Watergate scandal, although controversial, allowed the nation to move on from the Watergate crisis - and the political corruption involved around it - and redirect focus upon other important issues for national progression; also drew fire from Watergate babies (democrats) who demanded justice/trial for Nixon → internal division.

Northern War Strategy

First, the Union asked for the European countries not to interfere, then the border states were secured by possibly unconstitutional means, then the North would work to take control of the Mississippi River to cut the Confederacy in half, lastly the Union navy formed a blockade. The Northern War strategy was effective in winning the war.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Following the USS Maddox incident, gave Johnson freedom to conduct operations in Vietnam as he saw fit. (Pg. 911)/ By allowing LBJ to conduct operations in Vietnam as he saw fit, this mandate resulted in LBJ's escalation of the war in Vietnam (Operation Rolling Thunder, etc.) despite 1964 campaign promises not to; culminated in a widespread feeling of distrust between the people and the American government as the war situation was broadcasted/falsely manipulated by politicians; led to a withdrawal of public support and consequent military aid from Vietnam, resulting in the ultimate reunification of Vietnam under Communism.

Geneva Accords

Following the defeat of American backed French forces in the fortress of Dien Bien Phu, Vietnam was temporarily divided into North and South Vietnam. (Pg. 828)/ From the Geneva Accords, in which Vietnam was partitioned into the North/South at the 17th parallel, America propped up the pro-American (but oppressive) government of Ngo Dien Diem in the South and thus began the lengthy process of providing aid to South Vietnam - demonstrated the lengths in which the American government would go through to contain Communism, even if it meant supporting oppressive/anti-democratic regimes. This trend of supporting anti-communist governments would later be reflected during America's excursions in the Middle East, consequently igniting hostility from the native peoples with its militaristic presence → terrorism, war on terror, etc.

Bleeding Kansas

Forces for and against slavery clashed in Kansas, causing a series of violent outbreaks, illegal voting, and multiple events, including the Charles Sumner V. Preston Brooks court case, which also affected the election of 1856. (Pg. 433) The Civil War began early in Kansas, pro and anti slavery border ruffians fought violently at times.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

Formed by black ministers following the Montgomery Bus Boycott, joined the NAACP and lent its moral and organizational strength to the civil rights movement. (Pg. 882) / Formed and positively impacted the civil rights movements of the 1960s by promoting positive protest like sit-ins and was a factor in leading to the legalization of segregation de jure and legalization of more black rights.

Booker T Washington

Former slave who created Tuskegee University, that originally was meant to be technical school, that became known ivy leagues schools, and was the voice for the African American community. / With his determination to build himself up from being a freed slave, he rose to be one of the most influential figures who helped educate black students in black schools.

Sharecropping / Tenant Farming

Former slaves, now freedmen, had to work for their old masters but now without whipping or management of their private life and in exchange for wages instead of food and other necessities. (Pg. 491) Kept blacks in the lower social classes and made it more appealing to go to the north for jobs, especially during WWI when the Great Migration happened.

John C Calhoun

Founder of the Whig Party and defender of slavery who was extremely class conscious and saw a slave owner and factory owner v. enslaved blacks and propertyless whites conflict 1782-1850. (Pg. 333) Was a large opponent of abolition and headed arguments for slavery like the argument that whites were naturally superior.

Tenements

Four to six stories apartment buildings that were constructed poorly, leading to bad sanitation, fires, resulting in whole cities being burned down by lack of safety needs. / Caused a fire in a factory that killed many young women, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, and led to some regulations.

Marquis de Lafayette

French man who was a major general in the colonial army. Helped convince King Louis XVI to help America during it's revolution in the late 1750s to late 1830s.

Shay's Rebellion

From 1786-1787, an uprising of farmers in western MA that protested the taxation policies placed by the eastern elites who had power over the state's government. (Pg. 204) Another rebellion where Americans were fighting for more rights, showing that Americans still had the willingness to go against their own government.

Roscoe Conkling

From NY, known as the leader as stalwarts. / Was in favor of political machines and the spoils system and a republican.

Big Stick Diplomacy

From a quote by Theodore Roosevelt, meant that America should have the military might to back their words. (Pg. 682)

Voluntarism

Funding of churches by their members that allowed the laity to control the clergy while supporting the principle of self-government. (Pg. 270) Helped support the republican ideals in the 1800s.

National Defense Education Act

Funneled money into universities in order to encourage education and research to compete with the USSR in the science field during the Cold War. (Pg. 842)/ This initiative helped propel the competency in the academic field and aided programs like NASA.

Karl Rove

GWB's campaign manager and chief strategist who aided him, ascended to the governorship of TX and presidency. / Rove's campaigning helped move America into a more conservative time period as the people he supported would help push for neoconservatism.

Franchise model

Generally, it involves the owner of a business licensing to a third party the right to operate a business or distribute goods and/or services using the franchisor's business name and systems / Simulated business within the society and brought people, even women, out of their houses and into the workplace. And with the franchises, people were able to gain work experience and branch out, creating a big working society where it was expressed that if you weren't working, you were lazy.

Social Security

Government system that provides monetary assistance to people with inadequate or little to no income.

Woodrow Wilson

Governor of New Jersey who became the Democratic nominee in the 1912 election, his policy was similar to that of Roosevelt's. (Pg. 657)/ Helped transition America from isolationism to internationalism, and helped shape the democratic party as the party of reform.

Civil Rights Act of 1866 (I'm pretty sure it's 1865)

Granted citizenship to formerly enslaved slaves. (Pg. 481) Following the 13th amendment, this represented one of the first accomplishments regarding African American, only to take another century after another civil rights movement to finally receive equal rights as African Americans.

American GI Forum

Group founded by WWII veteran in Corpus Christi, TX, in 1948 to protect the poor treatment of Mexican American soldiers and veterans. (Pg. 877) / The Act helped veterans readjust to peacetime economy by providing low-interest loans for veterans to purchase home and attend college. Showed the American government's attempts to help its citizens and those that fought for the country. Now the country had to support them too.

Chicano Moratorium Committee

Group founded by activist Latinos to protest the Vietnam war. (Pg. 923) / This group of primarily Mexican American members assembled to rebel against the Vietnam War. The Chicano people opposed the war primarily because they felt that family life was being affected. The first demonstration took place in Los Angeles, 1969 and gained early support from similar groups nationwide.

Bonus Army

Group of 15,000 unemployed veterans who set up camp in 1932, demanding the Capital for immediate payment of pension awards due to be paid in 1945. (Pg. 738)

Truman Doctrine

Harry Truman's commitment to "support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures," with Greece and Turkey being the first countries to be applied, it gave justification for the US intervention into several countries during the Cold war. (Pg. 809) / The Truman Doctrine was significant because it followed the trend of America being the "city on a hill" and spreading democracy to other nations. This affected the future because it aided a lot nations that were in jeopardy from falling into communism and therefore helped prevent communism from becoming a dominant power.

General Ulysses S Grant

Heavy drinker who was good at winning wars, and a terrible president who was able to keep the growing power of white supremacist groups like the KKK in check, but unable to advance a unified Republican agenda or affect real change in the south. (Pg. 449) Grant was effective in keeping the KKK down but after reconstruction they rose up again and become substantially large by the 1900's.

Corrupt Bargain

Henry Clay thwarted Jackson's election and in return Adam appointed Clay as Secretary of State, an interaction that was obvious to opponents there had been an agreement 1825. (Pg. 319) With this, it completely changes the outcome of the presidency, allowing Clay to be secretary of state, throwing Jackson out of the election.

Political Machines

Hierarchical party organization whose candidates remained in office on the support of their political organization plus their relationship with voters, especially working class immigrants who had little to no access to political power. (Pg. 619) / Aiding immigrants at this time created a sense of patriotism when it came time for the draft, many immigrants were willing to fight for their country.

Romantic Notion of the Cowboy

Hollywood portrayed cowboys as brave and heroic figures of the past, some mourned for a perceived loss of American culture. (Pg. 535) Hollywood tended to be racist, especially to african americans in the form of stereotypes and blackfacing.

Gay rights movement

Homosexual men and women demanded greater rights in housing, education, and employment sectors and recognition of gay marriage. (Pg. 1019) / Repelled many voters who saw homosexuality as immoral, they supported the Republican party because they supported traditionalism.

HUAC

House Un-American Activities Committee, investigated alleged communists and anti-war activists. (Pg. 948) / HUAC represented the country's attitudes against communism, its spread, and the Soviet Union itself during the duration of the Cold War. Acting with little restraint and accusing others of crimes with hardly any proper ground & evidence, HUAC was the epitome of mass hysteria and fright within the American government that would continue for much of the late 20th century.

Rationing & Salvaging

Huge program that legalized rationing with the belief that anything that could go to Europe was rational, and that anything could be turned into something for the war.

HIV/AIDS

Human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, infected 50 million people of both sexes but became associated with homosexuality and immorality. (Pg. 985) / The sexually transmitted disease that still affects today's society. Due to these diseases, the homosexual community is now getting more rights due to the public seeing and realizing the mistreatment of an entire community during the start of the disease's prominence.

Persian Gulf War

Hussein, leader of Iraq, invaded Kuwait to block off Iran's access to the sea, however the US wanted Iran's oil so the UN invaded Iraq but did not remove Hussein. (Pg. 997) / America defended their oil supply but did not remove Hussein from power, leaving the country stable at the time.

Reaganomics / Supply-side economics

Idea that lower taxes on the wealthy as a way to invest on the production side would lead to greater economic gains for everyone as opposed to government spending and Keynesian economics. (Pg. 983) / Gave Republicans significant support from voters since they now had an economic theory to oppose Keynesian economics.

Americanization

Immigrants trying to assimilate to American culture and their ways of life. / This causes a merge in cultures and helping to combine different ethnic groups to come together, and helped immigrants feel in a sense, that they belonged within American.

Boston Massacre

In 1770, an incident that rallied sentiments against imperialism after a British soldier was harassed by a mob that led to reinforcements arriving, that ended with five people dying. (Pg. 166) Gave the colonists a sense of unity, with later led into the American revolution

Battle of Saratoga

In 1777, with a surrender of British general John Burgoyne, the multistage battle ensured the diplomatic success of American representatives, who won a military alliance with France. (Pg. 187) With American victory, this helped encourage the Americans and empower them, with America fighting another war with Britain in the future.

Battle of Yorktown

In 1781, a Franco- American victory that broke the resolve of the British government when the french and the american troops trapped the british army under the command of Charles Cornwallis, Yorktown, Virginia. (Pg. 195) With Washington's win (making him a war hero), the country was politically unified for a period of time because of their affinity for Washington.

French Revolution

In 1789, revolution in France that abolished feudalism and established a constitutional monarchy. Was accepted by most Americans but seemed to radical. (Pg. 219) The French revolution showed America that governing through the privileged would eventually be overthrown by the people of its country.

Jay's Treaty

In 1795, a treaty made by John Jay allowed Britain to stop American trade boats and allowed Americans to submit claims for captures and made Britain remove their troops from Indian allies from NorthWest territories. (Pg. 222) Did little to nothing and resulted in Britain gaining more control over America in the seas, and resulted in the creation of the embargo act.

Louisiana Purchase

In 1803, Jefferson used powers unstated by the constitution to purchase land that nearly doubled the size of America. (Pg. 233) A huge increase in land that eventually caused disputes during the civil war due to the railroads and the placement of the tracks, and whether or not certain sections of the land would be free or a slave state.

McCulloch v. Maryland

In 1819, A supreme court case established the dominance of national over state statutes. (Pg. 241) A court case that aided the creation of the bank, stating that it was constitutional.

Great Railroad Strike

In 1877, railroad workers walked off their jobs and halted all transportation on the railroads to protest steep wage cuts during the depression. (Pg. 565) / Strike to fight for workers rights.

Pullman Strike

In 1893 to 1894, wages were cut 25%, resulting in workers going on strike. / Public protests were often successful in creating attention for issues and used to advocate for Civil Rights and other social justice issues.

Great Recession

In 2008, a major fall in the stock markets, due to speculation surrounding housing, placed America in an economic crisis. / Lead to a switch of political parties in the white house as Republicans lost support, Bill Clinton was elected.

Chicano Movement

In Denver, 15 thousand Mexican American students gathered to create a new political and cultural agenda and used the term Chicano/Chicana to replace "Mexican American" to promote Chicano interests. (Pg. 897) / This helped mirror the civil rights movement amongst Mexican-Americans, who sought to fight for education, ethnic studies in colleges (Uni. of SF), social injustice, while shining light upon the unequal access to opportunities such as education, living conditions, and jobs due to racial stereotypes.

Sit-in

In Greensboro, four college students sat at a white only lunch counter and were determined to wait until they were served, the local custom was to refuse service, they continued for weeks and the trend caught on with hundred of other students. (Pg. 882) / Maintained the motivation for the civil rights movements while peacefully protesting which led to equal voting rights for African Americans in the south and decreasing the segregation between blacks and whites.

