United States Foreign Relations midterm
The CIA is engaged in a practice known as ______ by which suspected terrorists were transported to foreign countries whose interrogation practices did not have to comply with U.S. laws.
extraordinary rendition
ch.5: Identify one of the factors that led to a more active and assertive Congress in foreign policy areas in the early 1970s
failure in the Vietnam War
Congress cannot impose requirements on the executive branch.
false
Foreign Service Officers (FSO's) rotate every 8 years among overseas posts and domestic offices.
false
Private citizens are not allowed to undertake diplomatic missions on behalf of any government.
false
Which of the following statements provides an accurate definition of "cognitive closure"?
Policy makers whose desire to reach a quick decision overrides their caution and examination of alternative strategies.
ch.2: the "New Look" policy?
President Eisenhower's shift in security strategy that enlarged the role of nuclear weapons and created new military alliances to contain the Soviet Union and China
ch.2: Truman Doctrine
President Harry Truman's pledge to provide military aid to Greece and Turkey to help overcome internal communist revolts and, more broadly, to support, "free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures
What did the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution authorize?
President Johnson to take all necessary measures to protect U.S. forces in South Vietnam.
ch.2: The Roosevelt Corollary
President Theodore Roosevelt's 1904 expansion of the Monroe Doctrine proclaiming that the U.S. had authority to act as an "international police power" outside its borders to maintain stability in the Western Hemisphere
ch.3: Which president's moral views of foreign policy were often attributed to his upbringing as the son of a minister?
President Wilson
Which of the following statements is the best example of an "operational code"?
President Woodrow Wilson believed the United States had a moral obligation to the rest of the world.
ch.1: Which of the following is considered to be a problem of globalization?
Problems: the triumph of consumerism over cultural diversity heightened pollution and deforestation, and the exploitation of sweatshop workers-growing gap between the rich and poor
Ch.2: The Monroe Doctrine
Proclamation by President James Monroe in 1823 that politically separated the U.S. from Europe and declared future colonization in the Western Hemisphere a threat to U.S. national security.
The idea that as specialists in their functional areas bureaucrats become more expert in their policy responsibilities and thus experience little interference from elected officials while implementing foreign policy goals is also known as organizational expertise.
True
ch.1: Effect of The Vietnam War
Vietnam syndrome: national self-doubt in the United States , failure in the war led to a weakened sense of U.S. primacy and moral superiority
ch.6: The most important structural change in the economic complex after World War II?
World Bank and the International Monetary Fund
The U.S. government did not create a full-scale foreign service until after which of the following events?
World War I
ch.6: The U.S. government did not create a full-scale foreign service until after which event?
World war I
ch.6: The oldest agency in the foreign policy bureaucracy
The State Department created as the Department of Foreign Affairs
ch.2: the domino theory
a communist victory in one country would lead to a succession of additional victories in neighboring states- Vietnam war
ch.3: Define the concept and explain the significance of bounded rationality
a decision-making environment characterized by an influx of more information than can be managed effectively, leading to policy decisions that do not fully conform to standards of rationality (vital to decision making)
ch.5: Jackson-Vanik Amendment
a legislative measure approved in 1974 that prevented presidents from granting most-favored-nation trade status to foreign countries that restricted the emigration of their citizens
ch.4: Explain the concept of the two presidencies. Do you think this concept is accurate
a model of U.S. government developed by political scientist Aaron Wildavsky that describes the president as constrained on domestic issues while reigning supreme in foreign affairs
Which of the following factors shapes the response of decision makers during a crisis?
a perceived threat to vital national interests
ch.2: open door policy
a policy adopted by the U.S. government 1899 that called for free trade access to china and discouraged other trading states from dividing China into spheres of influence; designed to prevent china from being carved up among European trading interests
ch.2: perestroika
a political movement for reformation within the Communist Party of the former Soviet Union during the 1980s and 1990s; the restructuring of the Soviet economy to spur innovation and efficiency and glasnost greater openness in the political system
ch.4: Define and describe the significance of the concept of prerogative powers.
a president's freedom to make independent and binding judgements, extending beyond national emergencies to include day-to-day decisions, which do not require the approval of congress or the courts
ch.6: What was the function of the "Church Committee"?
a select committee of the U.S. Senate created by Senator Frank Church, D-ID, in 1975 to investigate a wide range of recent operations conducted by the CIA and other intelligence agencies, many which were determined by the committee to be abuses of power, a series of intelligence reforms were enacted in response to these findings
ch.2: The most significant aspect of the Bretton Woods agreements for U.S. foreign economic policy
a series of agreements approved by the U.S. and other market economies in 1944 that led to the creation of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund; The first world Bank would lend money to member states to rebuild their industries, and the second IMF would manage currency exchanges and provide relief to member states facing short-term currency crises
ch.2: The concept of collective security
a system of preventing interstate conflict in which world leaders renounce war as an instrument of statecraft and then pledge to defend each other in the case of aggression; a hallmark of the league of nations
ch.3: What are the assumptions of realism?
