UNL PSYCH Module 17-26 Exam 3
As opposed to automatic processing, _____ processing refers to encoding that requires attention and conscious work.
effortful
Eyewitnesses are often quite certain they have identified a suspect in a lineup, but they are also quite often mistaken. This BEST illustrates
overconfidence
feature detectors
nerve cells in the brain's visual cortex that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement.
Prolonged exposure to sounds exceeding _____ decibels may cause hearing loss.
85
In one study, a group of 50-year-old adults was asked to think about their high school classmates. Although they have difficulty recalling their classmates, when presented with their yearbooks they can recognize about _____ percent of their pictures and names
90
_____ intelligence refers most directly to a person's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
Crystallized intelligence
3 general memory processes
Encoding, Storage, Retrieval
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease with age, especially during late adulthood
Fluid intelligence
_____ is the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.
Spontaneous recovery
School smarts are MOST similar to _____ concept of _____ intelligence
Sternberg's; analytic
intuition
an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.
anterograde amnesia
an inability to form new memories
retrograde amnesia
an inability to retrieve information from one's past.
Carlos cannot remember Juan Alvarez's name because he was not paying attention when Juan was formally introduced. Carlos' poor memory is BEST explained in terms of _____ failure.
encoding
testing effect
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning
In continuous reinforcement, an organism is reinforced _____, whereas in partial or intermittent reinforcement, an organism is reinforced _____
every time the desired behavior occurs; sporadically when the desired behavior occurs
Amplitude determines
brightness
Before the tone ever sounded, Pavlov's dog salivated each time food was presented, exemplifying a(n) _____ response.
conditioned
According to the principle of belief perseverance, when faced with evidence that conflicts with one's point of view on a controversial issue, one tends to
discount the information
The inner ears contain sensory receptors for
hearing and the vestibular sense(balance, coordination)
Denise wears an extremely bright safety yellow sweatshirt when she cycles to the gym after dark. The sweatshirt's brightness reflects the _____ of the light it reflects
high amplitude
repress
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.
Affecting physical events or objects with one's mind is called ___
psychokinesis
The ring of muscle tissue that controls the size of the _____ is called the iris.
pupil
Checking the computer for a change in a friend's status update is generally reinforced on a(n) _____ schedule.
ratio
Every time one replays a memory, one replaces the original memory with a slightly modified version. Researchers call this:
reconsolidation
behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
respondent behavior
rods
retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray, and are sensitive to movement; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond.
_____ intelligence is defined as the know-how involved in interpersonal situations and in managing oneself successfully
social
Biological evidence for the existence of emotional intelligence is provided by the fact that
some specific kinds of brain damage are associated with loss of emotional intelligence
Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory
the theory that the retina contains three different types of color receptors—one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue—which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color
misinformation
occurs when misleading information has corrupted one's memory of an event
Why does a woman have trouble remembering the license plate number of a car that she just saw 10 minutes ago?
The number was probably never encoded in the first place.
Retinal disparity is an example of a(n) _____ cue to depth perception
binocular
While working on a problem, people often will think about it for a long time until suddenly the solution comes to them. This is an example of _____.
insight
_____ reinforcement involves the removal of an aversive stimulus after a response. It serves to strengthen the response.
negative
Tarik has a chemistry test in two days. He has to memorize the elements on the periodic table, so he writes them on index cards. He keeps the cards with him at all times and frequently reads through them. Tarik is using _____ to encode information in short-term memory for longer-term storage.
rehearsal
The easier it is for people to remember circumstances in which friends betrayed them, the more they expect such events to recur. This BEST illustrates the impact of
the availability heuristic
retroactive interference
the backward- acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old information
relearning
a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again
Research discussed in the textbook suggests that it takes just over _____ days for a behavior to become a habit.