Brooks-Sumner fight

In a speech called. "Crimes against Kansas," an abolitionist singled out NC senator, resulting in his Nephew beating the abolitionist with a heavy cane, incapacitating the abolitionist for four years

Iran-Contra Affair

In order to get Iran's help in releasing the hostages, the administration quietly sold them arms, then gave the money to the Contras in Nicaragua to overthrow the Sandinistas and get rid of the money which was evidence. (Pg. 992) / This showed that Reagan, in an era of detente, was willing to cross lines to try to keep the communists where they were, with a containment mindset.

Birmingham Protests

In order to get a civil rights bill, activists needed a nonviolent protest in the most segregated city in America, the sight of nonviolent protesters facing violence through dogs, electric cattle prods, and high-pressure fire hoses brought the activists national attention and a response from Kennedy. (Pg. 883) / The violent retaliation from the public safety commissioner resulted in a national call of attention and public sympathy on the side of the protesters and children who marched. It helped pave the way for the Civil Right Act a year later.

Henry Ford

Made us of the automated assembly line. / Due to mass production and assembly lines, it weakened the position of skilled workers in terms of bargaining for better wages and conditions.

Imperialism (both European and how it connected to American actions)

Increasing a country's power by expanding its influence to smaller countries either by diplomacy or military force, this is justified by Americans' fear that other European countries could surpass them and the theory of Social Darwinism that said the "Anglo-Saxon" race and Christianity were superior to other races and cultures. (pg. 674)

Dan Quayle

Indiana Senator whom George H. W. Bush chose as his running mate to promote family values in the 1988 election. (Pg. 996) / His conservative viewpoints demonstrated that republicans wanted a "return to normalcy" and back to a two-parent family to counter the perceived moral decay of America.

Howard Jarvis & Tax revolt

Inflation pushed real estate values upward and made taxes unaffordable especially for lower income Californians, Jarvis proposed Proposition 13 which lowered taxes which cut public spending and in general benefited the wealthy, middle class, and businesses at the expense of the lower class. (Pg. 947) / The Tax revolt in the 1970s reflect the growing neo-conservative political ideals that were spreading across the nation as a reaction to liberalism. The Tax revolt slashed property taxes by a considerable margin, and forced the government to roll back on some of its services; Ronald Reagan would take a similar approach to the federal economy with his supply-side economics.

Multipolar world

Instead of viewing the world as having two superpowers, US and USSR, people recognized other world powers like European nations and Japan and believed their power would balance each other. / Reduced tension between the US and USSR as other nations like Japan became recognized as global powers.

Containment

Introduced by Kennan in 1946, believed that as long as the United States opposed Soviet influence expansion on all parts of the world, communism wouldn't be able to expand into neighboring countries. / This policy of keeping communism within its borders gave America an agenda for their foreign policies, helped influence generations of conservative Americans that neighboring communist countries will pose a threat to democracy, which shifted the American mindset to what a perfect government should look like and ended up altering the path of countless, foreign countries in the future in their choice of ruling. p

Emancipation Proclamation

January 4, 1863, act that enforced by Lincoln that stated that "All slaves in territory in rebellion were free," essentially made the army into an liberating army. (Pg. 464) With freeing slaves in the south,this helped increase the amount of people fighting for civil rights and emancipation, helping the north increase their chances of winning the war by a long run.

Gadsden Purchase

Jefferson Davis purchased a small piece of land from Mexico for 10 million dollars so that they could built the transcontinental railroad that went from LA to Houston. A railroad that went down through the Southern states would improve the economy in the South.

Embargo Act

Jefferson, tired from all the attacks received from Britain and France, in 1807 prohibited US ships from going to foreign ports to put a halt on attacks- however led to economic depression. (Pg. 234) With causing an economic depression, it exercised a fed. power that the people hated, being one of Jeffersons worst mistakes.

Harper's Ferry

John Brown planned to lead a group of black and white abolitionists to raid an arsenal and hopefully start a rebellion one plantation at a time. (Pg. 438) Was unsuccessful but created fear among plantation owners who would then see secession to be the only way to prevent the northerners from abolishing slavery.

Roe v. Wade

Justices nullified a Texas law that prohibited abortion under any circumstances. (Pg. 956) / The landmark case legalizing abortions played a crucial role in the feminist movement and the many other equal rights cases.

Johnson was nearly impeached, saved by one vote, however, Congress had shown its power. (Pg. 483) Johnson was a Democrat who became president during the Reconstruction Era and granted the south amnesty easily, and was confronted with his corrupted actions that mirrored those during the progressivism era.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

New Frontier

Kennedy's agenda, promoted a sense of adventure and masculinity that encouraged facing "new terrain." (Pg. 830) / Reflected many of the same ideals that liberal presidents following JFK would continue.

Temperance

Kept with the middle class ethics that spread democracy, and tried to turn the lower class to live like the upper class; more proper. The reformation issue that many women worked for.

A bill that was barely passed that would organized the land and would split a large piece of territory into two, that specifically repealed the Missouri compromise, and stated slavery would be based on popular sovereignty, killed the whig party, and resulted in the creation of the republicans. (Pg. 431) The act initially led to the event regarding the "Bleeding Kansas," further dividing the pro slavery and anti-slavery sectors, and lead to the civil war.

Know-Nothing Party

Louis Armstrong

Major impact within the Harlem Renaissance, specifically Jazz.

Warren Burger

Known for the Burger Cases, was the 15th Chief Justice of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1986. / Warren Burger was significant because it was a very liberal court that created decisions that were super progressive during its time. This liberal court led to court cases like Roe vs Wade that legalized abortion.

A party that were anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic, wanted to prohibit further immigration, when asked what they were, would say: "I know nothing" hence the name. (Pg. 432) They helped contribute to the common theme of nativism and their attempt to keep America white, leading to creations of organizations such as the KKK.

Ku Klux Klan

Indian Wars / Reservation Wars

Land taken from the Indians were compensated but the funds were taken by corrupt politicians, eventually rebellion broke out 1862. (Pg. 526) The sense of racial and cultural superiority normalized racism and slavery.

Created by Nathan Bedford Forrest, was one of the three districts that extended to most of the southern states, a terrorist group that targeted to demolish the movement to gain political and economical rights to blacks. (Pg. 499) With organizations out specifically to discriminate against African Americans, they later played in the major civil right movement during the progressivism era, that fought against the demand for equal rights.

Land-grant colleges

Great Compromise

Larger states representation came from the population in the House of Rep. and smaller states were appeased by equal representation in the senate.

Vicksburg

Last city in the South that southerners were not willing to surrender that held out the Mississippi river, but eventually fell to the north. Because of how much of a disadvantage the south was to the north, the fall of the last southern city showed the nation that it was inevitable for the south to win the civil war, cutting off necessities the south needed.

Title IX

Law passed by congress in 1972 that broadened the 1964 Civil rights act to include educational institutions, prohibiting colleges and universities that receive federal funds from discriminating on the basis of sex. / Title IX was significant towards the equality among race and classes in America, allowing all races and classes to enjoy the same opportunities and funding in terms of education programs and extracurricular programs.

Equal Pay Act

Law that established the principle of equal pay for equal work, specifically pushed by trade union women. (Pg. 908) / The Equal Pay Act ensured gender equality in terms of monetary income, which was a significant victory for women during the women's rights movement. The women's rights movement, along with the civil rights movement, grew to great prominence during the 1960s and 1980s.

English Common Law

Laws that protects the monarch subject's lives and property dating back centuries ago. (Pg. 159) The basic rights were practiced and was promoted within american society, which helped lead to the idea that slaves deserved these rights too as human beings, pushing the abolitionists and pro-slavery southerners and their beliefs that their rights was to own their property.

Palmer Raids

Lead by Attorney General A. Mitchell, a series of raids that focused on radial organizations that peaked in January 1920, when federal agents arrested 6,000 citizens and aliens, denying them access to legal counsel. (Pg. 709)

War Industries Board

Lead by Bernard Baruch, the federal government regulated production and set prices during WWI. (Pg. 688)

Horace Mann

Lead the reform movement to increase elementary schooling, lengthened the school year 1837-1848. (Pg. 367) Increased the will and need for education, and by lengthening the years of school, it promoted for a more educated, informed society.

Abu Ghraib

Lead to trials in military courts for the dehumanization of prisoners of war in Iraq, 2004, and for violating the Geneva Convention. (Pg. 1029) / This place showed the significance of the war on terror and the ends that America would go through to ensure the "safety" of people by torturing others. Created terror in Americans eyes and fear of the things that were occurring behind the curtain.

Osama bin Laden

Leader of Al Qaeda and took credit for 9/11. / Created an outpour of sympathy from other foreign countries to due to his leadership in the terrorist attacks, and also lead to the war on terrorism in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Iran. / He warned America about illegal immigrants, causing many states taking immigration matters into their own hand; caused a lot of debate and worry over immigrants coming from southern and eastern europe, as well as increase racism over minorities in the country.

John Brown

Leader of the Harper's Ferry event and radical abolitionist. (Pg. 438) Although he was not successful, he helped demonstrate the willpower to fight for emancipation, being a key figure who attempted to bring down slavery within the south.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Leader of transcendentalists and philosopher 1803-1882. (Pg. 346) Reflected desire for the individual and nature and wilderness as a reaction to industrialization and the in-distinguished factory work.

National American Women's Suffrage Association

Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, advocated the need for women to lead organizations on own behalf for themselves, focusing primarily on women rights, and took up the battle for a federal women's suffrage amendment. (Pg. 486) / Major influencers for women's rights and feminism, resulting in the women's right to vote and getting the same rights as men.

Herbert Hoover

Led the Food Administration during WWI and encouraged farmers to double their acres of grain as well as successfully "rationing" by encouraging Americans to go without certain foods each day of the week. (Pg. 689-690)

Ethnic Enclave

Like Little Tokyo or Chinatown, it was little pockets in a city or large urban areas where the same ethnicities would stay together for support and comfort. / Helped provide cities of one culture, that help diverse community strive.

Deregulation

Limiting regulations by federal agencies, such as prices in the transportation industries, and even expanded to include cutting back on gov. Protections of consumers, workers, and the environment. (Pg. 950)/ A term used to describe state regulations. It assumably repeals government involvement in the economy and became common in the late 1900s, (specifically 1970-1990).

Public university that were created through the Morrill act, which authorized the sale of federal lands to raise money to support education. (Pg. 516) This helped reform society and encouraged for a higher education for everyone and not just white males.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

A series of debates between Lincoln and Douglas in the Senate race, Douglas won but the news coverage gave Lincoln a lot of fame. (Pg. 438) By publicizing Lincoln, this helped ensure Lincoln's win from the north during the presidential competition, later helping him emancipate the slaves.

Literacy Test

The south wanted to redeem the original south again by creating these unfair tests given to blacks to keep voting in check (Ex. would give a easy, simple one to whites while the blacks would have to take a very complex, unfair version of the test). This helped foreshadow later discrimination to African Americans in the 20th century, later leading to the civil rights movement.

Long Drive

Taylorism

Made a automated assembly line where cars moves to the workers. / The assembly line reduced the need for skilled labor and made it more difficult to get a well paying job with a good skill set.

18th Amendment

Made it illegal to produce and sell alcohol.

Democrats (Jacksonian)

Opposed Federalists and supported President Jackson. Represented a lot of people who did not like Jackson at the time.

A system that was put in place after the completion of the Missouri Pacific railroad (1865), where cowboys would herd cattle from North of Texas to cow towns located in Kansas. (Pg. 519) Helped romanticize the "strong" men in the west, increasing the migration of Americans to the west which later causes more urbanization to occur.

March to the Sea

Companionate Marriage

Marriage based on the values of equality and mutual respect rather than resources in the 1800's. (Pg. 258) In addition to the Republican Motherhood ideals, complete independence from British control also prompted independence to British custom, specifically arranged marriage.

From September to March, union forces under the control of General Sherman from Atlanta to the coast of Savannah, literally destroyed everything as there were traveling, including the burnings of plantations, house lootings, etc. By literally demolish the south, it made it impossible for the south to win during the civil war, with the destructions later causing major financial demands that hurt many rural citizens.

Massachusetts 54th Regiment

Immigration Trends

Massive waves of people who came during the 1880s to 1920s for the economic opportunities presented in the US, settling in industrial cities. / Minorities were more able to find jobs during WWI and WWII because of the labor shortages.

V-E Day

May 8th, the day the Nazis surrendered, ending the WWII within the European theaters.

La Raza Unida

Meaning "the United Race," a political party that promoted Chicano interests. (Pg. 897)/ Inspired by Civil Rights Leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr, and Malcolm X, they decided that the actions taken by the Chicano Movement was not doing enough in order to reach their goals.

Interlocking Directorates

Members of a board of one company also serves on boards of other companies. / gave multiple authority to higher working figures.