a theory of international relations that emphasizes global anarchy, persistent fears and distrust, and a balance of power among states as the most reliable guarantor of world peace view the nation-state as the most important actor on the world stage since it answers to no higher political authority they have supreme power over their territory and populace, and no one stands above them wielding the legitimacy and coercive capability to govern the international system
ch.4: What is the stewardship theory of presidential power?
a view of the U.S. presidency advanced by Theodore Roosevelt that provided the head of state, as the "steward" of the nation, broad discretion to act in foreign policy without regard for domestic opposition
ch.1: The long cycle
a view of world history that highlights recurring periods of dominance of imperial or hegemonic powers
ch.1: Explain long cycle theory
a view of world history that highlights recurring periods of dominance of imperial or hegemonic powers; the dominant power's strength in relation to others inevitably peaks and then erodes as smaller powers benefit from the leader's technological advances, economic aid, and military protection
ch.1: What is exceptionalism?
a widely held sense of national distinctiveness or superiority, exemplified by Americans' traditional view of their nation as a "city upon a hill"
The U.S. trade representative is most likely to favor which of the following policies?
access to foreign markets for U.S. firms
ch.6: The U.S. trade representative is most likely to favor which policies
access to foreign markets for U.S. firms
ch.3: Structural realism and liberal theory agree on ....
acknowledge that anarchic structure of the interstate system that as long as anarchy exists, the character of world politics will be power-oriented and violent.
ch.6: an advantage of the foreign policy bureaucracy of democracies
advantages in their areas of expertise and a strong basis for maintaining the institutional rivalries that afflict U.S. foreign policy on a regular basis
ch.2: the resurgence of power politics?
an aggressive form of statecraft that relies on threats of aggression and shows of force based on the military strength of rivals; deeply founded in realism, adopts an amoral approach to world politics in which "might makes right"; associated with great-power conflicts through the 17th century, & later in WWI & WWII (NOT in the cold war) > 2014 Russia's military took over Ukraine's Crimean Peninsula restoring Moscow's control over a major naval base that had been reverted to Ukraine after the Soviet Union Collapsed
ch.3: the treaty of westphalia
an agreement signed in 16448 ended the Thirty Years' War in Europe and created the nation-state system based on sovereignty that exists today
ch.3: President Eisenhower warned of a U.S. "military-industrial complex," which is an example?
an example of and iron triangle military-industrial complex: an alignment of U.S. defense and private economic interests identified by Pres. Eisenhower in 1961 as a potential threat tp the nation's democracy and security
An iron triangle is composed of ______.
an executive branch agency, an interest group, and a congressional committee
ch.3: what is operational code
an individual's integrated set of conceptions about political life that informs his or her calculations of appropriate and effective policy
ch.2: The Kyoto Protocol
an intergovernmental agreement approved in 1997 that called on signatories to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions linked to global warming-not approved by the U.S. (U.S. was leader of greenhouse gasses then, now its China); signed by 84 governments in 1998 and 1999 required industrialized nations to reduce these emissions to 5 percent below their 1990 levels by 2012
ch.3: Which theory emphasizes the lack of a world government to regulate and moderate the behavior of countries?
anarchy (structural realism)
ch.5: The spectrum of congressional-presidential foreign policy relations?
compliance resistance rejection independence
ch.5: Presidents have up to ______ hours to notify Congress of the deployment of troops
48
ch.2: Kellogg-Briand Pact
A 1928 agreement among 15 countries, including the United States, that condemned "recourse to war for the solution of international controversies [and] as an instrument of national policy
Which of the following descriptions best applies to the concept of groupthink?
Dysfunctional, collective decision-making characterized by a strong sense of a group's moral righteousness, closed mindedness, and pressures toward conformity.
ch.3: example of an "operational code"
Early in the Cold War, Christian beliefs led secretary of State John Foster Dulles to assume the worst about the "atheistic" regime of the soviet union
ch.4: Which president launched the containment strategy that guided U.S. foreign policy until the collapse of the Soviet Union?
Harry Truman
ch.4: example of saber rattling
Lyndon Johnson's decision to force the Vietnam issue through the Tonkin Gulf resolution started the U.S. down the slippery slope to war in Southeast Asia
ch.6: Functions of NATO alliance?
NATO was designed to keep the Americans in, the Russians out, and the Germans down advanced the process of regional integration in Europe-that is, closer economic and political cooperation that offered a remedy for the chronic wars that had long ravaged the continent
______ refers to a pattern by which past structural choices, informed by their architects' values and goals, push future policies in particular directions.
Path dependency
ch.5: Which of the following statements regarding legislative politics is true?
