UNL History 222 Exam 1

Kolven

A game introduced to the New York colony by the Dutch. It most closely resembles the modern game of golf.

Ganderpulling

A popular blood sport in the Southern colonies usually staged on the monday following easter in which a goose was hung by its feet from a rope tied between two trees. The bird's neck was greased and the participants attempted to pull it head of from horseback

Landed Gentry

A relatively small group of landowners in Virginia who owned most of the land and became the cultural elite of the colony.

Great Awakening

A revivalist (back to the bible) movement that began in the 1730's that emphasized a closer relationship with God.

Reserve Clause

Allowed clubs to reserve the rights of players. for their careers. It left players with very little power when negotiating contracts and controlling their futures

Tennis

Also a popular royal sport imported to Britian form France during the Middle Ages.

Playground Movement

Also designed to keep children out of trouble it began in Chicago in 1903 and was responsible for the jump of cities with supervised playgrounds from 41 to 504 in a little more than a decade.

Batting Average

Also devised by Chadwick to compare the batting success of various players not only in one's own time but throughout history. The average is reached by dividing a player's hits by the number of his at-bats.

May Day

Annual rite of spring for British Society and rite of passage for British youth. The most popular holiday of the British Festive Culture

"Separate Spheres"

As part of the Victorian middle class, there was a separation of sexes. The public sphere (business, politics) was the domain of men and the private sphere (the home,family) was the domain of women. Rarely did the two mix.

America's Cup

Award named for John Cox Stevens' yacht (the America) that was first awarded to the New York Yacht Club and eventually it would be the prize awarded to the winner of an international competition between American and foreign competitors.

Alexander Cartwright

Bank Clerk and volunteer firefighter who helped form the Knickerbocker base ball club and devised the gams' first rules

Primogeniture

British cultural tradition of the first-born son inheriting the family fortune.

Caledonian Clubs

Caledonia was the Roman name for Scotland and these clubs revolved around racing the track and field. They sprand up in America in the 1850s by Scottish immigrants

George Whitefield

Charismatic English preacher who started in the Anglican Church but eventually came to the colonies and led the Great Awakening. Those who followed him became know as the "New Lights"

King Kelly

Colorful player who started his career in Chicago but was famously sold to Boston for $10,000 in 1887

Mills Commission

Committee that decided Abner Doubleday was the inventor of baseball based on the testimony of one man

"Race of the Century"

Considered by many the first major sporing event that received national attention and promotion in newspapers it pitted a northern horse Eclipse vs. southern horse Sir Henry in a sectional battle at Union race track on Long Island.

Backcountry

Considered the frontier to the west of the original colonies settled primarily by Scots-Irish from the borderlands of Britain. It was the last area of North America colonization.

Foolstide

Derisive term used for Christmas by the Puritans

National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs

Eight teams made up the original league and made sure none of the teams involved were owned by players. Cities in the league would have to have populations of at least 75,000 and have the approval of existing clubs to join.

Brotherhood of Porfessional Base Ball Players

First ever sports labor union formed by John Montgomery Ward designed to protect the rights of the players.

James G. Bennett

First generation Scottish immigrant who inherited the New York Herald newspaper.

"Walking City"

First of three stages of development of urban areas in which the edge of town was no more than two miles from the center of the city.

Cincinnati Red Stockings

First recognized all salary team in baseball. In their inaugural season of 1869 they won 57 while losing none and tying one.

Albert Goodwill Spalding

Formar star pitcher for the Chicago White Stockings who would go on to become a sporting goods magnate. He wanted to prove baseball was a uniquely American sport.

National Association of Base Ball Players

Formed just before the civil war in 1858. It was the first organization that bound players together and codified rules that would be played by all.

Henry Chadwick

Former British cricket player who embraced the game of baseball and became a sportswriter for the "New York Clipper" writing about the game. He was credited with inventing the batting average and box score and eventually became know as "Father Baseball"

Harry Wright

Former cricket player who switched to baseball and was one of the best of the early players. He was the player manager of the Cincinnati Red Stockings.

Toli

Game of stickball played by Native Americans most closely resembling lacrosse.

Shinny

Game played by native Americans that resembled the game of baseball.

Britain's "Festive Culture"

Games played in conjunction with the gathering of large groups of people in British society celebrating religious or pagan holidays or simply celebrating life

Sports Spectacles

Games set up by fraternities to showcase their sports and their best competitors. Victorians were against them because of the competitiveness and the gambling and money paid to the participants went against their basic beliefs.

John Cox Stevens

Heir to a steamboat fortune, Stevens used his wealth to stage and promote sporting events (particularly races) involving horses, yachts and people.

"Collegiate Way"

It was the belief that students would learn better in supervised environments far away from the city and evil temptations.

King James' "Book of Sports"

King James' 1618 declaration for what sports were and were not allowed to be played on the Sabbath. The declaration came in response to the growing influence of the Puritans.

Moses Fleetwood Walker

Known as the last black player to compete in the major leagues before the color barrier set in during the late 1880's

Sabbatarian Laws

Laws passed in the colonies to restrict recreation on the Sabbath

Oliver Cromwell

Leader of the Parliamentary forces during the British Civil War. Was the titular ruler of Great Britain after the Civil War when there was no monarch.