National Association Opposed to Women's Suffrage

Men and women organized a group against women's suffrage arguing that women's vote would subject their husbands to "petticoat" rule, that voting rights meant women reformists were no longer neutral towards politics which had given them a loud voice, and that in general women would be better citizens without voting rights. (Pg. 592) / Displayed common ideologies that were popular during their time, think that women are better off not getting involved since they are incapable of succeeding.

Industrial Revolution

Merchants and manufacturers exploited a wide range of resources and created factories, increasing output of manufactured goods and raised living standards 1790-1860. (Pg. 286) The industrial revolution made luxury products available to the middle and even lower class. However it also de-skilled labor with the inventions of the assembly line which made jobs insecure for the working class.

Education in the new republic

Merchants and manufacturers wanted a better education in the 1820s, while women advocated for better education for women in the 1800s. (Pg. 263) Education in the New Republic stressed the need for future generations to be educated to be valuable members of the democratic society. This lead of movement of women (primarily mothers) in the new republic to receive an education so that they could educate their children, (an early step in the fight for women's rights).

Rosie the Riveter

Middle class women who began getting involved within the war (roughly 30% of the workforce were women), who helped built heavy machinery that were essential for WWII.

Market Revolution

Migration of people to the Greater Mississippi River basin as a result of new canals and roads and expanded trade 1820. (Pg. 293) The market revolution changed the American economy by giving middle and lower class access to goods formerly luxury goods, land speculation created cycles of boom and bust.

Fireaters

Militant activists who threatened secession and later seceded after Lincoln's inauguration. (Pg. 430) Due to the disconnect with the south and the north, succession lead to the civil war, that eventually ended with the emancipation of the slaves.

The first black soldiers who showed the Union their value. (Pg. 466) Help display to America what African Americans were worth protecting, and helped provide more rights regarding African Americans and their rights as citizens.

Millard Fillmore

Lyman Beecher

Minister who converted the second great awakening, bashed other religions (including drinking, gambling), and wanted to the Christ to the US. One of the first individuals to go against the norms (predestination), and said that people were in control of their faith and what would happen to them after they died- basically said that people can change for the better and could fix themselves to go to heaven.

Became president after Zachary Taylor's death and helped write the Compromise of 1850 which lost favor for his Democratic Party. (Pg. 429) The compromise was necessary to admit California as a free state but the Fugitive Slave Act was in practice not worth tipping the slave to free state ratio in free-state's favor, this eventually led to the Civil War.

Morrill Act

Benevolent Empire

Movement of reforms led by ministers that discouraged behavior like alcoholism as a form of control on the lower class by upper and middle class 1820's. (Pg. 305) The rapidly changing economy prompted change in society as a result of the stress of unfamiliarity. Managing the lower class workers is a theme in the industrialized economy, an example being the assembly line.

City beautiful

Movement that advocated for greener landscaped with open access to parks and landscape sceneries. (Pg. 626) / Movement that promoted the preservations of the environment, late helped segregate national landmarks for its natural beauty.

Environmentalism

Movement that fought for a healthier, clean world to live in. (Pg. 939) / this push for a major fight to conserve the environment, and shined light upon the consequences of damaging our environment for the sake of money, contributing to various scenarios such as environmental racism, the preservation of national parks, and increase in city greenery.

Reagan Democrats

Much of the "silent majority" from Nixon era, blue-collar workers who were dissatisfied with liberal Democrats. (Pg. 982) / Reagan Democrats were Democrats who voted for Reagan; they were typically white, working class citizens in the Rust Belt who voted for Reagan after stagflation and deindustrialization took their jobs; these people would shift to the Republican party in later elections as Republican politicians such as Trump promised to bring their jobs back.

War in Iraq

NATO joined forces to invade Iraq as part of the War on Terror. (Pg. 1027) / The government learned not to let the media get too close to the war, they war was infrequently shown and sort of staggered as the US needed to instill a new government after overthrowing Hussein.

1916, federal agency that provided protection to the growing systems of national parks. (Pg. 583) Helped protect federal lands, many still existing till the 21st century in order to help protect the environment.

Oregon Trail

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

NY senator, Van Buren tried to win support from the in NY, Ohio and Kentucky with a tariff that raised tasks on products (iron, textiles, raw material goods), but ended up enraging the South who did not need tariff protection for their industries and hated the high prices of imported goods. (Pg. 320) More reason for the South to secede.

George Washington Plunkitt

NY's political machine, an influential leader in Tammany Hall. / Challenged conventional ideas about corruption and disinterested public service.

NASA

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the federal agency that is responsible for aerospace research, aeronautics, and the civilian space program./ Their race with the USSR to the moon helped bankrupt the Soviet Union and end their regime.

1862, set aside 140 mil. Federal acres of land that states could sell to raise money for public universities. (Pg. 516) Helped protect land specifically for education, helping to advance the demand and necessity for education.

National Park System

Whigs

National party that consisted of many evangelical Protestants who opposed President Andrew Jackson and compared him to a king 1830's. (Pg. 332) This party stood to protect national banks, tariffs, and worked to help strengthen federal powers.

Group of 8

Nations that joined together to control the major international financial organizations and regulate and formalize trade agreements. (Pg. 1009) / The Group of 8 were essentially the main countries that controlled most of the market and they still do to this day.

American Protective Association

Nativist group thats tried to remove catholics and restrict immigration. / Physical representation of the nativist ideals that were still popular in the progressive era, an attempt to keep foreigners out to keep America white again.

Agricultural Adjustment Act

New deal program that was passed in May 1933 that aimed at cutting agricultural production to raise crop prices, thus farmers' income. (Pg. 741)

Personal computer

New technological advancements made the computer increasingly more available for casual use. / The introduction of a personal computer reflected the grow in technological advances made in the 70s, as well as a big government playing a role in the development of technology.

Nixon's visit to China

Nixon meeting Communist leader Mao. / Nixon's visit to China was a crucial step in his plan to dismember and end the Vietnam War. This action was a vital step towards the downfall of the USSR as its many communists satellite states and "allies" were losing control and power.

Nat Turner

Slave who rallied about 60 slaves along with friends and relatives to revolt killing 55 white men women and children on the eclipse of August 1831. (Pg. 361) Rose tensions in the South, slave owners feared it would happen to them.

Checkers Speech

Nixon went on TV to dispute the bribe claims on him and mentioned his dog that made America love him. / This speech boosted Nixon's campaign and resulted in him remaining a strong Republican candidate for presidency despite controversy. This speech also supported Nixon financially as he was reimbursed for his expenses.

Bobby Kennedy

Nominated democrat for the elections, however, was shot in the kitchen. / As an aggressive advocate for the poor and a harsh critic of war, he posed a great obstacle for Nixon's election until he was assassinated.

Rust Belt

Northeastern and midwestern states where manufacturing declined. (Pg. 944) /Used to be the iron and steel production capital of the world however as other countries began to regain economic traction the upper states that onced used to be the power of steel production fell and it impacted American economy and changed gear towards other industries.

Ellis Island

Off the coast of NY, immigrants had to pass through Ellis island to get into the US and citizenship. / allowed over 1 million european descents to immigrate to America, increasing population density within cities like NY, individuals who later advocated for civil and working rights.

Normalcy

Often applied to Warren G. Harding, a belief to treat within ourselves and stay comfortable, to forget the progressive mindset.

Black Panthers

Organization dedicated to protecting African Americans from police violence, Oakland Cali, by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale in 1966. (Pg. 894) / Help fight militantly against the oppressive government and officers from african americans, helped contribute to the desegregation of civil rights and rules.

Birth of a Nation

One of the first films to be made, it heroically depicted the Ku Klux Klan during the Reconstruction Era. (Pg. 663) / Almost like the birth of propaganda, the creation of the first movie helped contribute to the future sources of entertainment that revolved around racial prejudice and discrimination.

Steve Jobs & co.

One of the prominent manufacturers of computers, massive fortune of APPLE, and guided it's was to success. / Steve Jobs was able to bring the technological revolution to the masses by creating an easy-to-use, general purpose computer: the Apple II, which increased the usability of a typical computer by adding things like a mouse and things on the screen that can be clicked; the introduction of the computer to the average household utterly revolutionized communications and business alike.

JP Morgan & Northern Securities Company

One of the richest men of the time. / Major figure in supporting big businesses and was greedy.

Cornelius Vanderbilt & Railroad Industry

One of the wealthiest men of the time, Vanderbilt owned railroads. / Railroads later on helped increase production, and helped contribute to the nation's wealth.

J Robert Oppenheimer & Manhattan Project

Oppenheimer was one of the directors of the Manhattan Project, he was a physicist who helped create the atomic bomb. (Pg. 793)

American Indian Movement

Organization established in 1968 to address the problems Indians faced in American cities, including poverty and police harassment, organised Indians to end relocations and termination policies and to win greater control over their cultures and communities. (Pg. 898) / The founding has led to protests for American Indian interests as well as cultural renewal and a monitoring of police activities similar to the Black Panthers except with no violence. The government focused on proposals to solidify US and Native American relations.

Trusts

Organized a small group of associates where directors helped stock all the firms together and made them into a single, large business. / Development of trusts resulted quickly in the development of large- corporations what later refined what the working spheres were like in the 1950s.

A Philip Randolph

Organizer and creator of the "Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters," declaring a march on Washington, declaring a non-violent environment for African Americans to advance.

Ho Chi Minh & Vietminh

Originally nationalist, Ho Chi Minh became communist after the US showed no support for Vietnam's desire for self-determination, engaged in the Vietnam War with US./ Ho Chi Minh's legacy upon Vietnam has affected its foreign policy for the majority of the 20th century; his resistance to French colonization as well as US intervention during the Vietnam War allowed Vietnam to retain its sovereignty as well as guide it to communist unity.

Mass culture

Originated by Henry Ford, helped invent a system of mass production of goods specifically on the assembly of standardized goods/parts. (Pg. 551) / Allowed for products to be made quickly leading to consumerism but also lowered wages and lead to unionization.

The most traveled trail by approx. 300,000 Americans during their migrations towards the west. Resulted in the many failures to cross due to the difficulties with the environment upon traveling, it helped established the concept of the journey to the American dream.

Ostend Manifesto

Donald Trump

Our current president. / Demonstrated a contemporary example of the republican agenda: deregulation, tax cuts for the rich, and advent foreign affairs.

Patriots

People who wanted to be independent from Britain. (Pg. 159) The patriots were the ones saying the parliament was unfairly taxing the people, creating the phrase "No taxation without representation," and placed a belief that the government cannot treat their people unfairly, influencing further movements on what the government should not do.

Technology revolution

Personal computers grew more significant as well as the internet during the 90's. (Pg. 1012) / People saw the potential in computers and wanted their children to be "the next Bill Gates" so they poured money for their children's education and invested in computers.

Resulted from inflation, over stimulation of grain growth from European wars and speculation for railroad building, resulting in the north and west seeking for new political issues to safeguard their issues for the future (specifically higher tariffs and homesteads) and taught the South a bad lesson, believing the cotton was invincible. With the south believing that they were invincible, they increased their ignorance in that they didn't need to advance with their technology, playing a big role to white the south lost drastically during the civil war.

Personal-Liberty Laws

Forty-Niners

Over 80,000 people living in CA, mainly single men who weren't going to pay for their slaves, family, property to come over, men who would pay a lot of money for women to do domestic work (not sex). (Pg. 425) They were hostile to immigrants who came to do find gold just as they did, particularly the Chinese and got laws like the Chinese Exclusion Act passed.

Election of 1860

Overall election- if the north and west can elected a president without the south's consent, that it is tyranny, resulting in Lincoln winning without a single vote in the south, and lead to the south seceding, SC being the first. (Pg. 438) With the inevitable civil war, this election practically pushed the south away from the north, but because they weren't advance in the technology spectrum, abolition happened for the slaves.

Causes of the Great Depression

Overproduction in factories, uneven wealth distribution, weak credit structure, high tariff that discouraged trade with other countries, and declining availability of money as it got turned into stuff. (Pg. 728)

1854, American diplomats, sent by pro-slavery Pierce tried to secretly buy cuba, was written in this document to provoke Northern politicians when the document was released in the press. Resulted in the major uproar against anti slavery groups due to Cuba already being a established slavery territory.

Panic of 1873

Gold standard

Paper notes issued by the bank would be backed by gold from the vaults. (Pg. 515) Farmers wanted dollars to be backed by silver as well during the Free Silver movement to inflate the dollar and make debt easier to pay.

Education Reform

Particularly in the North, education was seen as an important part of middle class culture. With the push for a schooling, it resulted in generations of more educated white folks.

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act

Passed by Obama pre-great recession, which was created to aid and stimulate the economy by pledging $787 million to create jobs and projects to promote foreign and domestic investment to aid the economy. / Demonstrated a rebirth of liberal efforts to fix the economy during major economic downturns by bailing out corporations and businesses.