Polarized debates have left Americans cynical about the legislative branch.
ch.4: The establishment of the ______ by Congress in the 1930s codified the centralization of the foreign policy process at the White House
executive office of the President (EOP)
According to the text, economic crises may result from the overwhelming commitments associated with ______.
imperial overstretch
ch.5: Appropriations Committees
in each chamber designate the amount of money to be spent on individual federal programs. In foreign policy, these programs include the operations of the State and Defense Departments and foreign aid
Which of the following attitudes is at one extreme of the spectrum of congressional-presidential foreign policy relations?
independence
ch.1: Which characteristic is a part of the process of economic globalization?
information technology; emerging economies; new importance of governments; existence of global value chains that allow the production of goods in between several countries
ch.5: How did Israel Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's address to Congress demonstrate a paradox in U.S. foreign policymaking?
instead of more talk, the Israeli leader called for more economic sanctions against Iran and stronger military efforts to weaken Iranian influence throughout the Middle East
Which of the following finances the State Department and related agencies?
international affairs
ch.5: Which budget finances the State Department and related agencies?
international affairs budget
President Eisenhower warned of a U.S. "military-industrial complex," which is an example of which of the following?
iron triangle
ch.6: A chronic problem of the foreign policy bureaucracy
its a tangled bureaucracy
ch.5: Courts: "sole organ"
judicial noninterference: congress has received little help from the judicial branch in foreign policy disputes. Court rulings have consistently acknowledged the president as the "sole organ" of foreign policy or dismissed these clashes as political turf battles between the White House and Congress
Which of the following is a chronic problem of the foreign policy bureaucracy?
lack of resources for civilian agencies
ch.3: what is LTA (read political psychology of presidents)
leadership trait analysis software
ch.5: Explain the Intelligence Oversight Act of 1980.
legislative measure empowering House and Senate committees to oversee U.S. intelligence activities and requiring presidents to notify Congress about covert operations in foreign countries
ch.1: Benign hegemons
maintains stability in the international system system, discouraging conflicts among regional powers and covering most of the costs of military security and global economic development
ch.6: The National Reconnaissance Office
manages the nation's spy satellites
ch.1: The growing gap between the world's rich and poor and its impact on IR
the quickening pace of economic globalization brought improved living standards to many nations, but others fell behind, unable to attract foreign investment or find new markets for their goods.
ch.5: The War Powers Resolution of 1973
required presidents to inform Congress about U.S. military deployments and authorized Congress to order the troops home after sixty days if a majority of legislators opposed the deployments
The War Powers Resolution of 1973 did which of the following?
required the president to inform Congress about U.S. military deployments
ch.5: What did the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution authorize?
resolution approved by Congress in 1964 authorizing President Lyndon Johnson to "take all necessary measures" to protect U.S. forces supporting the government of south vietnam The protracted fighting that followed and the eventual U.S. defeat ruptured legislative-executive consensus on foreign policy
ch.2: North Atlantic Treaty Organization
resulted from several troubling developments in Europe; formed in 1949 by the U.S. and 11 other nations
ch.4: ______ is a common technique used to intimidate adversaries through hostile rhetoric, arms buildups, or the deployment of forces into contested territories
saber rattling
ch.3 an example of security community
security community: a region of the world in which governments from close political, economic, and military ties to such an extent that war among them becomes unthinkable; often associated with the European Union
ch.6: Describes the role of the foreign policy bureaucracy under President Obama
seeking most day-to-day advice from staffers in the National Security Council (NSC), who operate in close proximity to the Oval Office. His secretaries of state and defense played a vital but more distant role, advancing their agendas and special missions assigned by the president the government's authority is disbursed vertically among local, state, and federal agencies; horizontally across the three branches of government; and internally within the bureaucracies themselves
ch.6: Role of national security adviser
serves as a gatekeeper in the White House controlling access to the president
ch.5: Senators serve terms of ______ years
six-year terms, and every two years
One who looks to presidential speeches and the news media to understand foreign policy decision-making is likely to support which of the following theories of international relations?
social constructivism
ch.3: Advocates of ______ argue that world politics, along with domestic politics and other aspects of public life, do not have fixed properties
social constructivism
ch.3: One who looks to presidential speeches and the news media to understand foreign policy decision-making is likely to support which of the following theories of international relations?
social constructivism
ch.5: Congress most potent weapon relates to its power to ______.
taxing and spending power (power of the purse)
ch.1: The impact of technology on U.S adversaries
technology enabled adversaries of the United States to advance their political military agendas; EX. Russian hackers gaining access to governments, schools and industrial powers
ch.6: Define and describe the significance of the concept of diplomacy.
the interactions among representatives of two or more sovereign states on official matters of mutual or collective concern
ch.1: What accelerated the pace of globalization in the 20th century?
the internet revolution
ch.1: Describe globalization
the linking of national and regional markets into a single world economy with limited political commerce.
Conflicts between the legislative and executive branches over foreign policy frequently come down to matters of dollars and cents
true
Court rulings have consistently acknowledged the president as the "sole organ" of foreign policy or dismissed these clashes as political turf battles between the White House and Congress.
true
Legislators receive gains by delivering tangible benefits such as highway projects and military contracts.
true
Structural realists see governments as unitary actors, speaking with one voice in confronting global problems.
true
The institutions of U.S. foreign policy have become more concentrated in the White House since World War II.
true
ch.4: The U.S. Senate must approve treaties with a super majority, ______ votes
two-thirds of its members or 67 votes
ch. 2: The expansion of American power featured a consistent pattern of ______.
unilateralism
the expansion of American power featured a consistent pattern of______
unilateralism
what type of balance of power has the world system displayed since the end of the Cold War?
unipolar
ch.6: The government's authority is disbursed ______ among local, state, and federal agencies
vertically
ch.1: What is the command of the commons?
command of the sea, space, and air
A central aspect of constructivist theory relates to ______.
identity.