Counterculture or Oppositional

Made up mainly of working class men from the new industrial economy of the 19th Century who were no longer taking pride in their work. Immigrants also made up a large part of this group along with members of the upper class. They were rebelling against the restraint of the Victorian middle class in many ways including competitive sports.

Enlightenment

Movement away from religion and superstition and an embrace of science and reason. It began in Europe.

Middle Class Victorianism

Named for the longest-serving monarch in British history (Victoria) it was a time period in which there was a belief that there was commonality between the middle class of the western industrialized world. The common themes included evangelical Protestantism, self-restraint and hard work

One-Old Cat

Next incarnation of the game that replaced the barn with a base.

Beer and Whiskey League

Officially called the American Association, it was an early rival to the National League. It received its nickname by serving alcohol at games (something the National League didn't do)

Town Ball

Once three more bases were added the game was first called Four Old Cat and eventually town ball. Town ball most closely resembles the modern game of baseball and the name derive from towns fielding teams to play the game.

Cap Anson

One of the earliest superstar players of baseball. He played first base for the White Sox for 22 seasons finishing with a career average of .333 and 3,418 hits

American College Baseball Association

Organization formed by American colleges to govern the rules and eligibility of players

Public Schools Athletic League

Organized in New York City by Luther Gulick in the early 20th Century to put on competitions between schools and also to keep youth (especially immigrant youth) out of trouble after school.

Gentlemen's Agreement

Owners agreed (through never in writing) to not allow African Americans to play on their teams.

Benjamin Franklin

Philadelphia printer, scientist and inventor. In his publication, "Poor Richard's Almanac", he brought much of Enlightenment thought to the colonies.

Strenuous Life

Phrase coined by Theodore Roosevelt who believed that absence of a recent war had led to a feminization of the late 19th Century male. The Strenuous Life was designed to toughen up the American male through vigorous exercise and sports

Tavern Society

Place where men gathered to seek shelter, enjoy each other's company and drink The tavern could be found in ever region of the colonies.

Rough and Tumble

Popular violent sport with no rules in the Backcountry usually contested when there was a real or perceived slight to one's manhood. The ultimate goal of the sport was to gouge out the eyes of your opponent.

Elysian Fields

Portion of John Cox Stevens' property in Hoboken, New Jersey, that was donated for use as cricket fields and the New York Yacht Club.

William Hulbert

President of the Chicago White Stockings who formed the National League in 1876

Knickerbocker Base Ball Club

Recognize by many as the earliest organized baseball club. The club was reserved for gentlemen and was more interested in the social aspect of the club the en competitiveness of the games. They played the first organized game in Hoboken, NJ, at the Elysian Fields in 1845.

Rational Recreation

Recreation that was deemed appropriate by the Victorian middle class including reading newspapers, books and playing musical instruments. Some sports were allowed but always under the umbrella of non-competitiveness.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival movement of the 18th Century that was more widespread and longer-lasting than the movement of the previous century.

First Intercollegiate Sporting Event

Rowing match between Oxford and Harvard held on the Thames River in London in 1869.

Muscular Christianity

Second half of the 19th century movement that stressed a balance of physical and spiritual exercise. Writer Thomas Wentworth Higgenson was a leading proponent of the movement.

ICAA

Stepped in to oversee the running of track and field events for American colleges.

Sporting Fraternities

Subcultures created by the counterculture for those who were interested in specific sports. It was also a place where men can find a surrogate brotherhood

Republicanism

The belief during the American Revolution that everything done by the colonists should be separate from Europe. The people in this new republic would have to be virtuous and idle recreation had no part in this society

Arminianism

The belief that God offered universal redemption to anyone who believed in him as opposed to predestinate which only offered salvation to a select few

Middle Colonies

The colonies of New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. The area was settled for varying reasons.

National Association of Professional Base Ball Players

The first ever professional league formed in 1871. It signified the death to the old fraternity

"Positive Sports Ideology"

The idea that sports and athletics is a positive alternative to the more negative aspects of city life.

Joust and Tilt Yard

The joust was popular competition among the royals and the tilt-yard was where the joust took place -- a field divided by a fence that helped prevent the participants from crashing into one another

Shrovetide

The two days before Ash Wednesday that marks the end of Carnival and the beginning of Lent.

YMCA

This was one place the Strenuous Life could be practiced was at the YMCA. Initially when it was founded in England in 1851 it focused more on the Christian part of its name but by the end of the 19th Century it had become synonymous with exercise and sports

Luther Halsey Gulick

Was an instructor at the YMCA's headquarters in Springfield, MA, and believed in the importance of balancing physical and mental conditioning.

Box Scores

Way of showing how teames scored fired used in cricket buy altered by Henry Chadwick to be used for baseball

Quarter Horse

A new breed of horse in the colonies that was much smaller than the British thoroughbreds with larger hindquarters bred to race shorter distances of a quarter mile or less.

Pedestrianism

A phenomenon of human foot-racing that was popular throughout America before and after the Civil War

Lawful Recreation or Sport

Activities allowed by Puritan society which were designed to refresh the mind and body of participant while being completely disassociated from Britain's Festive Culture

Needful Recreation

Activities deemed to be appropriate in Pennsylvania. Similar to Puritan Lawful sport, needful recreation was allowed if it benefited the individual through exercise or providing food.