Black Codes

Passed by southern states after the civil war, it denied access to equal rights to whites male and was an attempt to force African Americans back to a plantation labor system that was extremely similar to those during the era of slavery. (Pg. 481) Some of the black codes were adopted and sanctioned by the national government and known as Jim Crow laws.

Immigration Reform and Control Act

Passed in 1986 that disincentivized employers from hiring illegal immigrants. / This act really put the nation against the undocumented citizens and is affecting today because that sentiment against the undocumented citizens boiled over and could be seen in the presidency today.

Boston Tea Party

Patriots dressed up as Indians and dumped the East India Company's tea in the boston harbor in 1773, that led to the creation of the coercive acts. (Pg. 169) First rebellion against the British rule what take effect on the American revolution because of the British rebellions.

Know Nothing Party

People who hated immigrants and foreign ignorance; interested in keeping America American. Immigrants were not welcomed by the working class and many middle class Americans.

Benjamin Rush

Philadelphia Patriot who proposed a ambitious proposal for a comprehensive primary/secondary, followed by college training to young men, and argued that young women should teach men the path to righteousness and their sons knowledge. (Pg. 259, 263) This pushed the fight for education because for a republic to work the voters would need to have higher education. Women were now being educated so they could teach their children who would be future voters.

Horizontal Consolidation

Pioneered by Rockefeller, a business concept that pressured competitors and force rivals to merge their companies into a large corporation. (Pg. 548) / Lost of individuality and made competition weaken do to big corporation owning everything.

Emergency Economic Stabilization Act

Pledged $700 billion dollars in order to bail out many of the nation's banks to further stall America's economic calamity. / The act tried to stop the Great Recession, in 2008, from getting any worse that it already was. It bailed out a lot of the major banks in the United States and it somewhat stabilized the US stock market.

Affirmative Action

Policies established in the sixties and seventies in attempts to end discrimination in business, government, schools, and other institutions. (pg. 950) / Affirmative action was an important factor in setting up and enforcing the eventual increase in civil rights and justice, as it held a strict standard on the economic side to allow all races a place in the workplace.

Dollar Diplomacy

Policy that emphasized the connection between America's economic/political interest overseas, stating that business would gain diplomatic efforts while strengthening American economics presence overseas, thus giving America added leverage to American diplomacy. (Pg. 711)

"Don't Ask Don't Tell"

Policy that regarded the LGBT community from the US military, which was eventually repealed during Obama's presidency, about the prohibition of service men disclosing their information about their homosexualities and superiors from inquiring others/subordinates' on their sexualities. (Pg. 1031) / Before removed by President Barack Obama, this law ensured the safety of homosexuals by ensuring that their sexuality will not be known and therefore they will be equally treated and not targeted in the military. However, it also hurt their freedom of speech as they were not allowed to openly express their views. After removed by President Obama, it demonstrated the change in society and how homosexuality was being accepted and integrated into society.

Missouri Compromise

Political agreements established by Henry Clay that set northern slavery boundaries in the Louisiana Purchase at the south boundary in Missouri, with the exception of the state and set admissions for future admissions to the Union. (Pg. 269) Was a political point in history in regards of slavery, and was ignored for the most part due to popular sovereignty.

Recall, Referendum & Initiative

Political reforms that advocated for the ability to pull back an elected official, the ability to vote to repeal a law and the ability to vote directly on a law. (In this specific order) / Gave the public more control of their government and made it so elected officials still needed to listen to their people.

McKinley Tariff

Raised the tariff in order to protect manufactured goods, which Republicans liked. / helped get the republican on board with Mckinley during his presidency.

Great Society

President Johnson's ideal of a society with abundance and liberty for all and the end to poverty and racial injustices. (Pg. 904) / A welfare program that finally executed the plans of what all the democrats had strived to do but couldn't/didn't. Provided healthcare, funding for education and got rid of quotas on immigration. All of which still apply today, yet this administration also put a bad rep to the Democrats because Johnson went back on his promise to not send boys to Vietnam and thus we had Nixon(a republican) as our next president.

Harry Truman

President at the beginning of the Cold War who issued the Executive Order 9835 to avoid looking soft on communists but was unable to stop McCarthy's red scare. (Pg. 807)/ Truman, although somewhat unsuccessful as a president during his administration, helped to set up the initial sentiments towards the USSR as well as liberal domestic policy in the United States with his Fair Deal. Both of these ideas would evolve with Eisenhower's Doctrine and the Great Society in the next two decades.

John F. Kennedy

President following Eisenhower in the 1960 elections, won the election marginally because Kennedy looked better than Nixon on camera, his policy was the New Frontier. (Pg. 830) / Although agreeing to work with Southern Vietnam. JFK and other CIA officials planned a coup against the Southern Vietnam president, Ngo Dinh Diem, eventually assassinating him.

Carrie Chapman Catt

President of the National American Woman Suffrage Association who campaigned for the right for women to vote. / Movement who resulted in the ability to vote as females, solidify our rights as citizens.

Nicholas Biddle

President of the Second Bank, created a quick recession to try to show the importance of the bank, eventually leads to the death of the bank 1820-30's. (Pg. 326) Farmers hated the bank more and blamed their problems on the bank.

Cross of Gold Speech

Presidential nominee William Jennings Bryan gave a speech against the gold standard making him well known and liked by the farmers. / Signified his stance on free silver, believed it would bring the the nation prosperity.

Andrew Jackson

Previously General and now senator from Tennessee, a candidate of the 1824 elections 1767-1845. (Pg. 318) Became president and was responsible for Indian displacement (trail of tears).

Godey's Lady's Book

Promoted the middle class model of efficiency and domesticity 1841. (Pg. 367) Defined women's etiquette and reinforced gender roles and the idea that women should operate only within the private sphere of the homes.

Laffer curve

Proposed by economist Arthur Laffer, was the basis for Reaganomics by saying that at a certain point too much spending stifled growth and reduced income. / The laffer curve was what caused Reagan to lower the taxes immensely and cause a giant deficit in the government.

Tariff of 1824

Protected New England and Pennsylvania manufacturers by keeping woolen and cloth textile prices low 1824. (Pg. 320)

Fletcher v. Peck

Protects property rights through broad reading of Constitution. (Pg. 242) Went and fought for a more powerful, centralized government.

15th Amendment

Provided universal male suffrage. (Pg. 485) Gave blacks the legal right to vote but often did not happen in reality.

Internal Improvements

Public works such as roads and canals which were paid for by tariff revenues 1700's. (Pg. 319) Railroads were vital for transporting agricultural produce to the east but they were not regulated by the federal government which led to discounts for corporations that farmers hated.

Enforcement Acts

Pushed the social reconstruction in the south to destroy the rebellions, created after the civil war, specifically to put down the KKK. (Pg. 499) These acts helped tell the nation that emancipation has happened, and by enforcing these acts, they helped signify that equal rights was here and that African Americans should be seen as equal citizens.

National Origins Act of 1924

Quotas set on immigrants that ended all immigration from Asia, set a list of immigrants who could come based of their origin country, and the number of immigrants can not succeed 3% of their own, origin country. (Pg. 713)

Jim Crow

Racial segregation in America, named after a black stereotype. (Pg. 870) / Jim Crow laws, although they were no longer in place, there was still a stigma of racism within society and that brought about other forms of discrimination like segregated schools, bathrooms and churches. It sparked a need for a change and thus sparked the Civil Rights Movement which also inspired the initiation of other liberal movements in the 60's.

The fee for voting to keep out immigrants and the poor. (Pg. 484) This discrimination helped keep laws and society to the common white male agenda, allowing little to no say from the immigrants and the poor, with the progressivism era showing common themes of discrimination.

Radical Republicans

Fall of the Berlin Wall

Reagan convinces Gorbachev to "tear down the wall" effectively ending the Cold War and reunifying Germany. (Pg. 996) / When the Berlin Wall fell, it was the start of the end of the Cold War and Soviet Union.

"Morning in America"

Reagan's 1984 campaign slogan to project an image of a new day dawning on confident people. (Pg. 986) / The image appealed to middle class white Americans who felt alienated by the culture wars and wanted a return of traditionalism, giving Reagan a large number of voters.

Teller Amendment

Reassured Americans that the US had no intentions of occupying Cuba after the revolution in which the US helped Cuba fight Spain. (pg. 675)

Members of the radical party who opposed to slavery with no regards for the south. (Pg. 463) With little care for the southerners, this caused this group to persist with the fight for civil rights for African Americans, leading to civil war, and the creation of equal rights for African Americans.

Reconstruction Acts

Acts that would place soldiers in the South to guarantee black suffrage which Johnson was unable to veto because of the large Republican majority. (Pg. 483) With the effort to provide African Americans rights, this eventually lead to the creation of the 15th amendment.

Red Cloud

Deregulation

Reducing laws and limitations for companies and manufacturers. (Pg. 983) / Demonstrated a general trend of the republican government in that they opposed strong federal government.

Watergate babies

Reformed minded, young democrats. (Lecture) (Pg. 948)/ The Watergate babies were significant because they gave the democrats a second chance in the 1970s of recapturing power in the government. They created reforms and eliminated HUAC and this led to future reforms etc that made the govt more transparent and reliable.

George III

Reign 1760-1829, King of England, heavy taxations of the colonies led to them declaring independence from Britain.

Volstead Act

Related to the 18th amendment, this act made the enforcement of alcohol associated with the IRS.

John Quincy Adams

Sixth president of the United States and nationalist 1825-1829. Promoted the tariff and, manufacturing, and the bank.

Moral Majority

Religious Americans who previously stayed out of politics, registered to vote because of the perceived immorality of America. (Pg. 982) / They helped to transform the fourth great awakening into a religious political movement by voicing their beliefs in politics; promoted family values, sparked debate between abortions, divorce, and racism, and caused a culture war against the supreme court by pressing their religious opinions on others.

Operation Rescue

Religious activist Randall Terry mounted protesters outside of abortion clinics who harrassed clients and staff. (Pg. 1019) / Their campaign against abortion was very successful, leading to states passing laws that limited public funding for abortions; restricted women's reproductive choices and demonstrated the conservative agenda in America during the 90s over family values.

21st Amendment

Repealed the 18th amendment, stated that any transportation, importation, consumption of alcohol underneath the legal age is prohibited and illegal.

Interchangeable parts

Replaced the previous method of having one craftsmen create on product, instead creating universal parts allowing for more production and easier repairs 1798. (Pg. 290) Made production of crafts more efficient and easier, increase the economy.

Was support to restrict the president by allowing the removal of a political figure without the approval of the senate. (Pg. 484) Allowed for an office holding figure to being taken out, giving more voice to the people rather than the voice of one, assisting the movement for a more commonly wanted figure. Thaddeus Stevens

Representative from Pennsylvania and a radical republican who pursued ending slavery. (Pg. 463) With voices like him, the spread and demand to send slavery helped begin within the political parties, eventually contributing to the end of slavery.

John McCain

Republican nominee in the 2008 election against Obama, Sarah Palin was his running mate. / McCain was a presidential nominee and a current senator and head of the senate armed services committee, meaning he has a lot of influence on the government.

Stalwart

Republicans who opposed reforms, an wanted office jobs with the spoil system. / They supported big businesses and republicans mostly had these ideals in the years before the Great Depression.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Required "full and equal" access to jury service, transportation, and public accommodations, no matter what race the person is. (Pg. 496) Although the day to day racial discrimination existed, this was only of the major push towards equal rights to public necessities, only to be be shown

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)

Required that all Americans buy insurance but forced insurance companies to accept everyone and take away the insurance limit. (Pg. 1031) / Created a lot of opposition against his administration, but it reflected his liberal agenda on social reforms.

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act

Required that welfare recipients be working or actively looking for a job. (Pg. 1022) / A welfare reform law that requires welfare recipients to actively seek jobs while receiving welfare; it was another policy to reduce government spending to try and fix the economy using Reaganomics; welfare reform such as this, as well as government spending in general, continue to greatly affect elections to this day, where they act as fundamental issues.

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

Required the government to buy silver but to not make them into coins, where everyone wanted gold, thus using silver to purchase gold. / This drained the US gold reserves and was repealed.

Indian Removal Act

Resettled Native Americans to land obtained west of the Mississippi, within the Louisiana Purchase 1830. (Pg. 327) Follows the theme of manifest destiny, the Indians were not well compensated and America slowly takes more and more land.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Resolutions of 1798 criticizing the Alien and Sedition Acts that the Virginia and Kentucky state legislatures submitted to the federal government that tested the idea that state legislatures could judge the federal laws and nullify them. (Pg. 225) The south argued that individual states had the right to determine if slavery was allowed through popular sovereignty.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Respond to demands of the civil rights movement by making discrimination in employment, education, public accommodations illegal, included a ban on sex discrimination in employment, the strongest efforts against discrimination since Reconstruction. (Pg. 890)/ This act proved to be one of the most beneficial during the Civil Rights movement. It essentially ended segregation in public and also ended discrimination regardless of sexual orientation, race, or religion.