Congress tends to play the most active role in which of the following foreign policy areas?
immigration
ch.3: Constructivist theory
relates to identity, or the definition of an individual or group as considered apart from others. Political identities, which have no objective material basis, define relations among governments the shared identities of the U.S. and Western Europe after WWII had as much to do with the creation of NATO as with the threat posed by the Soviet Union View the 19th century discourse of "manifest destiny" in the U.S. as a moral justification for westward expansion and territorial conquest
ch.5: Congress tends to play the most active role in which of the following foreign policy areas?
immigration
ch.2: The Clinton administration's national security strategy
"engagement and enlargement" presumed that closer interactions between countries, primarily on economic matters, would provide collective benefits to them while discouraging challenges to the status quo; Clinton's primary interest was domestic rather than foreign policy, believed that the U.S. would be more secure and prosperous in a more tightly knit world whose nations shared common values, interests, and political institutions
ch.5: According to the text, economic crises may result from the overwhelming commitments associated with ______.
"imperial overstretch"
ch.3: According to the authors of a classic study of foreign policy, "the ______ questions cannot be answered without analysis of decision-making."
'why'
ch.4: Powers given to the president by the Constitution
(in foreign policy) 1. directing the conduct warfare 2. negotiating and signing treaties and international agreements 3. appointing cabinet secretaries and ambassadors 4. conducting diplomacy 7 constitutional powers of the president: Admin Head of the Nation,Commander and Chief of the Military,Power to Veto,Special Session/State of the Union,Appointment Power,Negotiates Treaties,Pardon
What factors contribute to the fragmentation of bureaucracies
-clashing goals -dominant self interests -overlapping responsibilities
ch.6: Functions of the State Department
-representing U.S. positions to foreign governments -international organizations - private citizens while also serving as contacts for representatives of foreign governments who wish to convey their views to the U.S. government -advising presidents on the ends and means of U.S. foreign policy -gathering and sharing information about recent developments overseas -Negotiating directly with foreign governments -providing representation and services to U.S. citizens abroad -Regulating and managing foreign travel to the U.S. -Investigating solutions to transnational problems such as environmental decay, large-scale poverty, and weapons proliferation
ch.6: Core responsibility of the Department of Homeland Security?
-securing U.S. borders -managing immigration -responding to natural disasters -safeguarding cyberspace
ch.4: Identify and discuss the Pentagon Papers Supreme Court case
1971: the supreme court rules against the president; the court rejected Nixon's claim that damaging information possessed by the NYT about U.S. involvement in Vietnam should be barred from publication on the grounds of national security
ch.5: Nelson-Bingham Amendment
1974 foreign assistance act authorized congress to review foreign arms sales of more than $25 million and to reject such sales through a concurrent resolution of both chambers
ch.4: Different models of foreign policy management by presidents
1. Formalistic(Nixon): Shaped like a pyramid, the formalistic system emphasizes a strict hierarchical, orderly decision structure. Information is supposed to flow up through a clear chain of command and end with the President. Examples of presidents who used this type of system are Truman, Eisenhower, Nixon, Reagan, and George W. Bush. 2. Competitive (F. Roosevelt): Relatively unstructured information network with leader placed in arbiter position among competing advisers with overlapping areas of authority. Leaders who use this type of system are not adverse to argument and conflict. The prime example of the system was that of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. 3. Collegial (clinton): Emphasizes teamwork, shared responsibility and problem solving within group. It is shaped like a wagon wheel. Advisers are treated equally and encouraged to speak freely with the president. Examples of administrations that used this style are Kennedy, Carter, George H.W. Bush, Clinton, and Obama.
ch.2: Identify at least two countries or regions where the United States intervened during the 1990s after the end of the Cold War.
1. Yugoslavia 2. Persian Gulf 3. Somali civil war 4. Bosnian War 5. Kosovo war
ch.3: Which factors shapes the response of decision makers during a crisis?
1. element of surprise 2. a perceived threat to vital national values and interests 3. a compressed time frame that demands quick action
ch.5: Describe the four constraints on congressional action in foreign policy
1. passing the buck legislators know the White House, not congress, will receive credit for any breakthroughs in foreign policy. By distancing themselves from foreign policy, they protect themselves from blame if the president's actions fail 2. structural weaknesses the sheer size of congress hinders its efforts to compete with the president, who sits alone atop the executive branch. the laborious and time-consuming nature of the legislative process further constrains legislators' ability to influence foreign policy 3. judicial noninterference: congress has received little help from the judicial branch in foreign policy disputes. Court rulings have consistently acknowledged the president as the "sole organ" of foreign policy or dismissed these clashes as political turf battles between the White House and Congress 4. constituent service: legislators have strong incentives to meet the material needs of the citizens in their states and districts rather than focus on "abstract" foreign policy concerns. Legislators receive gains by delivering tangible benefits, such as highway projects and military contracts
ch.1: Summarize four categories of challenges facing U.S. world power.
