united states history reconstruction to the present chapter 2

Knights of Labor-

Labor unions that sought to organize all workers and focused on Broad social reforms

William Randolph Hearst-

was an American businessman, politician, and newspaper publisher who built the nation's largest newspaper chain and media company Hearst Communications.

Elisha Otis-

was an American industrialist, founder of the Otis Elevator Company, and inventor of a safety device that prevents elevators from falling if the hoisting cable fails.

Terence V Powderly-

was an American labor union leader, politician and attorney, best known as head of the Knights of Labor in the late 1880s. He was elected mayor of Scranton, Pennsylvania, for three 2-year terms, starting in 1878.

Frederick Law Olmsted-

was an American landscape architect, journalist, social critic, and public administrator. He is popularly considered to be the father of American landscape architecture

Horatio Alger-

was an American writer, best known for his many young adult novels about impoverished boys and their rise from humble backgrounds to lives of middle-class security and comfort through hard work, determination, courage, and honesty

Samuel Gompers-

was an English-born American labor union leader and a key figure in American labor history. Gompers founded the American Federation of Labor, and served as the organization's president from 1886 to 1894, and from 1895 until his death in 1924.

Telegraph

1 hour

Pony express

10 days

Chinese Exclusive Act-

1882 law that Prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers

Haymarket riot-

1886 labor-related protest in Chicago which ended in a deadly violence

Sherman Anti-Trust Act -

1890 law banning any trust that restrained interstate trade or Commerce

Homestead Strike (1892)

1892 strike against Carnegie's steelworkers in Homestead Pennsylvania

Regular mail

2 days to 2 month

Corporation-

A number of people share the ownership of a business

John D Rockefeller-

An Ohio oil tycoon made agreements with railroads that made it difficult for his competitors to ship their products

Time zones

Any of the 24 longitudinal areas of the world within which the same time is used

Cartel-

Association of a good or service that prices and control stock in order to monopolize the market

Nativism-

Belief that native-born white Americans are superior to newcomers

Americanization-

Beliefs that Assimilating immigrants to American society would make them more loyal citizens

Company towns-

Community residents rely upon one company for jobs housing and shopping

Monopoly -

Exclusive control by one company over an entire industry.

Urbanization-

Expansion of cities and/or an increase in the number of people living in them

Trust-

Group of separate companies that are placed under the control of a single managing board in order to form a monopoly

Angel Island-

Immigrant processing station that opened in San Francisco Bay in 1910

Ellis Island-

Island in New York Harbor that served as an immigration station for millions of immigrants arriving to the United States

American Federation of Labor ( AFL)-

Labor union that organized skilled workers in a specific trade and made specific demands rather than seeking broad changes

Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) -

Monitor railroad shipping rates

Tenements-

Multistory building divided into apartments to house as many families as possible

Collective bargaining-

Process in which employers negotiate with labor unions about hours wages and other working conditions

Mass production-

Production of goods in large numbers through the use of machinery and assembly lines

Mass transit-

Public transportation system that carry a large numbers of people

Conspicuous Consumerism-

Purchasing of goods and service for the purpose of impressing others

Suburbs-

Residential areas surrounding a city

Andrew Carnegie-

Rockefeller, steel tycoon other businesses leaders also strengthened their companies and made the workplace more efficient by gaining control of the different businesses that were involved in all stages of manufacturing their products

Mass culture

Similar cultural patterns in society as a result of the spread of transportation communication and advertising

Melting pot-

Society in which people of different nationalities assimilate to form one culture

"New" Immigrants-

Southern and Eastern European immigrant who arrived in the United States in a great wave between 1880 and 1920

Horizontal integration-

System of consolidating many firms in the same businesses

Socialism-

Systems and Theory under which the means of production are politically and controlled and regulated rather than owned by individuals

Gilded age-

Turn coin Mark Twain to describe the post-reconstruction era was which was characterized by a façade of prosperity

Skyscraper-

Very tall building

Pullman Strike-

Violent 1894 railroad workers' strike which began outside of Chicago and spread Nationwide

Social Darwinism

Yale Professor William Graham Sumner soon applied this theory to the rough-and-tumble world of American capitalism. He declared that wealth was measured of one's inherent value and those who had it most fit

Cholera-

a particular dangerous illness epidemic proportions several times in the United States in the 1800's killing thousands

Rural to Urban migrants-

a person who moves from an agricultural area to a city

Vaudeville-

a stage play on a trivial theme with interspersed songs.

Vertical integration-

allowed companies to reduce their cost of production

Suspension bridge -

bridge that has a roadway suspended by cables

Cash crop-

crop grown for sale

Thomas Edison-

invented the light bulb in 1879

Patent-

is a grant by the federal Government giving an inventor the exclusive right to develop, use, and sell an invention for a set period of time

Tin Pan Alley-

is the name given to the collection of New York City music publishers and songwriters who dominated the popular music of the United States in the late 19th century and early 20th century.

Bessemer process-

method developed in the mid-1800 for making steel more efficiently

Entrepreneurs-

people who build or manage businesses or enterprise in order to make a profit

Laissez-faire-

policies which allowed businesses to operate under minimal government regulation

Sweatshops-

small Factory where employees have to work long hours under poor conditions for little pay

Protective tariffs

taxes that made imported goods cost more than those in the USA

Free enterprise-

the freedom to run a business for profit with minimal regulation beyond what is necessary to protect the public interest.

Steerage-

third-class accommodation on a steamship, which were usually overcrowded and dirty

Joseph Pulitzer-

was a newspaper publisher of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch and the New York World.He became a leading national figure in the Democratic Party and was elected congressman from New York. He crusaded against big business and corruption and helped keep the Statue of Liberty in New York.