Security Exchange Commission

Responsible for protecting federal security laws by protecting investors and maintaining fair and orderly functioning of security markets and capital formation.

Dust Bowl

Result of monoculture and the environmental degradation of farming-land soil, making many American citizens life difficult, due to respiratory disturbance.

New Jersey Plan

Retained the confederation's single-house congress with a single vote from each state, enhanced congress's powers to raise revenue, control commerce and make requisitions on the state. (Pg. 206) The south during the civil war era was in fear of not being represented after congress was believed to be the only thing that helped voice the south and their want for slavery.

Indian Reorganization Act

Reversed the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887, by restoring tribal ownership and recognized the legitimacy of tribal governments.

CREEP

Richard Nixon's committee for re-electing the president that was found to have been engaged in a "dirty tricks" campaign against the democrats in 1972. / Richard Nixon's council for re-election. Highly illegal, controversial, and artificial, Nixon's plan involved staging a break in at a Watergate hotel and cover up to boost his chances at the presidency.

Emergency Banking Relief Act

Roosevelt called for a bank holiday that closed all banks, he talked with Americans through radio called fireside chats and convinced them that when the banks reopened, their money was safe, this worked and for the first time since the depression deposits exceeded withdrawals. (Pg. 740)

John C Calhoun

SC senator who advocated for state rights, limited gov, and nullification. (Pg. 236) Was a strong advocate for slavery during the civil war era, stating that it benefits both whites and blacks- to provide economic stability for America and to "help civilize" African Americans.

A Texas Unionist governor who warned that the North will overwhelm the South and was ousted as Texas joined the Confederacy. (Pg. 446) With one of his battles resulting in the independence of Texas from Mexico, the land of Texas helped create more problems in the involvement of slavery within its land, adding more problems towards the civil war.

Sand Creek Massacre

Mary McLeod Bethune

Second tier in FDR's cabinet, civil rights activist, known for starting a private school for African Americans in Florida.

William Seward

Secretary of state for Lincoln, who purchased Alaska from Russia, and believed in free soil. (Pg. 428) With the purchase of Alaska, it led to the economic need for gold, creating future problems during the progressivism era with farmers, specifically with the coinage of silver.

John Quincy Adams

Secretary of state, 6th president, main author of the Monroe doctrine, and created the Adams- Onis Treaty that got Florida from Spain. Help gain large sectors of land from Spain with helped expand American rule.

Teapot Dome Scandal

Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall secretly leased government owned land to private companies to extract oil for a bribe of $300k. (Pg. 710)

Open Door Notes

Sent by the US Secretary of State John Hay (McKinley) that claimed that all nations had equal access to trade in China and each nation should have a port called a sphere of influence, he sent this letter to each nation and declared that everyone accepted although no one did which created a check and balance between each nation. (Pg. 679)

George HW Bush

Served as president during the Gulf war, however lost his second election due to after raising taxes when he pledged not to. / He was a one term president who was mainly known for getting Hussein and the Iraqis out of Kuwait and he helped advance the neoconservative agenda during his presidency.

The Cheyenne settled in a camp hoping to avoid fighting but were massacred by militia. (Pg. 527) The representation of the first violent outbreaks against native women and children, displaying the unmerciful america, helping to foreshadow the nativistic themes that thrived within the progressivism era.

Shiloh

Vaudeville

Short performances with multiple performers that was refined, and was moved into the middle class. (Pg. 615) / Contributed to city culture and for the first time, entertainment is being presented to middle class workers also and not just the elitists.

Meat Inspection Act

Signed by Roosevelt, made sure meat was sanitary and branded correctly. / Protected consumer rights.

Treaty of Ghent

Signed on Christmas Eve 1814 that ended the war of 1812. (Pg. 241) Showed that Americans were able to stand up against Britain.

Task system of slave labor

Slaves completed a precisely defined job everyday which allowed for some free time if the slave worked hard, asserted during the Revolutionary Era in the rice-growing areas of the Upper South 1760´s-1800's. (Pg. 397) Was preferable to gang-labor and usually found on plantations not in the Deep South.

Coastal slave trade

Slaves transported across the Atlantic, through the port cities, to the sugar plantations of Louisiana was particularly visible to Northerners 1800-1860. (Pg. 380) Increased the amount of slaves imported into America.

Gang-labor system

Slaves worked in disciplined teams of twenty or more and were supervised by a black driver and white overseers to increase efficiency 1820's. (Pg. 388) This was the worse kind of work for slaves to do and was used as a threat to keep slaves from rebelling.

Compromise Tariff of 1833

Slowly reduced tariff tax to appeal the South who threatened secession 1833. (Pg. 324) In the end this was not enough to prevent Civil War, but it is important because South does hate the tariff since they are the ones buying from the factories in the North.

Temperance

Social reform that promoted the end of alcohol consumption, and was the main leading factors that lead to the women's rights movements. / The Prohibition Act was passed during WWI because of anti-German sentiment but also the temperance movement.

Bill Gates

Software engineer whose profound fortune and success pushed for massive market shares during the computer age, which contributed to the most prominent software platform of our time. / Demonstrated new technology that enhanced the economy and globalized communications during this era.

National Reclamation Act (Newlands Act)

Sold federal lands to generate money to control deals with irrigation in the west. / Developed the West and made life better for Asians and other immigrants who came to places like California.

George W Bush

Son of George HW Bush and republican nominee in the 2000 election. (Pg. 1025) / His policies were what pushed America over the edge and into the Great Recession.

Eli Whitney

Son of a middle class farm family, invented the cotton gin and later interchangeable parts for muskets 1765-1825. (Pg. 290) Invented two important things that arguably improved lives for slaves and the working class.

John Hancock

Sons of liberty leader, and the first to sign the declaration of independence, didn't believe in a strong central government, a patriot who represented the wealthy. Was known for his big signature on the Declaration of Independence.

Nullification

South Carolina declares the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void. (Pg. 323) South Carolina leads the secession and the formation of the Confederacy.

Paternalistic view of slavery

Southern gentry meant men were the patriarch of both the family and the slaves. This belief that white-slave owners are like "parents" to slaves provided another argument for slavery to stay, influencing the public that white slave owners are doing African Americans a "favor."

Southern democrats labeled northerners who moved to the South to participate in the reconstruction, northerners who were motivated by a desire to help assist former slaves to help them adjust to life as free beings

Southern whites who joined the republicans were labeled this by their democratic opponents. (Two different names/groups) (Pg. 493) The northerners eventually lost interest in reconstruction as they slowly headed towards WWI, many of the changes to the south were reverted.

Southern War Strategy

Southerners only had the defend until the North tired out, they had the advantage of higher moral, they also hoped that because they supplied Europe with cotton that they would help. The south lacked manufacturer and people to win the war, their strategy was ineffective in the end.

Velvet Revolutions

Soviet control in satellite nations were weakening due to countries resorting to free speech, pushing against soviet regulations. / After many former Soviet states broke away from the the USSR in the velvet revolutions, many promptly joined NATO; these countries still had to make their way in the world; the Velvet Revolutions also directly contributed to the dissolution of the Soviet Union, ending the Cold War as people broke free from communist control.

Newt Gingrich

Speaker of the House during Clinton's administration and ran for president. / The "Contract with America" that he created, became one of the building blocks for the Reagan revolution in the 80s, leading to big cuts on social welfare programs as well as the creation of laws that limited social welfare.

Henry Clay

Speaker of the House of Representatives, strove for presidency but failed in 1825. (Pg. 319) Was a politician who tried to compromise and appeal to all sides, which did not work in the case of impending Civil War because the differences created by sectionalism were too great.

Iron Curtain Speech

Speech by Churchill that said, "From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent." / During the Cold War, Winston Churchill made a speech, The Iron Curtain Speech, which he said that the "From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent", officially splitting Europe into two.

Women's Christian Temperance Union

Spreaded rapidly after the 1879, advocated for temperance, suffrage, reform activities, that led thousands of women into the public life, and was the first, nationwide attempt to fight domestic violence. (Pg. 589)/ With a movement that stemmed on temperance, the fight for women's rights lead to a generation of females fighting against the norms of society, with the 19th amendment being one of their first successes.

Second Continental Congress

Started in May 1755, governed the US by establishing an army, made money, and declared freedom from Britain. (Pg. 176) Helped form a continental army that were against the British, leading to the freedom of America.

Declaratory Act

Stated that only parliament had the rights of the it's british colonies and that the repeal of the Stamp act changed nothing in terms of Britain's power. (Pg. 160) With Britain still in power over the the colonies, it gave a push to the colonist to secede because it government was still against its people, voided what the people wanted.

Lead by Ulysses S. Grant, this battle captures New Orleans, and was the concept of total war, meaning that drafts were taken by both sides. The first battle to mark the beginning of the movement to equal, civil rights amongst the people of it's nation, with themes integrating in the reformation era during the progressivism time period.

Stephen Austin

Founded Texas when he was granted land from the Mexican government who expected the settlers to give up slaves, learn their language, and convert to Roman Catholicism. Contributed to the Americanization of natives, a common concept that was common amongst the immigrants later in the future.

Stephen Douglas

Griswold v. Connecticut

Struck down a law prohibiting possession of contraception as a violation of married couples' constitutional "right of privacy." (Pg. 956)/ The influential ruling in this court case, which struck down an 1879 state law prohibiting the possession of contraception, led to an overall expansion of the right of privacy in later Court cases; eventually culminated in the landmark Roe vs. Wade decision, which legalized abortion → landmark victory for feminism (reproductive rights!).

Wabash v. Illinois

Struck down the state's authority to regulate railroads. / The first industry subjected to federal assistance and regulation.

Teen culture (1950s)

Teenagers were an emerging demographic at the time, and advertisers took advantage of this because young Americans were the most likely to go to a movie theatre and buy candy bars, soft drinks, and gum. (Pg. 849)/ Caused the shift from the conservative, cookie-cutter households to liberal standpoints. Because the majority seemed to lean more towards liberal views, the political parties started creating domestic programs(Great Society) that catered to reforming the nation.

Pat Buchanan

Televangelist who ran in 2000 as a conservative independent party, whose goals where to repeal NAFTA and bring troops home from overseas. / He warned America about illegal immigrants, causing many states taking immigration matters into their own hand; caused a lot of debate and worry over immigrants coming from southern and eastern europe, as well as increase racism over minorities in the country.

Wrote the Kansas-Nebraska Act and advocated for popular sovereignty. (Pg. 428) Was the main cause of the fusion of popular sovereignty and slavery, resulting in the violent outbreaks within Kansas and Nebraska with illegal voting, being a major factor to the beginning of the civil war.

Ten Percent Plan

Zoot Suit Riot

Tension built in the cities and group of white sailors got mad because of how much clothing the suits partook (aka "unpatriotic"), fashion was typically worn by African Americans thus leading into a major fight, a riot about race that lasted for four days.

Lincoln's plan to allow the rebel states back into the Union if 10% of their voters took a loyalty oath. (Pg. 480) Made it incredibly easy for southerns to come back to America as citizens once against, but helped demonstrate discrimination due to how difficult it was for blacks to be accepted.

Tenure of Office Act

General George McClellan

Terrible war general who was "Drinking tea in the war" kind of leader that did nothing and was eventually replaced with Ulysses S. Grant during the civil war. (Pg. 449) The north was at a disadvantage with their generals, but a few good generals were all they needed to win the war eventually.

Al Qaeda

Terrorist group from the middle east, primarily found from Iraq, and was involved in the massive attacks in 1993, 1998, 9/11/01 being the most famous attack, under the leadership of Osama Bin Laden. / Demonstrated that following the 9/11 attacks, United State's foreign affairs have been focused on war on terrorism, especially in Afghanistan and Iraq.

Cuban Missile Crisis

The 1962 nuclear standoff between the Soviet Union and the US when the soviets attempted to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba. (Pg. 831) / Between the USSR and the United States of America, a 13 day standoff ensued regarding the installation of Soviet missiles in Cuba. This frightened the United States seeing as Cuba was not far from America. America responded with the threat of violence to neutralize the missiles.

Andrew Jackson

The 7th president in the US who defeated Britain at New Orleans in 1815, opposed the Bank of America and went against the rights of individual states, and and overall increased the presidential powers. He caused the south and west to hate him, through the source of the second bank and how he take away/dismantle the bank.

Wilson-Gorman Tariff

Was created to reduce the US tariff rates from the numbers set in 1890, during the Mckinley tariff/ Helped institute the first federal income tax.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

The Chief Justice denied the Cherokees claim that they were a foreign nation, instead calling Indian peoples domestic dependent nations 1831. (Pg. 330) As a result of this, the Cherokees and other Indians were not able to stop the U.S. from displacing and pushing them around because they were treated as dependent on America.

Freedom Summer

The Civil Rights Act did not stop the obstacles for black voters so black organizations mounted this campaign to register black voters. (Pg. 890) / The Freedom Summer of 1964 openly displayed how active the movement had become in comparison to its original grassroots, and how much resistance it had also attracted; attempts to register black voters were made in Mississippi, but many of these people were met with fierce violence and even death by white supremacists.

Space Race

The Cold War triggered an arms race as well as a space race, the US and USSR competed to be the first to send a man to space in order to show technological dominance. (Pg. 842) / Gave America the push they needed to jumpstart new advances in technology since WW2. Also, paved a way to the use of computers which then contributed to the Technology Revolution in the 90's which began to provide every household with its own 'personal computer.'

Rural 1920s America

The KKK began to resurge, the protestant white Americans living in the rural areas got the Prohibition Act. (Pg. 712)

New Ku Klux Klan

The KKK was formed in the Reconstruction era and resurfaced from the beginning of WWI to the 1930's, they believed in "Native, white, Protestant superiority." (Pg. 714)

Montgomery Bus Boycott

The NAACP planned a civil disobedience incident using Rosa Parks, who refused to give up her bus seat for a white man to challenge the local segregation laws. (Pg. 881)/ An important step in the road to the passing of the 24th Amendment and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 as it was an early step in peaceful protest.

Kerner Commission

The National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders -originally formed by the president to investigate the causes of the urban riots in 1967- who warned Pres. Lyndon Johnson that society was headed towards separating into two: black and white, urban and suburban. (Pg. 863)/ Was sort of the cause of Martin Luther King Jr's actions, because he had started riots which were caused by the frustration of lack of economic opportunity.

Copperheads

The National Union Party (Republicans) called the Peace Democrats "copperheads" and accused them of treason for not supporting the war. (Pg. 469) They were opposed to the Civil War and wanted peace with the Confederates.

NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization consisted of Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, and the United States, it was a peaceful military alliance that considered an attack on one as an attack on all. (Pg. 812)/ Exemplified the global desire to prevent future world wars and general devastation.

Sectionalism

The North developed into a free-labor society while the South continued to be a slave-labor society, creating a growing division between the two 1800. (Pg. 280) The south was still largely agriculture-based after the Civil War, as opposed to the urbanized north which maintains conflict over interest between the two differing societies.

Mitt Romney

The Republican nominee for the 2012 election. / Ran against Obama in the 2012 election and lost.

New Left

The SDS called themselves the New Left to separate them from communists and socialists of the Old Left and attracted University students. (Pg. 914) / The New Left helped characterize the new wave of neo-conservatism. People in favor of such political views helped influence the string of Republican presidents starting with Nixon and continuing until the first Democratic president in the 90's which was Bill Clinton.

Joseph McCarthy

The Senator of Wisconsin who claimed to have a list of 205 known communists in the white house and gained a lot of attention for it, his popularity declined after attempting to accuse the military of communism. (Pg. 821) / Most known for alleging communist and Soviet spies, which soon led to the term of "McCarthyism" which was a reference to his anti-communist practices.

Cotton Diplomacy

The South tried to convince Britain to help them in the war because they were their supplier of cotton. (Pg. 466) In the end Britain stopped making ships for the south because it did not seem like they were going to win and they were getting cotton from Egypt.

Public sphere

The area of politics, economics, courts, and legislation where men and only men were expected to operate 1700's-1800's. (Pg. 367) Helped display an example of the gender differences, that eventually influenced cultures on gender roles within society and families.

Panic of 1893

The beginning of the worst economic depression in America that began when the Philadelphia and Reading railroads went bankrupt, followed by the failure of the National Cordage Company two months later. / A short economic depression that happened because of over speculation in the railroad industry, the Great Depression is also because of over speculation.

End of the Cold War

The collapse of the SU served as the signifier of the end of the cold war, creating a shift in which American foreign policies signified that we understood and know how to exercise our power and influence of the new world. / The end of the Cold War lead to Americans turning their attentions to politics in the Middle East.

Muscular Christianity

The combination of evangelism and athletic facilities where men could make themselves "clean and strong." (Pg. 580) / A mix of Christianity and American culture same as when preachers preached and entertained on the radio.

Massive retaliation

The concept during the Cold War that building up an arsenal of nuclear weapons is an effective deterrent for war because of the fear of an all-out attack using h-bombs. (Pg. 826) / A reflection of the admosity that still remained between the US and the Soviet Union during the height of the Cold War, it prolonged the ill will between the two entities.

Chattel principle

The concept that slaves were the moveable property of the white slave owner and that what his slaves earned were his for that reason 1800's. (Pg. 381) Enforced the idea that slaves were not people but property and only worsened racism and prolonged slavery by justifying it.

George McGovern

The democratic nominee in the 1972 elections and lost against Nixon, was very liberal but alienated southern voters. (Pg. 932) / McGovern's major loss to Nixon in the Election of 1972 (he only secured Massachusetts) showed how American voters at the time were opposed to radically liberal and hippie-like figures; demonstrated the dwindling influence of the counterculture movement of the 1960s.

Michael Dukakis

The democratic nominee who ran against Reagan in 1980. (Pg. 996) / As the Democratic nominee, he was unable to win back southern whites, midwestern blue-collar catholics, and middle-class suburbanites, which lead to the election of George HW Bush.

Spoils System

The distribution of offices to the supporters of a certain group or person 1817-1821. (Pg. 318) By allowing political figures to choose representatives, it allowed the removal of political oppressors, strengthening one party.

Sectionalism

The division between Northern and Southern interests that mostly boiled down to the issue of slavery up to and after the Civil War. After reconstruction, northerners lose interest in the issues of the south and sectionalism eases.

Cotton Economy

The economy of the Deep South was completely reliant on the export of cotton, the price of cotton remained high 1700-1800. Cotton continued to be a cash crop after the Civil War and lead to the sharecropping system, which maintained the cotton economy in a very similar way to slavery.

Cold War

The era following WWII and lasting until 1991, the US and USSR engaged in an arms race and rivaled each other in developing nuclear weapons and going to space. (Pg. 806) / This defining, international era with the US fighting against communism helped extend the US's global influence around the world, that the US was the supreme leader in what was "right" in keeping a successful, proper, fair government, by displaying their relentless efforts to contain and prevent the spread of communism.

Benito Mussolini

The fascist dictator of Italy who came into power in 1922 and invaded Ethiopia, disregarding the Treaty of Versailles because Italy wanted colonies. (Pg. 768)

Hideki Tojo

The fascist war minister of Japan, wanted Japan to have colonies and invaded China. (Pg.

First Battle of Bull Run / Manassas

The first battle of the Civil War in which the Confederates won, showing the North that the rebels were strong 1861. (Pg. 449) This gave the south too much belief that they were going to win the war, causing the rebels to disconnect with the war and paid little focus to what they needed to win the war.

Hiram Revels

The first black Senator and only until Obama. Racism was heavily rooted in America even after emancipation and the Amendments granting African Americans the right to vote.

J Edgar Hoover

The first director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, had used FBI to gain information that he could use to blackmail Congressmen and even the President.

Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act

The first health care legislation funded by the federal government, gave money to medical clinics, prenatal education programs, and visiting nurses and was a large liberal change but reinforced women's role as mothers. (Pg. 709)

Harvey Milk

The first openly gay man to be elected to public office, assassinated a year later. (Pg. 956)/ Harvey Milk's death showcased the public resistance to the gay rights movement that was sweeping across the US the in the 1970s and 1980s, and the assassination represented both sides to the issue of gay rights.

Marbury v. Madison

The first time the Supreme court overruled acts from other branches of the government, a case that established the principle of judicial review in finding unconstitutional characteristics in the Judiciary Act of 1789. (Pg. 231) Gave the government and the judicial branch more power for it's fight for a strong centralized government.

Coercion Acts

The four British acts of 1774 that opened up rebellion in the northern colonies that was meant to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party. (Pg. 168) Shows and pushed Americans that rebelling/ protesting works.

Emancipation

The freeing of slaves, the Emancipation Proclamation declared slaves free which allowed the military to free slaves where they conquered. (Pg. 464) Emancipation allowed African Americans to escape the more brutal forms of racism such as lynching by moving to the north, such as during the Great Migration.

General Douglas MacArthur

The general that Hoover appointed to remove the WWI veterans

William Henry Harrison

The governor of Indiana who took a lot of land from Indian territory in the Ohio Valley, who gave Indians a choice of living like a white man or to move, and led America to the Battle of Tippecanoe, resulting in the killing of Tenskwatawa (Military leader) and ended the Native American's confederation in 1811. Ended Indian resistance at the time and allowed for America to take more land.

Eugenics

The ideology that to get a higher quality population of people, certain people with more desirable traits should reproduce more, and those with less desirable traits should produce less. / Common theme we see know in life now, especially in the food industry, where only the best looking product is sent to supermarkets, and the rest are wasted, even though there has been a lot of effort to produce them.

Young Americans for Freedom

The largest students political organization in the country, whose conservative members fended free enterprise and supported the war in Vietnam. (Pg. 915) / Displayed the conservative side of politics among young Americans also contributing to more right sided politics like the Silent Majority and Religious Right which would help elect Reagan into office as well as begin years of conservative like ideals.

Chief Joseph

The leader of the Nez Perce who tried to lead his people to Canada but did not make it before they were captured and made to live on reservations. With the natives being captured, this help signify the fall of the indians, resulting in the later ethnic cleansing of the natives, with an attempt to my America white only.

WEB DuBois

The leading black intellectual of the time who earned a BA and PhD at Harvard as a sociologist, founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. (Pg. 655)/ The most influential African American who fought for African American rights predating MLK during the late 1800s.

Causes of the Civil War

The main cause of the Civil War was slavery, California joined the United States as a free state giving northerners majority in the Senate, the House always had a northern majority because of their greater population, and the inauguration of Lincoln meant the president was also a northerner. Secession was necessary for the South in order to preserve slavery, and secession was the final push to Civil War. The reasons the South desperately wanted to keep slavery did not change and African Americans had to work many of the same jobs for the same landowners, slavery was exchanged for tenant farming and sharecropping.

Silent Majority

The majority of Americans that were conservative and "non-demonstrators." (Pg. 929)/ Maintained conservative feeling and ideals through times of a Democratic administration and as the political power shifted this majority created a more conservative society and years of conservative congress.

Wounded Knee

The massacre of 150-300 Lakota Indians who practiced the Ghost Dance. (Pg. 534) Was one of the most violent act of nativism placed upon the indians, displaying a strong sense of nativism that lead far into the progressivism era and so forth.

Price ceilings

The maximum amount of money on how much you can charge an item, a response to stop the black market/inflation, a representation of a massive government intrusion.

American Expeditionary Force

The men who fought in the US army during WWI. (Pg. 686)

Black Hawk

The military leader of a group of Cherokees who refused to resettle 1830's. (Pg. 327) With native americans resistance to resettlement, it lead to eventual court cases fighting for Native american rights.

Total War

The mobilization of all of a country's resources to win a war. (Pg. 452) The effects of total war was devastating and the south required help to reconstruct after the Civil War.

Women's Suffrage

The movement to fight for the right for women to vote, but not necessarily social and economic equality. (Pg. 592) / After women were granted the ability to vote, after WWI with women being over 30% of the workforce, there is a transition between wanting to be able to have the same equal rights as men, and we see a strike in protests and strikes revolving around equal rights.

Double-V Campaign

The movement where black Americans adopted the double V to symbolize two victories, victory over fascism and victory over racism at home. (Pg. 873) / This campaign involved African Americans and the desire to fight for democracy in America. The "Double v" stood for a victory against an enemy and a victory against internal racism from one's country. was a slogan that applied to African Americans who wanted more civil rights during World War II .

John Tyler

The nomination for the Whig party vice president 1840. (Pg. 338) The first vice president to follow the death of their president during his time.

Progressivism

The political movement seeking reforms on the political system (fought poverty, preserve the environment, government involvement, etc) that were prompted to act by the fear that mass, radical farmers/workers would spread, with their desires to enhance social welfare and justice. (Pg. 624) / Prompted desires for government intervention during the depression.

Yellow journalism

The practice of exaggerating the truth in order to sell more newspapers. (Pg. 675)

Suez Crisis

The president of Egypt, Nasser, nationalized the Suez Canal which prompted France and Britain to attack Egypt, Eisenhower persuaded them to back down for fear that Nasser would ask for Soviet help. (Pg. 829)/ The failure for the US to aid the Suez Canal previously owned by British and French stockholders marked a turning point in the Middle East as well as increased the importance of oil on a global scale as seen in future events like the Persian Gulf War.

New Freedom

The same as new nationalism, but did not include woman suffrage, and believed all trusts were bad. / Wilson believed in small business and was against monopolies, his policies were not followed by succeeding Republican presidents which may have contributed to the Great Depression.

Cult of Domesticity

The separation of the public and private sphere men's role of leaving the home to make money and women's role as consumers. This caused women to release their social energy through religious reform work, which focused on issues related to the private sphere and was therefore socially acceptable.

1902 Coal Strike

The shutdown of coal production due to workers striking for better wages and fewer hours, Theodore Roosevelt called for a meeting of workers and business representatives and forced them to come to an agreement because the lack of coal was a national issue that threatened to freeze Americans during the coming winter. / Turning point during the progressive era where the raising of the want to fight for labor reforms stemmed through this strike.

Antietam

The single bloodiest day on American soil, Union outnumbered the Confederacy but the enormous casualties caused McClellan not to pursue to enemy. Lincoln declared the battle a huge victory in order to push for the Emancipation Proclamation 1862. (Pg. 451) It was necessary not to appear desperate of Lincoln to declare the Emancipation Proclamation.

Sunbelt

The southern and southwestern states where the climate was mild, taxes were low, and plenty of open space was available for sprawling subdivisions and suburbs. (Pg. 862)/ Was the model of new, modern culture which not only forever brought people more towards suburban living styles but also created a need/want for better means and ways to transport; thus the construction of highways and new cars.

William Taft

The successor of Roosevelt, a conservative at heart, who established the Payne Aldrich Tariff that was ineffective, and eventually became the chief of justice. / Due to Taft's lack of presidential power, it resulted in Roosevelt forming the Progressive party, splitting Republican voters, and giving the white house to democratic Wilson.

Industrial Revolution

The sudden increase in inventions and economic expansions (primarily based on steam and water) that transformed industries and the environment, around anywhere between the 1790s to 1860s. (Pg. 286) / New technologies made WWI a completely different war than ever seen before, both sides were able to mass produce weapons like battleships, tanks, and machine guns utilizing the assembly line.

Baby boom

The surge in American birth rates between 1945 and 1965, post WWII. (Pg. 850)/ Birth rates that had remained low during the Great Depression and the actual WWII spiked afterwards =, causing states to spend more money on public education and expand college enrollment. These kids that grew up also became the generation of government protestors and the New Left. These ideas helped shape the ideals of the Democratic party later on and proved to be a volatile force within the government.

Slavery

The system of owning an individual as property, specifically African Americans in the South. The root cause of the poverty of black families even after emancipation and the target of the harlem renaissance.

Great Grain Deal

The terms Russian wheat deal and Soviet wheat deal fell into disuse since the sales included corn, barley and oats as well as wheat./ This Great Grain "robbery" by the USSR (purchasing 10 million tons of U.S. grain at subsidized prices) resulted in higher grain prices within the U.S. and ultimately led to U.S. government seeking more information about global agricultural output via infrared satellite intelligence.

Urbanization

The transition from rural to city life. / After WWII, the growing middle class moved out of cities and into suburban areas

Gay Rights Movement

The vast majority of gays and lesbians remained in the closet because of the immoral and illegal status of their sexuality, but some were inspired by the Black Power and women's rights movements and protest to demand rights. / It strengthened the homosexual presence and embraced pride in being openly gay. With that, it was a space for the youth to speak out and give their voice & support and eventually paving way for the Obergefell vs. Hodges decision that legalized same-sex marriage.

Clara Barton

The war inadvertently gave more opportunities for women by allowing them into jobs that men at war could not fill, Clara Barton was a nurse who later founded the Red Cross. (Pg. 456) Helped represent females and their capability to obtain and sustain a job, helping to beat down the common stereotype of being weak.

Indian Removal

The white population of the South and Midwest demanded Indians peoples to be resettled west of the Mississippi River 1820's. (Pg. 326) Corrupt politicians and representatives lead to the displacement of Indian populations with little compensation.

Sputnik

The world's first satellite which was created by the USSR in 1957. (Pg. 842)/ Launched into space which prompted the Space Race between the USSR and the USA soon leaving the US being the overall supreme aeronautical power in the world which discouraged the spread of communism overseas in Europe.

Minstrel Shows

Theatrical shows where actors would put on blackface and perform with racist stereotypes to portray African Americans as lazy and childish, also criticized drunkenness of Irish immigrants, the halting English of German immigrants, and the women's political rights movement 1830's. (Pg. 356) Formed the middle class image of African Americans and allowed racist stereotypes to pervade American culture.

WWII Homefront

There was heavy Japanese discrimination as a result of Pearl Harbor and pre existing stereotypes, food was rationed and African Americans as well as other minorities migrated to cities to fill in during the labor shortages, the Great Depression ended.

Civil Service Reform

Through the Pendleton act, it created reforms that involved actions such as delivering mail, subsidizing railroads, giving pensions to civil war veterans, and more. / Federal law that promoted a merit based system.

Panic of 1837

To boost British economy, the Bank of England stopped its flow of money and credit to the United States causing a brief economic recess as planters, merchants, and corporations had to pay back foreign debts 1837. (Pg. 334) One of the economic crises that America faces with the creation of the banks.

"New Right"

To counter culture wars during Reagan's election, push to embrace things such as renouncing feminism, affirmative action, gay rights, with pushing for a more evangelical christianity. / Gained a lot of support for Republicans and helped elect conservative presidents like Reagan.

Assimilation (Native Americans)

To integrate Indians to white society and in the process ridding their culture. (Pg. 532) Much like with the Natives, the white middle class sought to push white American culture onto immigrants.

William Howard Taft

Took office in 1909, a Republican president who easily won election with Theodore Roosevelt's support but was more conservative and did not meet the expectations of progressives who wanted Taft to be like Roosevelt. (Pg. 682)

Franklin D Roosevelt

Took office in 1932, won easily because of the unpopularity of Hoover and promise of government help, know for New Deal and fireside chats that helped recover the bank. (Pg. 739)

Family values

Traditional nuclear family and Christian morality. (Pg. 996) / Appeal to family values brought many voters to the Republican party and lead to a period of Republican dominance in the white house.

Lyceums

Traveling shows and lectures beginning in 1826. (Pg. 347) Became an important cultural movement that followed Aristotle.

Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START)

Treaty with Gorbachev that sought to limit the number of weapons of mass destruction possessed by the US and the USSR. / The Strategic Arms Reduction Talks attempted to lessen the threat of nuclear war, as well as shift the Cold War in the US's favor, by limiting land based missiles; the USSR primarily used land based missiles while the US mainly used sea based missiles, so it was a win as a whole for the US; this reduction of Soviet firepower forced them to spend more on weaponry to keep an effective deterrent; this spending hastened the dissolution of the USSR.

Loyalty-Security Program

Truman issues Executive Order 9835 which allowed for any government official to be investigated for "subversive actions," while the intention was to root out communists, an official could be removed for insignificant connection to communism, this was also mainly used to remove gay and lesbian from federal employment. (Pg. 821) / This program was established in order for Truman to rally public opinion behind his Cold War policies, which he primarily limit the role of the Federal Bureau of Investigation to avoid a witch hunt.

Carl Bernstein & Bob Woodward

Two individuals from Washington Post who investigated the Watergate scandal. / Often referred to the greatest reporting of all time, their work helped connect Nixon to the Watergate scandal. Their discoveries of a laundered check and a slush fund led to further investigation of Nixon. The book they released was an account of Nixon's presidency and scandal.

Smith Act

U.S. federal law passed in 1940 that made it a criminal offense to advocate the violent overthrow of the government or to organize or be a member of any group or society devoted to such advocacy. / Increased tension in America during the Red Scare which led to false and unjust rulings in the courtroom and in society especially with the actual identification of the Rosenbergs as communist spies.

My Lai Massacre

US army troops killed nearly 5 hundred civilians in the South Vietnamese village of My Lai. (Pg. 928)/ Opened the eyes of the American public to the horrors in Vietnam committed by the US spurring a huge desire to pull out and protest the war.

Proposition 187

Undocumented immigrants could not receive certain services and schools were required to be english. / A Pennsylvania law that required spousal approval was declared unconstitutional, but the provisions for parental approval were kept in place; the state could also now regulate abortions during the first trimester of the pregnancy. / A California proposition that proposed to establish a statewide screening system for citizenship as well as block illegal aliens from using state services, such as education and emergency services; while it reflected the conservative attitudes and the reaction to globalization and the reaction to the influx of immigrants to the state, California would later become a sanctuary state under Jerry Brown, a state that harboured illegal immigrants.

Commonwealth v. Hunt

Upheld the rights of workers to form unions and strike 1842. (Pg. 292) This fought for the right to unions to resists and strike for their common wealth and being.

Bank of the United States

Urged by Hamilton, a bank chartered in 1790 owned jointly by private stockholders and the national government would provide stability to America's economy. (Pg. 218) With the bank trying to keep American currency in check, any problems that rose financially, the south blamed it on the bank and ordered for it to be destroyed.

Cyrus McCormick

Used machines to produce farm reaper parts 1830's. (Pg.287) Farming became more mechanized during the Gilded Age.

William "Buffalo Bill" Cody & Wild West Show

Using the Romanticised ideal of cowboys and the Wild West, performances involving "cowboys" and Indians attracted a large audience and provided jobs for plains Indians, but often celebrated white conquest. (Pg. 535) With the media painting a common, romanticized theme of whites and indians working together, this caused the large movement of americanization amongst the natives, typically turning native culture into something far from their original origin.

William Tweed

Was engaged in intense corruption, who got fat and rich on taxpayer dollars, and was eventually put down after Thomas nest made comics about him and gained support from the public. / Helped result in the willingness to assist the poor and immigrants, and even though he was known for corruption, it helped resists against political machines who abused their powers as elites.

Arab Spring

Was of revolutions against oppressive regimes in the Middle east started in Tunisia, 2011, later spreading to other countries. / Demonstrated a revolution in repressive government during this era to advocate more democratic government. However, this also goes to show political violence and instability that characterized the middle east.

Worcester v. Georgia

Voided Georgia's extension of state law over the Cherokees because they were distinct political communities and guaranteed their authority within their territory 1832. (Pg. 330) Fought to put all the powers within the federal hands instead of the states to regulate indian lands.

Voluntarism

Voluntary sacrifice of some luxuries during WWI by encouraging Americans to go certain days without certain foods and companies to cooperate in the war effort by producing war equipment. (Pg. 688)

Talented Tenth

W. E. B. Du Bois called for a "talented tenth" of educated blacks to come together and find a way to resist the now legitimized segregation from the Plessy v. Ferguson case. (Pg. 655) / Jim Crow laws would not be truly abolished until Johnson.

Fair Deal

Wanted to support organized labor, by guaranteeing housing and income, federal money for education, universal healthcare, however was derailed, due to people thinking Truman's party had communists. This helped influence major liberal policies in terms of supporting social services such as basic income, universal health care, federal funding for education, housing for the poor, and even though little was accomplish (republicans upper hand in the government), it played as a major influence for later democrats (LBJ), and was later encouraged and fought for.

Strom Thurmond

Was a "Dixiecrat" and ran for presidency, very anti-civil rights. / Split the Democratic Party during the Civil Rights Movement due to the opposing segregation opinions between those in the Democratic party and would maintain the pro-segregation feelings in the deep south.

Charles Coughlin

Was a "radio priest," had a large audience and critiqued FDR's New Deal. (Pg. 746)

Elvis Presley

Was a rock and roll artist who was "a white man who sounded like a black man." (Pg. 848) / Presley's style of music and behavior served as a resistance against the consensus established by the 1950s Sunbelt community, which had promoted homogeneity and a traditional family focus for the standard US family. In the 20th century, much more resistance would be set against the traditional consensus, especially with the Hippie Revolution in the 1960s.

War of 1812

Was also known as the second war of independence, began because Britain tried to limit US trade with foreign countries, led to the burning of the white house, however were able to prevent attacks on New Orleans, NY, and Baltimore, and ended because of the Treaty Of Ghent (1815). (Pg. 236-241) Another war that resulted in the complete freedom from Britain. Even though America was a free country, Britain did not acknowledge the separation and kept tormenting Americans in water.

Compromise of 1850

Was created by Clay, Webster, and Douglas, that contained a series of five laws: the fugitive slave act, CA entering the union as a free state, border disputes with NM and TX, slave trade would be abolished in Washington DC but not slavery, and the rest of the Mexican cession would be divided into two sections that would be decided through popular sovereignty. (Pg. 429) This law was necessary to admit California as a free state and also prevent the Civil War, however, it helped give Republicans House and Senate majority that lead to southern secession and Civil War.

Social Settlements

Welfare center that investigated the urban poor, raised funds for urgent needs, and helped advocate on the residents on their behalf, becoming a nationally recognized reform strategy during the Progressive Era. (Pg. 627) / During the Great Depression, soup kitchens and charity places were flooded with Americans in need and charity was not able to alleviate the depression.

Meriwether Lewis & William Clark

Went on a three year expedition to explore the western part of the US. Helped map out America and create an understand of the region, and established a presence of the US in the west.

Russo-Japanese War

Went to take control over Manchuria and the Korean peninsula, with goals to access warm-water ports, this war was fought between the russian empire.

Terrorism

Western values that embody the US that oftens tends to target specifically Muslims, individuals inflicting harm, frightened the general public with random attacks advances. / The most shocking terrorist attack on 9/11 lead to increased airport security and surveillance by the government as well as an invasion of Afghanistan.

Negro Leagues

Where black men could show their athletic abilities and race pride though an all-african professional baseball team, ended near WWII. (Pg. 581) / African American athletes like Jackie Robinson were influential in the Civil Rights movement.

Populism

Where the government focuses on supporting what the people want, rural farmers and laborers in the South and West did not feel that the government was serving them. They created the People's party to demand government regulations on the companies and "middlemen" they saw were stealing the profits of their labor. (Pg. 643) / During the Great Depression, people overwhelmingly supported government regulation and direct economic assistance.

A Choice, Not an Echo

Written by Phyllis Schlafly criticizing moderate Republicans for being echos of Democrats. (Pg. 975) / Demonstrated the similarities in ideas and choices between the Democrats and Republicans and how easily it was for "Reagan Democrats" to form because of how influentenced people were in the Republican party.

Mail-order catalogues & rural free delivery

With the improvement of the standard of living, catalogs became available to purchase almost anything by mailing a check along with your order. / Made shopping easier to do rather than commuting out to purchase your goods.

Rutherford Hayes

Won the election of 1876, a half breed that wanted reforms, with little to no one from his own party supporting him, and was illegitimate, vocalizing that he was only going to run for one term. / Lost political power after declaring he would not run again.

Unions

Workers or artisans who form a group to advocate for rights. Unions brought together workers against a common enemy: the managers and upper class and gave them a way to fight for better working conditions and higher pay.

Women and work

Working women were often seen as bad mothers, yet many had no choice but to work to feed their family. They were excluded from most unions, but formed the Women's Trade Union League. (Pg. 629) / It was necessary for a lot of women to work during the Great Depression but they were discouraged.

The Conscience of a Conservative

Written by Barry Goldwater about uncompromising conservatism, attacking the New Deal state, big government, and welfare spending. (Pg. 975) / A book written under Barry goldwater's name that outlined neo-conservative ideology, and emphasized trickle down economics as well as Christian family values; the book's ideas would form the basis for both Reagan's victory in 1980 as well as the planks supported by the general conservative movement following the culture wars.

Common Sense

Written by Thomas Paine's, published in 1776, Argued that a series of events that the british crown has done, that proved that the british govt was tyrannical, and they had broken and violated the english rights. Because of his writing, it resulted in the print revolution because of how widely read CS was, and helped unity the colonist to fight against British control.

Articles of Confederation

Written document from 1781-1788 that states that under the union, was a group of equal states, with no executive and limited powers, existing mainly to foster a common defense. (Pg. 200) With slavery, the south believed that only the national government can determine whether or not slavery with ethical and whether or not slavery should continue.

Peace Corps

Young Americans going to third world countries to aid them or teach them English as part of Kennedy's plan to get countries to like America and see the alternatives to communism. (Pg. 832) / The Peace Corps established by John F. Kennedy helped establish foreign diplomacy to third world countries. This organization encouraged altruistic action among young Americans and helped progress a very progressive and liberal movement.

Sharon Statement

Young conservatives of the Young Americans for Freedoms made a statement supporting free enterprise and the Vietnam War, condemning communism. (Pg. 918) / One of the first instances of rising conservatism in America that inspired many young republican Americans which led to the election of Ronald Reagan in 1981.

Flappers

Young women during the 1920s who wore short skirts and makeup, freely spending money, dancing to jazz, and flaunting her liberated lifestyle. (Pg. 726)

Nation of Islam

a religious group, popularly known as the Black Muslims, founded by Elijah Muhammad to promote black separatism and the Islamic religion. / A huge influence on the militancy of young african americans and Malcolm X during the Civil Rights era.

John Dean

an investment banker, author, columnist, lecturer, and attorney who served as White House Counsel for United States President Richard Nixon from July 1970 until April 1973. / John Dean served as the president of the United States, and was the first administration official to accuse Nixon of being apart of the Watergate Scandal, which was a major political scandal including five men that broke into the Democratic National Committee.

Dixiecrats

any of the Southern Democrats who seceded from the party in 1948 in opposition to its policy of extending civil rights. / Nickname given to Southern Democrats who seceded from Democracy in due to the political parties beliefs on extending and introducing civil rights. Dixiecrats did not last long and ditched the Democratic party for a more right wing set of beliefs.

Alger Hiss

as an American government official who was accused of being a Soviet spy in 1948 and convicted of perjury in connection with this charge in 1950. / Alger Hiss was an important proponent in reinforcing the McCarthian paranoia that haunted America during the early and mid 1900s. This paranoia would reinforce the borders between the USSR and the USA.

Culture Wars

conflict emerging between two capitalist and Communist / This deeply divided the nation in regards of political governments, the vietnam war, gender, society norms, race, and with the baby boomers coming of age, america sees a major resistance to the conservative way of thinking, displays an inconsistent path of various political parties, all varying in different political ideologies and goals from the previous president.

Southern Manifesto

document written in February and March 1956, in the United States Congress, in opposition to racial integration of public places./ Continued the debate over states' rights especially the debates over abolition, big banks, and other government involved programs which is found in Reagan's administration and degulated having less involvement in American businesses.

Korean War

fought in the early 1950s between the United Nations, supported by the United States, and the communist Democratic People's Republic of Korea. / The Korean War was fought mainly near the 38th parallel, where the war was mainly fought for 2 years.

Consensus

general agreement and overview on life during the cold war years. / The oppressive, cookie cutter model of what life and morals should be like stifled the baby boomers during their transition into adulthood, setting off one of the most notable liberal movements in American history that fought for a more free, equal and open society that consensus could not support before.

Jackie Robinson

he first black player in the major leagues in 1947, signing with the Brooklyn Dodgers. / Jackie Robinson was the first black man to play in the MLB, which helped pave the way for the Civil Rights Movements, because he had to take abuse from other players, his own teammates, and fans of the Dodgers.

World Bank

international financial institution that provides loans to countries for capital projects. / The World Bank was founded to reduce poverty worldwide by providing loans to countries so that they could make capital investments in themselves or in other countries; the World Bank also helped to hasten the rate of globalization, as it promoted foreign investments and financial agreements.

Gloria Steinem

is an American feminist, journalist, and social political activist who became nationally recognized as a leader and a spokeswoman for the American feminist movement in the late 1960s and early 1970s. / By founding the Ms. Magazine, Steinem brought numerous feminist issues, such as reproductive rights, child care, employment, educational equality, sexual harassment, and marriage relations, into the public light for debate/action; protested Cold War Democratic liberalism along with antiwar activists and black/Chicano nationalists → exposed drawbacks of the old Democratic coalition.

John Lewis

is an American politician and is a prominent civil rights leader. / John Lewis is a Civil Rights leader, who played a major role in the Civil Rights Movement, advocating for the end of legalized racial segregation. Lewis was also one of the six people that organized and led the March on Washington.

Public Broadcasting System & National Public Radio

is an American privately owned non-profit corporation created in 1967 by an act of the United States Congress and funded by the federal government to promote and help support public broadcasting. / The widespread availability of the news and other information proved to be very influential especially on a televised medium because of the real time relay of information. For example the Vietnam War was televised the entire US and sparked outrage within the nation and led to riots, protests and other culture related problems.

NSC-68

produced by the National Security Council in 1950 for President Truman as a kind of grand overview of suggested policy towards the Soviet Union and the communist world. / This document led the Truman Administration to escalate containment methods such as continuing the development of weapons of mass destruction. Not only did this lead to a more hostile relationship with the USSR, but it also led the the USSR obtaining information about the H-Bomb which the United States was developing. This also led to the increase of foreign military aid which was a direct cause of the Korean and Vietnam War.

Eisenhower's Farewell

the final public speech of Dwight D. Eisenhower as the 34th President of the United States, delivered in a television broadcast on January 17, 1961. / Eisenhower's Farewell was a warning against the "military-industrial complex" dubbed by Eisenhower, and tried to speak out against the complete dependence and reliance on the power of the military. The breakout of the Vietnam War and other wars in the late 20th century have reflected on the warnings of Eisenhower, which still influences the US today.

Levittown

the name of seven large suburban housing developments created in the United States of America by William Levitt and his company Levitt & Sons. / The communities offered attractive alternatives to cramped central city locations and apartments, after World War II, which were for both the veterans and their families.

Militancy

the use of confrontational or violent methods in support of a political or social cause. / Instilled fear which ultimately did not progress the nation toward peace and understanding. And with the growing fear and pressure from these protests, it created a stigma of violence with regards to African Americans.

Watts Riots

took place in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles from August 11 to 16, 1965. On August 11, 1965, Marquette Frye, an African-American motorist on parole for robbery, was pulled over for reckless driving./ The Watts Riots were significant because it showed Americas shift to becoming more accepting to other races and how the people still tried to fight for African American equality. This riot pushed for African American equality in the near future.

Whip Inflation Now (WIN)

was a 1974 attempt to spur a grassroots movement to combat inflation in the US, by encouraging personal savings and disciplined spending habits in combination with public measures, urged by US President Gerald Ford. / Whip Inflation Now was a campaign that showed the economic trends of the nation. This was similar to Hoover's approach to dealing with inflation and economic difficulties by promoting volunteer services. This campaign was not that successful but it promoted other campaigns in the future.

Leonid Brezhnev

was a Soviet Ukrainian politician who led the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982 as the General Secretary of the Central Committee (CC) of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. / was a politician that led the Soviet Union for 18 years, which was second to Stalin's rule.

Nikita Khrushchev

was a Soviet statesman who led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War as the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, or Premier, from 1958 to 1964. / Khrushchev's passive approach to the Cold War helped establish a less hostile environment. However Khrushchev's decision to place nuclear warheads in Cuba less than 100 miles away from the Florida coast, problems arose and the Cuban Missile Crisis helped shape future relations with Russia and the United States. But Khrushchev's reluctant withdrawal from Cuba marked the beginning of the weakening of the USSR.

William Westmoreland

was a United States Army general, who commanded U.S. forces during the Vietnam War from 1964 to 1968. / William Westmoreland was significant because he was the commander that asked for more forces to be deployed in Vietnam. This showed the theme of how Americans did not really like war and wanted to stay neutral because as time went on, the majority of Americans opposed the war in Vietnam. This led to Vietnamization to happen in the future.

Fannie Lou Hamer

was a civil rights activist whose passionate depiction of her own suffering in a racist society helped focus attention on the plight of African-Americans throughout the South. / Hamer's work in the civil rights movement was another greatly important catalyst and primer for the passage of more federally-enforced civil rights, and represented the growing power of black speakers in the 1960s.

Flexible Response

was a defense strategy implemented by John F. Kennedy in 1961 to address the Kennedy administration's skepticism of Dwight Eisenhower's New Look and its policy of massive retaliation. / The development of a flexible response allowed the US to participate in warfare without having to directly utilize nuclear arms in its military operations; as a result, limited wars, such as the Vietnam War, the Persian Gulf War, and the Invasion of Panama & Granada, were able to take place without a nuclear response to the situations.

Lee Harvey Oswald

was an American ex Marine and Marxist who assassinated United States President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963. / Lee Harvey Oswald was an ex-marine who was responsible for the assassination of John F. Kennedy, in which 2 days later after his arrest, was fatally shot in the basement of the Dallas Police Headquarters.

Head Start

was an experimental program by the United States Air Force during the Cold War where Strategic Air Command bombers were launched from Loring Air Force Base and loitered off of the coast of western Greenland and eastern Canada. / Much like the Economic Opportunity Act, the Head Start program helped to provide additional opportunities for disadvantaged young students as a part of LBJ's Great Society; this program also reflected the growth of liberalism during the 1960s and 1970s.

Spiro Agnew

was the 39th Vice President of the United States, serving from 1969 to his resignation in 1973./ An early resignation of the Nixon's administration which foreshadowed discrediting the republican party especially during Nixon's resignation and other conspiracies like the Pentagon Papers exposing the many government papers.

Pentagon Papers

was the name given to a top-secret Department of Defense study of U.S. political and military involvement in Vietnam from 1945 to 1967. / The Pentagon Papers began the a shroud of distrust and secrecy. It enabled the public to become wary and influenced Nixon during the Watergate Scandal.

Little Rock Nine

were a group of nine black students who enrolled at formerly all-white Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, in September 1957. / After the publication of the historic Brown v. Board of Education, there was the Little Rock Crisis, where nine African American students enrolled into a school that was racially segregated. However, it was tied to the 14th Amendment, which declared all laws establishing segregated school unconstitutional.

Freedom Rides

were groups of white and African American civil rights activists who participated in Freedom Rides, bus trips through the American South in 1961 to protest segregated bus terminals. (Pg. 886) / The Freedom Rides showcased the beginning of a dynamic change in the civil rights movement, with more people taking a much more active role in the movement by riding buses into deeply segregated areas in the US.