URBAN FINAL

ESSAY: Why and how do cities compete for economic activities. Discuss the broader implications of this competition.

-Under post-Fordism, there is considerably more competition between states and cities as they try to lure direct investment to their locales -Theres competition for cities to bring jobs into their cities that can bring in money. -If a big company is thinking about moving there and thinking about what cities to go to, chicago may give tax breaks, nice location so they have a nice view and offer what better things than their competiting city is willing to offer.

ESSAY: How do cities, urban infrastructures, and land uses come to represent particular nature-society ideas and relations?

-Without nature there would be no cities because all our resources come from nature. We get water from our rivers/lakes we get our wood from trees. -we think of ourselves as part of nature and our products - from everyday commodities to cities - as natural. -No longer seen as separate from the city, untamed and wild, nature could serve a wider economic and social purpose, such as providing energy and material resources for industrial growth or, through the construction of public parks, playgrounds, and garden districts, combating social unrest in the industrial city. People began to think about nature's relationship to the city less in terms of wilderness or pristine landscapes and more through the instrumental concept of the urban environment.

Broken window policy

A controversial approach that stresses rapid response to minor crimes and blemishes on the built environment (e.g., vandalism, panhandling, graffiti, and broken windows). The idea is that a quick response will discourage both minor and also major crimes in the future.

ESSAY: What is the spatial concentration of the US carceral society? What groups of people are most affected by carceral societies? What is the enduring effect of carceral society policing, imprisonment, and surveillance?

A phrase used to denote the spread of social control from the prison to society more generally. Carceral society is associated with surveillance, behavioral correction, and social control. It is also increasingly associated with the militarization of urban space. -Tt Black men, based on these trends, face a lifetime likelihood of being imprisoned at a rate of 1 in 3; for Hispanic men, the threat is faced by 1 in 6. -for White men the chance is 1 in 17. -African- American urban communities are affected by incarceration at very steep rates, and specific neighborhoods marked by high levels of poverty and racial segregation are the sources of a great deal of the prisoner populations of US cities. -In some US states three strikes laws mandate harsh sentences on repeat offenders, usually on their third conviction.Three strikes laws have increased prison populations in states where they are mandated because the lengthy sentences means prisoners spend much more time behind bars than before these laws were enacted. -The economic gains of the carceral society are marked, with huge profits accruing to those companies that provide goods and services for prisons - all the food, uniforms, technology, construction, and so on needed to run the massive prison infrastructure - not to mention the salaries of guards, prison administrators, social workers, and police who maintain them

Creative class

A putatively distinct socioeconomic grouping in contemporary society in the global North, associated with the work of Richard Florida

Trope

A representation with an overwhelming image and message not likely to be read in alternative ways. They are often "taken for granted" and thus are difficult to question.

imagineering

A term originally used by the Walt Disney Corporation. It suggests a conscious attempt to mold the world through imagination and imaginative work.

International division of labor

A term that refers to the global asymmetry of labor value and connotes the power of capital to exploit labor by moving between places

Globalizing cities

A term used to indicate that being a global city is, for some cities, a goal that their elites strive towards, while, for others, it is a status that is always in process and must be maintained and developed.

Urban political ecology

A theoretical position in urban geography that emphasizes the connections, rather than separation, between cities and nature

Hegemony

A variety of coercive and non coercive strategies used by a ruling class to control and regulate the behavior of other classes

neoliberalism

An ideology where a competitive free market is seen as the most efficient way of organizing the economy and society in general

Urban renewawl

Extensive state-led redevelopment in mid-20th century Europe and in North America. It frequently razed established neighborhoods and replaced them with new retail districts, housing projects, and highways.

Epistemology

How we know the world. It highlights the ways in which the knowledge we develop about the world is conditioned by our approaches to it and beliefs about it.

Speculation

Investing in buildings or land, not primarily to use, but to hold for a period of time, in the hope that its price on the market will increase so that they can then be sold again for a profit.

Rentiers

People such as landlords, who receive a fixed sum of from a particular source on a regular basis and are locally dependent capitalists

new regionalism

The belief that government should operate at larger territorial scales than the neighborhood, city, or county levels.

Place Marketing

The broad set of activities focused on boosting a place and, thus, making it more enticing to a range of audiences who might invest or spend money in it.

Heteronormativity

The idea that men and women fall into distinct categories and that a corresponding sexual pairing between them is the only correct way to express desire.

Social exclusion

The process of stigmatizing and marginalizing certain groups and identities in society. This tends to have economic as well as social and cultural dimensions.