60
the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2). ( pp. 7 ,
Behaviorism (Watson)
The widely used American revision of Alfred Binet's original intelligence test was developed by
Lewis Terman
recall
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test
The textbook suggests that _____ and _____ memory are the newest modifications to Atkinson and Shiffrin's classic model of memory.
automatic processing; working
Howard Gardner proposed that intelligence is
based off a set of specific skills
In classical conditioning, the _____ response is the learned reaction to a previously neutral stimulus.
conditioned
in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)
conditioned response (CR)
_____ thinking involves narrowing available problem solutions to the single best solution
convergent
Jamal's brother often pretends to listen to what Jamal is saying when his brother is really focused elsewhere. When Jamal asks him, "What did I just say?" his brother can sometimes repeat Jamal's last few words. This MOST likely reflects his _____ memory.
echoic
Mr. Nydam suffers amnesia and is unable to remember playing golf on a particular course. However, the longer he plays the course, the more his game improves. His experience illustrates the difference in:
explicit memory and implicit memory.
source amnesia
faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined. (Also called source misattribution .) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories
When attempting to persuade others, it is better to focus on the positive rather than the negative. This is a characteristic of
framing
A prototype is the
most representative example of a concept.
When they are retrieved, memories are often altered before they are stored again. This process is called:
reconsolidation
Although Jordan cannot recall the exact words of a poem he heard recently, he clearly remembers the poem's meaning. This BEST illustrates the importance of:
semantic encoding.
intelligence
the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
emotional intelligence
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-earned information, such as word meanings
general intelligence
according to Spearman and others, underlies all mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test
short-term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as digits of a phone number while calling, before the information is stored or forgotten
According to the Gestalt psychologists, people tend to fill in the gaps to create a complete, whole object. This is called the principle of _____
closure
One component of emotional intelligence involves
predicting accurately when feelings are about to change
People more quickly recognize that a dog is a mammal than that a whale is a mammal because a dog more closely resembles their _____ of a mammal
prototype
Algorithms
a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier—but also more error-prone—use of heuristics . ( p. 299 )
Martha is studying the chapter on personality for her psychology exam. To make it easier to remember the Big Five traits (openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism) she uses the first letter of each trait to spell OCEAN. Martha is using:
a mnemonic device
echoic memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.
iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
working memory
a newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming sensory information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
heuristics
a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than an algorithm
Achievement test
a test designed to assess what a person has learned
Aptitude tests
a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn
spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
savant syndrome
a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing.
recognition
a measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale subtest that measures one's ability to repeat the numbers in ascending order is
letter-number sequencing
Overconfidence
the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments
If intelligence is a singular, unitary phenomenon, rather than a diverse collection of specialized abilities, then one might expect
little variability in scores across the different components of an intelligence test
When he was very young, William took an intelligence test as part of a research study. Decades later, William is asked if he would be willing to take another intelligence test in order to test the stability of intelligence. By agreeing to take another intelligence test, William is engaging in a(n) _____ study
longitudinal
déjà vu (French for "already seen")
that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.
proactive interference
the forwardacting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information
sensory memory
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
memory
the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
long-term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
middle ear
transmits sound waves into the inner ear
At the zoo, a group of chimpanzees has found a way to groom each other with branches from a fake tree in their cage. The younger chimpanzees invented this grooming technique and are passing it on to their peers and offspring. Thus, they are
transmitting cultural innovations
Sternberg's triarchic theory
Analytical, creative, and practical intelligence
Mia is attracted to a man she is chatting with in a nightclub. What is probably happening to her eyes?
Her pupils are dilating
Lori and Monica are looking at the cans of coffee on display at a local supermarket. They are trying to decide which of two different-sized cans is a better buy. Lori attempts to divide the price of each can by the number of ounces of coffee each contains. Monica suggests that the larger size is usually a better buy. Lori is using a(n) _____; Monica is using a(n) _____
algorithm; heuristic
After a severe bout of encephalitis, Clive Wearing could no longer develop new memories. Clive suffered from _____ amnesia
anterograde
shallow processing
encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words
deep processing
encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention
Several days ago, Ravi fell and hurt his ankle. Although it bothered him a little, he continued to walk on it. When he finally went to the doctor for X-rays, he found out he has a broken bone. It is likely that Ravi carries a gene that boosts the availability of
endorphins
Gestalt psychologists were fond of saying that, in perception, the whole may _____ the sum of its parts
exceed
divergent thinking
expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions.
