Unit Two: Protestant Reformation
Consubstantiation
The body and bloody of Christ coexist with the blood and wine (Lutheran)
Transubstantiation
The bread and wine turn into the blood and body of Christ (Catholic church believes)
What did Luther dislike?
The fact that Germans were buying indulgences
How did Mary tutor return Catholicism to England after Henry?
Undoes Protestant reforms and prosecuted Protestants
What was the Great Schism?
When there were two popes at the same time; a middle age problem of the Catholic Church
Protestant
any Christian religion that isn't Catholic
Wars of religion: Thirty Years War
cause: religion becomes less important, defenestration of prague
Wars of Religion: France
cause: valois, bourbons, and guisies fighting for control of France
The Monastic life
living in a monastery; daily service, uncomfortable clothes, bad food
~ LUTHER WRITES ~ :
"An address as to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation" (Patriotic appeal to German Kings)
What writing of Luther stated that the bible supports only 2 of 7 sacraments of church?
"Babylonian Captivity of Church"
Predestination
(Calvin believed) When you were born, you were pre- destined to go to heaven or hell
3 Laws that Thomas Cromwell ran through parliament
- Act in Restraint of Appeals - Act of Supremacy - Act for the submission of the clergy
What did Henry do during Henrican Reformation
- Confiscated land of church and sold it to family and nobles - Built the FIRST MODERN CENTRALIZED BUREAUCRATIC STATE
4 PHASES OF THIRTY YEARS WAR
1) Bohemian Phase - Catholics win 2) Danish Phase - Catholics win 3) Swedish phase - Protestants win 4) French Phase - DESTRUCTIVE, France, Swedes, Scots, Finns VS Spain
(5) Additional Problems of the Catholic Church
1) Conciliar Movement 2) Simony 3) Clerical immorality 4) Clerical ignorance 5) Clerical pluralism/ absenteeism
(3) Forms of Calvinism
1) Scotland - Presbyterian 2) France - Huguenots 3) England - Puritans
4 Things Nation States needed to do (Political)
1) Secure obedience, neutralize law and order 2) Exert Control over economic life ($$$) 3) Refocus patriotic identity from local to national scale 4) Dominate + Control religious part of society
5 Wars of Religion
1) Switzerland 2) Germany 3) Netherlands 4) France 5) Thirty Years War
What were the three things the council said that church dogma came from? ~COUNTER REFORMATION~
1) scriptures 2) tradition 3) writing of church (saints)
What was Germany left as after 30 yrs war?
300 separate kingdoms, reasserted Peace of Augsburg
What was the Diet of Worms?
A German meeting, Luther found guilty by Charles V and the Church (Edict of Worms)
What did Luther's Book create?
A second Christian religion, Lutheranism
What was an Indulgence?
A ticket to heaven, (you can sin)
Luther on secular authority:
Believed man should be free from Church authority
What were some changes that came to the Catholic church with the counter reformation?
Believed there were two sacraments, no more indulgences, fixing absenteeism, no more uneducated clergy
What did the church begin teaching during counter reformation?
Catechism (bible school)
Difference between Catholic Churches and Protestant churches
Catholic - decorated Protestant - Plain
Thomas Cranmer
Catholic adviser and bishop, friend of Henry VIII, told him he could go to pope for marriage annulment
Wars of Religion - Switzerland
Civil war breaks out between Swiss cantons - half Protestant half Catholic
What did Peace of Augsburg state?
Cuis regio, eius religio RELIGION OF RULER IS THE RELIGION OF THE PEOPLE
Ulrich Zwingli (Swiss)
Didn't agree with indulgences, but disagreed with Luther on Consubstiation
Thomas Cromwell
Drafted laws that allowed Henry to break away from Church, ran through the parliament ~ THE REFORMATION PARLIAMENT ~
Martin Luther
Educated, Joined strict monastery in Italy, gave everything up for God to go to heaven
What did the Peace of Westphalia do?
Ended Thirty years war - set up model for nation states
Edict of Nantes, issued by Henry IV
Ended war of religion in France, Huguenots can worship in 150 French towns
What began the rise of England?
English defeat invading Spanish ships, who were led by Philip
Wars of Religion - Germany
Fought between Lords who wanted to break away from the the HR Empire and Empire, Ended in PEACE OF AUGSBURG
Who did Elizabeth secretly hire?
Francis Drake, who landed and waited by San Francisco, watched Spanish ships
Who protected Luther after people had agreed to burn him?
Frederic of Saxony; Saw opportunity to break away from the churh
John Calvin
French lawyer, set up theocracy in Geneva
What were some of Calvin's beliefs?
God's law must be rigorously obeyed, emotions must be controlled, moral righteousness should be pursued
What led Henry VIII to breaking away to start his own reformation?
He couldn't go to the Medici Pope so he could become divorced
What did the 7 northern provinces that broke away from the Netherlands form?
Holland, led by William of Orange
War of Roses
Lancasters vs Yorks, fighting for control of England, Lancasters won and changed their name to Tudor
What did Edward (Henry's son) do under Thomas Cranmer?
Made Protestant changes - "The Book of Modern Prayer"
Wars of Religion: Netherlands
North (Protestant) vs South (Catholic) Began when Philip of Spain tries to govern Netherlands
Who wanted Elizabeth's head for imprisonment of Mary Queen of Scots?
Philip of Spain
What did Luther do after becoming angry with Church? ~ LUTHER'S THESIS ~
Pinned 95 bullet points that lashed pope + indulgences and nailed them to door of wittenburgs church
Who issued the indulgences?
Pope Leo X
~ ELIZABETHAN SETTLEMENT ~
Protestantism is official religion, Catholics can worship in private, but had to pay a fine
What did Elizabeth do while in power?
Reinstated book of Common Prayer and passed the 39 Articles (beliefs of Anglican Church
POLITIQUE
Rulers interested in political unity or government that works
Causes of Reformation (SPERM)
S= social (printing press) P= Political (nation states beginning to appear) E= Economics R= Religion M= Military
What did Luther believe?
Salvation was a gift from God, received from Faith, and faith alone. ~SIMPLE FAITH~
John Tetzel
Sold indulgences where Luther lived
Jesuits
started by Ignatius Loyola (Spain), priest must have PHD