Environmental racism

Toxic and polluting facilities such as waste treatment plants are often to be found in urban neighborhoods that are populated by minorities and people of color.

Austerity urbanism

Urban authorities in many cities have been forced to cut back on essential services, lay off public sector employees, control spending, and reduce debt in order to satisfy current and future fiscal obligations and meet restrictions imposed by higher levels of government.

Adjustable rate mortgage

When the interest rate in a housing loan fluctuates with the market, rather than being fixed

ESSAY: What political struggles surround the (re)shaping of cities for marketing purposes?

While urban landscapes and social groups are frequently employed by marketers to create specific identities for cities, critical geographers also note how urban branding can provoke the physical and practical re-shaping, policing, and managing of urban spaces and urban experiences. Perhaps the two most obvious examples of this aspect of city marketing are the reshaping of built environments to enhance or correspond to a marketing goal, often creating "stage set" places to be consumed, and the channeling of tourists through an urban landscape in a circuit that connects numerous stage sets while avoiding or ignoring other parts of the city. They allow you to hit all the highlights with maximum efficiency and (hopefully) without getting your purse stolen, or worse.

HOPE VI

a US federal program that provides funding to revitalize public housing areas, largely in inner city locations. The funding aims to redevelop large scale public housing projects that are in disrepair into mixed-use developments.

Primate cities

a city that houses a disproportionate percentage of a nations population. Commonly, a city has at least twice the population of

Scale

a conceptual arrangement of space. It is commonly thought of in terms of levels - the local, national, global, and so on

Spatial fix

a geographic solution or attempted solution to problems of accumulation, control, and stasis. Associated with the work of David Harvey

Tax increment financing (TIF)

a mechanism for financing urban redevelopment that is widely used by cities in the United States and, to a lesser extent, also in other countries

ideology

a set of ideas, including myths, ideals, and beliefs, and so on.

Sustainable development

a term that highlights the ideal of meeting the material needs of the present population without compromising those of an emphasis on direct export and the extraction of resources for the global market.

Sweat equity

a term used to the increase in value of a building, usually a dwelling, that comes from the labor put into renovations by its owners, rather than paying a contractor to do the work.

Accumulation

accumulate capital under capitalism involves the production process as well as the social relations of waged labor.

the urban Growth coalitions

an alliance of business organizations and local government actors, whose interest is in the further expansion of the local (city) or regional economy.

Flexible work

covers a range of practices such as nonstandard working hours, job sharing, working from home, and part-time work.

Informal labor

economic activity that is unregulated, untaxed, and may even include examples of criminal or illegal activity

Keynesian spatial polies

geographically targeted measures implemented by the state in order to bolster aggregate demand in the economy.

Exclusionary zoning

involves the exercise of local land use authority to keep out locally undesirable land uses from the city.

Eminent domain

involves the taking (i.e., acquisition or regulation) of private property by government agencies in situations where there is deemed to be an overriding public interest.

Commodification

is the process by which an object, product, capacity, or even labor, a belief, representation, or piece of land is converted into an element of market exchange by being assigned a price.

The right of the city

phrase coined by Henri Lefebvre in 1968 to describe working class struggles for political participation and access to physical space in the city.

Spatial entrapment hypothesis

proposes that the only forms of employment available to women are low wage, service sector jobs, which are typically located in close spatial proximity to their suburban places of residence.

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Imagined community

sense of belonging to a particular place, region, or country, which people often share in common despite never having met each other in person

Elites

small groups of people that control large amounts of capital, political power, or social and cultural influence.

Green architecture

the design and construction, or remodeling, of buildings was done in a way to minimize environmental impact.

Urban entrepreneurialism

the investment-friendly strategies used by urban authorities to entice companies and entrepreneurs to their jurisdictions.

Socio-spatial process

the mutually constitutive relationship between society - the organization of society into groups or classes, the development of cultural mores, and so on - and space - the organization of built environments, landscapes, and so on.

Social reproduction

the myriad of ways that the workforce is sustained and replenished under capitalism. These include childbirth and child rearing and regenerating the body through food, sleep, pleasure, and daily care.

Gentrification

the process by which urban neighborhoods, usually the home of low income residents, become the focus of reinvestment and (re) settlement by middle classes.

Structural adjustment program

the term used for the package of policies implemented in order for countries to access loans from the IMF or development funds from the World Bank.

Advanced Producer Services (APS)

the term used to describe insurance, banking, financial, real estate, legal, accounting, and advertising services, as well as business consulting and professional organization

Citizenship

the ways in which people in cities claim rights and responsibilities related less to their official status and more to their inhabiting of place.