In terms of one's sensory experience of light, wavelength is to _____ as wave intensity is to ____
hue; brightness
An attorney uses misleading questions to distort a court witness's recall of a previously observed crime. This BEST illustrates the _____ effect.
misinformation
We learn to repeat acts that bring rewards and to avoid acts that bring unwanted results
operant conditioning
explicit memories
retention of facts and experiences that we can consciously know and "declare." (Also called declarative memory.)
implicit memories
retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection. (Also called nondeclarative memory.)
depth perception list of items that go together
retinal disparity, binocular cues, convergence
cones
retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. Cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations
____ memory involves the immediate, very brief recording of stimulus information in the memory system.
sensory
Several months after watching a science fiction movie about space travel and alien abduction, Daniel began to remember that aliens had abducted him and had subjected him to many of the horrors portrayed in the movie. His mistaken recall BEST illustrates _____ amnesia.
source
mind to mind communication
telepathy
Violet is to red as _____ is to ____
400 nm; 700 nm
White paper reflects _____ percent of the light falling on it, while black paper reflects _____ percent
90; 10
in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response
Acquisition
_____ is the ability to learn new behaviors that helps one cope with new or changing circumstances.
Adaptability
Marissa's preterm baby is stimulated with hand massage several times each day. Which result can she expect for her baby?
Her baby will gain weight faster and be able to go home sooner than preterm babies who are not stimulated with hand massage
Tomas wakes up early in the morning and his room is fairly dark. He looks over and sees his shirt hanging on a hook. He knows it is his red shirt because he hung it up there before he went to bed, but in the dark he cannot see its color. It looks dark gray to him. Why is that?
In the dim light, the cones in his eyes are ineffectual
This statement about the skin is false
The skin has only two basic and distinct skin senses: pain and temperature. (the skin can sense many: pain, temperature, pressure, texture, vibrations)
Wilson was born DEAF. At 3 years of age his parents had the doctor put in this device so he will be able to hear.
a cochlear implant
Through direct experience with animals, people come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This BEST illustrates:
associative learning.
Bees can see ultraviolet light, but cannot see the color red. This means that bees cannot see
long wavelengths
behavior that operates on the environment, producing a consequence
operant behavior
Macy gave her dog a treat each time she came to Macy when she called her by name. Soon, the dog came every time Macy called the dog by name. This is an example of:
operant conditioning.
In classical conditioning, _____, whereas in operant conditioning, ____
organisms learn associations between events they do not control; organisms learn associations between their behavior and resulting events
Laurie has a persistent itch on her arm. This is MOST likely caused by the action of _____ receptors.
pain
After many years of playing extremely loud rock music, Kyle has suffered significant hearing loss, which cannot be corrected with a hearing aid. Kyle is suffering from _____ hearing loss.
sensorineural
fovea
the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster
optic nerve
the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.
blind spot
the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there
opponent-process theory
the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, blue-yellow, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green
With respect to the sensory systems, the cerebellum is involved in:
the vestibular sense and kinesthesia.
pinna
the visible portion of the outer ear; it collects sound waves
in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth)
unconditioned response (UR)
Blinking in response to a puff of air directed into one's eye is a(n):
unconditioned response (UR).
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally— naturally and automatically— triggers an unconditioned response (UR)
unconditioned stimulus
The _____ sense is the sense of the head's movement and position, including the sense of balance.
vestibular
Researchers Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk placed infants on the edge of a safe canyon to determine whether crawling infants and newborn animals can perceive depth. This famous experimental setup is known as the ___
visual cliff
Lightning is associated with thunder and always precedes it. Thus, when one sees lightning, one often anticipates hearing thunder soon afterward. This is an example of:
classical conditioning
We learn to expect and prepare for significant events such as food or pain
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which we link two or more stimuli; as a result, to illustrate with Pavlov's classic experiment, the first stimulus (a tone) comes to elicit behavior (drooling) in anticipation of the second stimulus (food).
classical conditioning
People and animals learn the association between two stimuli through _____; however, they learn the association between a behavior and a consequence through _____.
classical conditioning; operant conditioning
Because we are human, language allows us to learn things we have neither experienced nor observed. This type of learning is called:
cognitive learning
We learn new behaviors by observing events and people, and through language, we learn things we have neither experienced nor observed
cognitive learning
The flavor of a food is due to the
combination of aroma, taste, and texture.