1. rejection of globalization: rejection of the Transatlantic Trade and investment partnership; 2. global power balance 3. ???????????
Ch.2: Manifest Destiny
A belief popular in the early history of the U.S. that the nation had God's blessing to expand and assume political control pf a wider population
ch.2: Liberal internationalism
A key aspect of President Jimmy Carter's foreign policy that called for U.S. global involvement consistent with he country's moral principles and political ideals; offered a new route to global stability, and the president achieved a major foreign policy goal by brokering the 1978 Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt
ch.4: Which doctrine focused on proactive, unilateral assertion of America's world power?
Bush Doctrine
ch. 1: Provide an example of imperial overstretch.
A pattern in which great powers have consistently expanded their foreign commitments beyond their ability to remain economically solvent and military secure; Roman, Dutch, Ottoman, Spanish, British, and Russian empires bit off more than they could chew and then succumbed to uprising in their far-flung provinces and to political infighting at home.
ch.2: The foreign policy of détente
A policy devised by Henry Kissinger, national security adviser and secretary of state under presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford, to ease tensions between the U.S. and the soviet union; Under the detente policy, U.S. and Soviet leaders established a closer working relationship so that regional crises could be resolved without threatening a direct confrontation; In return for Soviet restraint the U.S. offered country material benefits, including badly needed American agricultural exports & negotiated a series of arms control treaties
ch.2: Lend-Lease Program
A program devised by the United States during World War II to provide military assets to Great Britain in exchange for U.S. access to British military bases in the Caribbean
ch.2: Bretton Woods system
A system of fixed currency exchange rates based on the U.S. dollar, which because of American economic clout would be considered "good as gold"; included 2 international financial institutions designed to stabilize the world economy further
ch.4: What is "the bully pulpit"
A term coined by Theodore Roosevelt to describe a president's unique ability to shape public opinion by speaking out forcefully on important issues
ch.4: _____________ believed that a strong president was needed to guide the United States in the unpredictable and often perilous realm of world politics
Alexander Hamilton
ch.2: Woodrow Wilson's "Fourteen Points" speech?
All countries should respect, including worldwide disarmament, freedom of the seas, open markets, and the prohibition of secret diplomacy - proposed the League of Nations that would provide the institutional foundation for collective security
ch.1: Example of cultural imperialism.
American fashions, popular music, movies, and television programs; feed people products/beliefs
ch.6: Why is federalism a major factor in foreign economic policy
American governors and mayors eagerly pursue foreign markets for the goods and services produced by their constituents
ch.2: League of Nations
An international organization created after World War I to provide a forum for resolving international disputes
ch.5: Which committees are responsible for allocation money to individual federal programs?
Appropriations Committees in each chamber
Why is federalism a major factor in foreign economic policy?
Because of federalism, states compete for the attention of foreign-owned firms and seek to sell goods produced in their cities and states on foreign markets.
ch.6: A factor that provides power to bureaucrats in foreign policy making?
Bureaucrats are vested with the resources, budgets, and expertise to implement policies over the long term, and provide much-needed "continuity and constancy" to foreign policymaking
ch.4: The Obama Doctrine differed from the (George W.) Bush Doctrine, _____
Bush: Defended preventive attacks on state terrorists; identified U.S. primacy as a key goal of grand strategy obama: emphasized soft power, heightened allied support, and smaller-scale military "footprint"
ch.5: Which piece of legislation passed by Congress in 1972 required presidents to report all international agreements to Congress within 60 days of their entering into force?
Case-Zablocki Act
How is Congress able to influence global financial institutions?
Congress controls the U.S. budget and how much money is allocated to organizations such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.
ch.5: How is Congress able to influence global financial institutions?
Congress controls the U.S. budget and how much money is allocated to organizations such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.
Ch.2: What developments in the 1960s and 1970s led policymakers to shift from the original strategy of containment to détente?
Events in the late 1960s such as Prague Springs and the Vietnam War undermined the superpowers at home and their relationship with the allies - loss of confidence.
______ examines the impact of a nation's geographic position and resources relative to those of other powers.
Geopolitics
ch.1: Which country was at the forefront of economic globalization through the nineteenth century?
Great Britain
ch.6: The Goldwater-Nichols Act
Legislative measure approved in 1986 that altered the balance of power within the Pentagon by strengthening the power of the chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and increasing the power of regional commanders in chief who manage forces across the armed services
which of the following paved the way for Western Europe's economic recovery and its eventual political alignment within the European Union
Marshall Plan
ch.6: The 1947 restructuring of the foreign policy bureaucracy under the National Security Act
NSC
ch.2: Marshall Plan
Named after President Harry Truman's Secretary of state, George Marshall, a U.S. foreign policy initiative approved in 1947 that provided U.S. allies with economic aid to hasten their recovery after WWII; paved the way for Western Europe's economic recovery and its eventual political alignment within the European Union
The primary economic group responsible for advising the president on foreign economic matters is the ______.
National Economic Council
ch.6: The primary economic group responsible for advising the president on foreign economic matters is the ______.
National Economic Council
ch.2: Vietnam syndrome
National self-doubt in the U.S. in the late 1960s and 1970s as the nation's involvement and defeat in the vietnam war led to a weakened sense of U.S. primacy and moral superiority; the virtues and open-ended military commitments of the doctrine were no longer taken for granted
which of the following bodies was created in 1949 as a result of several troubling developments in Europe?
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
ch.4: Which organization replaced the State Department as the president's primary source of advice on foreign policy matters following World War II
The National Security Council (NSA)
According to the text, how Israel Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's address to Congress demonstrated a paradox in U.S. foreign policymaking?
The U.S. allies were reminded that despite its foreign policy power, U.S. domestic institutions could make it an unpredictable and unreliable partner.
ch.1: As explained by your text, what is the "paradox" of U.S. power?
The United States is constrained by the very forces that propelled its rise to global predominance
Which of the following is an example of celebrity diplomacy?
The actor Ben Affleck's visits to the Democratic Republic of the Congo to bring attention to victims of the nation's civil war.
ch.2: Korean War
The two governments agreed to divided the peninsula along the the thirty-eight parallel-with Moscow controlling the northern and the U.S. the southern region-until the creation of a unified national government June 1950 communist forces from North Korea attacked their counterparts in South Korea
ch.5: Explain the significance of the "revolving door."
become lobbyists for defense contractors with direct access to Capitol Hill; Influential members of congress gain spending approval for pet military projects in their states or districts
ch.1: Balance of power since the end of the WWII
bipolar; a power of balance dominated by two states, the U.S. and the Soviet Union
ch.1: How much is U.S military spending?
book: $610 billion or about one third of the global total 2020-21: $934 billion 2020-21
ch.3: In the world of ______, foreign policy makers coper as best they can with the personal as well as the institutional limitations facing them
bounded rationality
ch.3: What is the concept of autonomy?
bureaucracies enjoy a high level of freedom from outside interference; the right or condition of self-government
The ______ model of foreign policy decision-making highlights the competition among rival agencies.
bureaucratic politics
ch.3: The ______ model of foreign policy decision-making highlights the competition among rival agencies
bureaucratic politics (first model)
ch.3: What are the differences between the bureaucratic politics and organizational process models of policy making
bureaucratic politics: highlights the competition among rival agencies; these are conflicts, driven by bureaucratic self-interests rather than national interests, can shape the future direction of policy - "players who act in terms of no consistent set of strategic objectives"/"where you stand is where you sit" (interagency bargaining) organizational process models: refers to the standard operating procedures that bureaucratic managers routinely follow in performing their tasks (occurs within agencies). The focus is on efficiency and tightly followed routines
ch.4: Role of Judiciary branch in foreign policy
can curb executive power
ch.4:Which management model encourages consensus that reconciles the differences among advisers? Explain different models
collegial model
ch.3: Explain the concept of global governance. Under what conditions did global governance networks emerge? Do global governance networks alter the national interest of states and, if so, in what ways?
combines traditional state-to state diplomacy with policy collaboration among private groups and intergovernmental organizations global warming and nuclear proliferation
what was the main foreign policy strategy during the Cold War?
containment
ch.2: What was the main foreign policy strategy during the Cold War?
containment strategy; Kennan's call for the containment of communism struck a middle ground between two alternatives: U.S. detachment from the emerging conflict and an all-out invasion and "liberation" of the Soviet Union; under the containment strategy the U.S. would accept the existing sphere of Soviet influence, but it would prevent further Soviet expansion by any means, including military force; the U.S. waited for the communist system to collapse from within
ch.5: ______ is considered to be the largest single spending category in the federal budget.
defense budget
The interactions among representatives of two or more sovereign states on official matters of mutual or collective concern are referred to as ______.
diplomacy
ch.6: The interactions among representatives of two or more sovereign states on official matters of mutual or collective concern are referred to as ______.
diplomacy
ch.3: Characteristic of the U.S. foreign policy bureaucracy
divided between four complexes: diplomatic, security, economic affairs, and intelligence. highly fragmented and decentralized, despite Congress's efforts to centralize the foreign policy decision making process.
ch.4: Theodore Roosevelt's stewardship theory called for which of the following
dominant president in domestic and foreign policy rests on the assumption that "the president could do anything that the Constitution or laws did not expressly forbid", a view of presidential power in sharp contrast to that held by many 19th century presidents.
ch.3: concept of groupthink
dysfunctional collective decision making characterized by a strong sense of a group's moral righteousness, closed-mindedness, and pressures toward conformity
ch.5: A congressmember in the House of Representatives represents ______.
each of the states
ch.1: Much of the United States' advantage as a global leader derives from ______.
economy
ch.5: The president and Congress relationship following the September 11 terrorist attacks
ended the period of discord
the Clinton administration's national security strategy was referred to as
engagement and enlargement
the idea that the United States was destined to achieve superior world power status is linked to which of the following?
exceptionalism
ch.2: The U.S. Constitution divided foreign policy powers between which two actors?
executive and legislative and legal questions addressed by the judicial
ch.4: Executive agreements
formal agreements negotiated by executive branch with foreign governments that do not require Senate ratification; often serve as an alternative to treaties presidents favor executive agreements for 3 reasons(pg170): 1. independence 2.negotiating treaties 3.lengthy period 4. congress can override a president w/ majority
ch.4: Why are the president's war powers considered to be the most controversial of all of the foreign powers granted to the executive by the Constitution?
formal declarations of war are no longer standard practice in diplomacy (166)
ch.6: What are three ways that the U.S. political system is fragmented with regard to the foreign policy process?
fragmented starting with government authority being disbursed among local, state, and federal agencies (Hook, 235). Then it is disbursed across the three branches of government: the legislative, executive, and judicial. Each branch of the government plays a role in foreign policy decision-making. In the legislative branch, the Senate has a role in ratifying treaties. In the executive branch, the commander in chief directs troops, and moreover conducts most foreign policy. In the judicial branch, treaties are interpreted when cases are presented.
ch.3: ______ examines the impact of a nation's geographic position and resources relative to those of other powers.
geopolitics
ch.3: The concept of a two-level game
government officials/foreign policy makers simultaneously negotiate with their counterparts overseas and with domestic actors (public and private) who have stakes in the policy process U.S. foreign policy is highly decentralized, with multiple actors involved within and outside the government
ch.6: Identify the National Security Council (NSC) and describe its three functions
has served as the nerve center of the foreign policy process. The council comprises four statutory members, four statutory advisers, top presidential aides, and a variety of other senior government officials..."(Hook, 251), it was made in response to making a more centralized system of foreign policymaking. The three functions of the National Security Council are 1) agent of policy coordination in which the NSC tries to create an organized and functioning relationship among the many federal agencies (specifically the Defense and State Departments) involved in U.S.foreign policy; 2)source of neutral policy guidance in which, "The national security adviser (the secretary of state) meets regularly with the president to review and interpret recent developments in U.S. foreign policy"(Hook, 252); and 3)forum for crisis management, which is when the NSC provides a basis to manage national security crises.
ch.4: Identify and describe the significance of the Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company
many foreign policy powers of the president and congress-those not explicitly written into the constitution-are not clearly apportioned. "there is a zone of twilight in which [the president] and Congress may have concurrent authority, or in which its distribution is uncertain zone of twilight: emphasizes the lack of explicit powers granted to the executive and legislative branches and that sees interbranch conflict as largely "political"
ch.1: The degree of U.S. predominance is the greatest in the ______ realm.
military
ch.5: What are wars of choice?
military conflicts concerning nonvital national interests
ch.3: Political psychology of President Woodrow Wilson
moralistic approach
Which of the following was identified by the text as a characteristic associated with the political psychology of President Woodrow Wilson?
moralistic worldview
ch.3: Describe the theory of bolstering
once a decision is made, policy makers often use the decision to bolster their claims regarding the problem at hand In September 2001, the terrorist attacks led to President Bush's quick action.
which of the following was a direct outgrowth of the Vietnam Syndrome?
opposition to open-ended military commitments
ch.3: Conservatism in bureaucratic politics
organizational cultures, though unique to each agency, consistently discourage innovation or changes of course
ch.5: The ability to monitor the president's conduct of foreign policy is referred to as ______.
oversight
ch.5:If a Congress member distances themselves from foreign policy, they are protecting themselves from blame if the president's actions fail. This is referred to as ______.
passing the buck
ch.6: ______ refers to a pattern by which past structural choices, informed by their architects' values and goals, push future policies in particular directions
path dependency
ch.4:Examples of Congress checking the power of the executive to negotiate and sign treaties and international agreements?
pg. 155 Pres. clinton: signed an executive order on June 25, 1994 that outlined measures for implementing the chemical weapons convention Pres. Bush 2001, issued a national security directive that outlined plans for the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan Pres. Obama used a UN Security Council resolution rather than the consent of congress to justify sending U.S. military forces to Libya Trump launched the most powerful bomb in history, destroyed and ISIS tunnel in remote Afghanistan
ch.3: Definition of "cognitive closure"
policy makers find the process of decision making stressful, particularly when the information they receive is incomplete and contradictory. Their desire to make a decision quickly leads them to adopt a solution to a problem before the intelligence is available Pres. Johnson's strategy in Vietnam became increasingly rigid despite problems on the battlefield and the domestic opposition to the war
ch.6: Define and explain the significance of elitism.
political leaders and the general public often se diplomats as object suspicion because of their arcane interests as well as their cosmopolitan behavior and manners
Which of the following is often considered to be one of the most potent weapons of Congress?
power of the purse
ch.5: Power of the purse
power over government spending is "the most complete and effectual weapon with which any constitution can arm the representatives of the people" the power of the purse is not simply as matter of check and balances. Decisions about the amount of money received by the government, and how that money will be spent, dictate what is possible in public policy. Those who hold the keys to the treasury establish both the opportunities and the limitations of government action
ch.3: 1. Which of the following beliefs combine to make an operational code or view of politics?
principled and casual beliefs
ch.6: Celebrity diplomacy
private citizens undertake diplomatic missions on behalf of the U.S. government -Bill Gates -Angelina Jolie
ch.3: ______ argues that astute decision makers don't expect optimal outcomes but intuitively gauge the risks and rewards of policy choices relative to the imperfect status quo
prospect theory
Which of the following is a function of the State Department?
providing representation to U.S. citizens abroad
ch.2: explain how collective security is historically relevant to U.S. foreign policy. How was the concept put into practice, and what are some of the reasons that it failed?
put into practice: formation of the league of nations, kellogg-briand pact failed: did not prevent the major powers from playing the same old game of power politics
All of the following are sources of "raw" intelligence EXCEPT ______.
radar intelligence
The idea that policy makers use objective calculations of costs and benefits to formulate foreign policy decisions is known as ______.
rational choice
ch.3: The idea that policy makers use objective calculations of costs and benefits to formulate foreign policy decisions is known as ______
rational choice
ch.6: sources of "raw" intelligence
raw intelligence: unprocessed information about foreign governments and developments abroad collected by intelligence agents from various sources and shared with policy makers after it has been processed -human intelligence -signal intelligence -image intelligence
Which of the following has been the dominant theory of international politics, focusing on conflicts between nations?
realism
ch.6: the intelligence cycle
the 5 stage intelligence process, moving from planning and direction to collection, processing, analysis, and, finally, dissemination to policy makers -planning and direction: identify info -collection: gather info -processing: transcribing, translation -analysis -dissemination
Which piece of legislation passed by Congress in 1972 required presidents to report all international agreements to Congress within 60 days of their entering into force?
the Case-Zablocki Act
Ch.2: Louisiana Purchase
the French sold it for $15 million and Jefferson accepted; left the U.S. free to focus on state building, economic development, and further continental expansion
ch. 2: Containment
the U.S. diplomat George Kennan at the start of the Cold War to prevent Soviet expansion; a midrange alternative to the extremes of U.S. withdrawal from global activism and direct military conflict with the Soviet Union
ch.3: "sovereignty gap"
the UN, World Trade Organization, and other groups who seek collective problems that individual state cannot resolve alone - these actors have created a network of global governance (combines traditional state-to-state diplomacy with policy collaboration among private groups and intergovernmental organizations) that fills the gap
ch.3: Identify the three factors that converge in a crisis to shape the response of foreign policy makers. How do crises alter the decision-making process? Why might the effects of groupthink be magnified in a crisis? Provide examples of cognitive psychology within the domain of American foreign policy.
the actions taken by political leaders in such crises often determine whether long-standing differences will be resolved peacefully or through violent conflict. Legal constraints and institutional structures play important, but relatively indirect, role in such stressful circumstances. of greater consequence are the psychological and behavioral orientations of the decision makers
ch.3: Iron triangle
the alliance of influential interest groups, congressional committees, and corresponding executive branch agencies to carry out policies of mutual concern to the exclusion of other policy actors or outside interests effectively excludes other members of congress, the white house, and the general public from affecting key foreign policy decisions example: U.S. defense industry, identified by President Eisenhower in his 1961 farewell address to the nation as a key element of the "military industrial complex"
ch. 1: soft power
the attractiveness of a nation's political and cultural values to other states and societies that enhances the nation's ability to gain support from other government for its policy goals
ch.2: United States reason for entering into World War I
the country could not maintain its detached posture once the conflict in Europe extended into the Atlantic Ocean; May 1915 a German submarine destroyed the British ocean liner Lusitania, whose passengers had included 128 American citizens
World War I resulted in which of the following?
the creation of the league of nations
ch.1: What is national style?
the expression of cultural influences that have historically shaped a country's identity and approach to international relations
ch.3: Example of bureaucratic inefficiency
the fragmentation of bureaucracies leads to breakdowns in communication and coordination trump was known for sending tweets from his personal smartphone. for policy makers, it became difficult to understand the president's mixed messages
ch.6: Which individual serves as the government's chief diplomat while also advising the president
the secretary of state
ch.6: Organizational culture
the set of shared values, goals, and functional priorities of the members of a government agency
ch.3: Describes the concept of organizational culture?
the set of shared values, goals, and functional priorities of the members of a government agency the presence of so many foreign policy agencies in the U.S. government inevitably leads to clashes of organizational cultures
ch.5: extraordinary rendition
the transfer without legal process of a detainee to the custody of foreign government for the purpose of detention and interrogation
ch.2: Gunboat diplomacy
the use of deployed military forces as a means of political intimidation to achieve a nation's foreign policy preferences without resorting to violence; Japan's emperor accepted a "treaty of friendship" in 1854 that provided for U.S. access to the Japanese market.
ch.3: A security dilemma arises when ...
there is uncertainty about the motives of potential rivals security dilemma: the destabilizing effect of military expansion by one state, even for defensive purposes, as other states respond by expanding their armed forces. ex. President Donald Trump interpreted Beijing's recent military modernization and growth as a defense move as a result the president increased U.S. defense budget funding to $750 billion in early 2019
What was the function of the "Church Committee"?
to investigate whether covert CIA operations were abuses of presidential power
According to liberal theory, problems that do not respect national boundaries create a growing sense of interdependence that rewards cooperation among governments.
true
ch.6: Function of the International Monetary Fund
working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world.
ch.5: Can congress impose requirements on the executive branch?
yes