If the onset of a light reliably signals the onset of food, a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a _____ reinforcer.
conditioned
Dayton's Narcotics Anonymous sponsor advises him to avoid the people, places, and things associated with his drug use. These people, places, and things are BEST viewed as _____ within the framework of _____ conditioning.
conditioned stimuli; classical
in classical conditioning, an originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR)
conditioned stimulus (CS)
Edward L. Thorndike's research with cats demonstrated that behavior changes because of its consequences. Favorable consequences lead to the behavior being repeated, while unfavorable consequences make the behavior less likely. Thorndike referred to this as the law of _____
effect
The height of a sound wave (for example, the amplitude of the wave) determines what aspect of hearing?
loudness
____ is the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.
Spontaneous recovery
Snakes can detect infrared waves radiated by the bodies of their prey. As compared with humans, snakes can see _____ waves
higher wavelength
The eminent psychologist _____ became known for shaping rat and pigeon behaviors by delivering rewards as the animals more closely approximated a desired behavior.
Skinner
_____ behavior produces events in the environment, whereas _____ behavior occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus.
Operant; respondent
_______ is credited with the discovery of classical conditioning.
Pavlov
Jasmine was in a serious car accident. She suffered damage to her temporal lobe, just behind her right ear. What kind of problems might this cause for her?
She might have trouble recognizing familiar faces.
In classical conditioning, extinction of the learned response involves _____, whereas in operant conditioning, extinction of a learned response involves _____
a decrease in the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented alone; a decrease in responding when reinforcement stops
Given what is known about the relationship between distraction and pain, if Charlene is trying to pick the BEST hospital room for a loved one who is in a great deal of pain, she should pick:
a shared room with a television that is near a window.
Talia is 45 years old. She has started to notice that newspaper print is too small for her to read. Talia needs reading glasses because the lenses of her eyes are less able to adjust, or _____
accomodate
Visual information is processed by ganglion cells _____ it is processed by rods and cones and _____ it is processed by bipolar cells
after; after
The phenomenon of blindsight illustrates that visual information can be processed without
conscious awareness
According to the Gestalt psychologists, people perceive smooth, flowing patterns rather than disjointed or broken ones. This is called the principle of _____
continuity
As one watches a dog play in the park, light reflected from the dog's fur first passes through three structures of one's eye. In what order does the light pass through these structures?
cornea, pupil, lens
(1) in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus; in operant conditioning, the ability to distinguish responses that are reinforced from similar responses that are not reinforced. (2) in social psychology, unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members.
discrimination
Walter was bitten by a dog when he was 5 years old. To this day, he is fearful of dogs; however, he is not frightened of cats. This reaction BEST illustrates:
discrimination
the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.
extinction
Checking one's postal mailbox is generally reinforced on a _____ schedule, because the mail only comes once per day at about the same time.
fixed-interval
Pat turns to look directly at a brightly colored bird her friend has spotted in the garden. Pat is ensuring that the bird's image falls directly on her
fovea
the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. (In operant conditioning, generalization occurs when responses learned in one situation occur in other, similar situations.)
generalization
Shaping is a method used by Skinner to
guide an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations
Franklin has problems with his balance. His problems are probably caused by difficulties with his
inner ear
Malik knows that a passing bus is nearer than a parked car because the bus momentarily blocks his view of the car. This example illustrates the depth cue of
interposition
perceptual constancy
perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent color, brightness, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change.
clairvoyance
perceiving remote events, such as a house on fire in another state.
Lucy is convinced she senses the odor of rotten eggs, but no one in the house can detect the odor. Lucy's sensation is known as
phantom smells
_____ reinforcement involves any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
positive
The ability to see future events before they happen is known as ____
precognition
parallel processing
processing many aspects of a stimulus or problem at once.
Retina is to _____ as _____ is to hair cell.
rod and cone; cochlea
Astra is house sitting. On the first night, a thunderstorm causes the electricity to go out. She remembers seeing some candles and matches next to the grandfather clock. Why does she automatically cock her head when trying to pinpoint the sound of the clock?
so that her two ears will receive slightly different messages
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
spontaneous recovery
depth perception
the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance
