Urinary System (23b)

Approximately ________ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day. 480 180 125 18 1.8

180

Typical renal blood flow is about ________ percent of cardiac output under resting conditions.

25

______ deliver blood to the glomerulus. Efferent arterioles Arcuate arteries Peritubular capillaries Afferent arterioles

Afferent arterioles

Which event correctly occurs under maximum ADH stimulation? -Facultative water reabsorption occurs in the PCT. -Obligatory water reabsorption occurs in the DCT. -The DCT and collecting system become impermeable to water. -The DCT and collecting system become more permeable to water.

The DCT and collecting system become more permeable to water.

Functions of the urinary system include: a) regulation of blood volume and blood pressure. b) regulation of plasma concentration of certain ions. c) helping to stabilize blood pH. d) conservation of valuable nutrients. e) all of the above

all of the above

Substances secreted by the distal convoluted tubule include: a) hydrogen. b) penicillin. c) creatinine. d) potassium ions. e) all of the above

all of the above

The glomeruli are best described as being tufts of: venules. arterioles. capillaries. veins. arteries.

capillaries

Which factor controlling glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is usually 0 mm Hg under normal circumstances? -blood colloid osmotic pressure -filtration pressure -glomerular hydrostatic pressure -capsular colloid osmotic pressure

capsular colloid osmotic pressure

Put the following in order of urine flow: collecting duct, ureter, renal pelvis, urethra, bladder

collecting duct renal pelvis ureter bladder urethra

Which of these components of the nephron is largely confined to the renal medulla? proximal convoluted tubule glomerulus collecting ducts glomerular (Bowman's) capsule distal convoluted tubule

collecting ducts

The amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys each minute is called the ________.

glomerular filtration rate

Major calyces are: conical structures that are located in the renal medulla. the expanded ends of renal pyramids. large tributaries of the renal pelvis. basic functional layers of the kidney. expanded ends of nephrons.

large tributaries of the renal pelvis.

Which of the following is not true of the kidneys? a) located in a position that is retroperitoneal. b) held in place by the renal fascia. c) located partly within the pelvic cavity. d) covered by peritoneum. e) surrounded by a fibrous capsule.

located partly within the pelvic cavity

The ______ collects the urine produced by a single kidney lobe. renal papilla major calyx renal pelvis minor calyx

minor calyx

When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases, -the osmolarity of the urine decreases. -more urine is produced. -less urine is produced. -more urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases. -less urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases.

more urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases.

The U-shaped segment of the nephron is the: nephron loop (loop of Henle). minor calyx. distal convoluted tubule. collecting loop. proximal convoluted tubule.

nephron loop (loop of Henle).

If the osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increased from 28 mm Hg to 35 mm Hg, would net filtration increase or decrease? net filtration would not be altered net filtration would decrease net filtration would increase

net filtration would decrease

The filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the collecting duct. nephron loop (loop of Henle). distal convoluted tubule. proximal convoluted tubule. minor calyx.

proximal convoluted tubule

Which of the following reabsorbs 25% of the water in the nephron? a) distal convoluted tubule b) proximal convoluted tubule c) nephron loop d) collecting system

proximal convoluted tubule

Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called

pyramids

The active transport of which ion out of proximal convoluted tubule cells causes the reabsorption of both water and solutes? sodium chloride potassium

sodium

Most solutes that are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule use which of the following pathways? transcellular paracellular

transcellular

The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium.

transitional

Urine is eliminated through the

urethra

In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce -urine with a higher concentration of sodium ions. -urine with less glucose. -urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions. -a larger volume of urine. -urine with a lower concentration of potassium ions.

urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions.

As the filtrate passes through the renal tubules, approximately what percentage is reabsorbed and returned to the circulation?

99%

What percentage of nutrients (glucose, amino acids, etc) are reabsorbed in the PCT? 50% 25% 75% 99%

99%

When someone's blood pressure rises slightly, the function of their urinary system will probably most immediately change in which of the following ways? Water reabsorption in the collecting duct will increase GFR will rise Reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule will rise Urine production will decrease

GFR will rise

Which of the following transporters in the luminal membrane results in secretion? -Na+-H+ countertransport -glucose carrier transporter -Na+-glucose cotransporter -potassium ion channel

Na+-H+ countertransport

The glomerular hydrostatic pressure is significantly higher than the capsular hydrostatic pressure. T/F

True

The micturition reflex is controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system. T/F

True

A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to -hematuric oliguria. -excessive ADH secretion. -dilation of the afferent arterioles. -absence of ADH. overproduction of aldosterone.

absence of ADH

In the countercurrent multiplication mechanism: -active transport at the apical surface of the thin descending limb of the nephron loop moves sodium and chloride ions out of the tubular fluid and into the peritubular fluid of the renal medulla. -as water is reabsorbed along the DCT and collecting duct, the concentration of urea gradually decreases in the tubular fluid. active transport at the apical surface of the thick ascending limb of the nephron loop moves sodium and chloride ions out of the tubular fluid and into the peritubular fluid of the renal medulla. -the removal of sodium and chloride ions from the tubular fluid in the thick ascending limb decreases the osmotic concentration of the peritubular fluid around the thin descending limb.

active transport at the apical surface of the thick ascending limb of the nephron loop moves sodium and chloride ions out of the tubular fluid and into the peritubular fluid of the renal medulla.

The mechanism for producing concentrated urine involves -the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). aquaporins being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells. -a high concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid that surrounds the collecting ducts. -a properly functioning nephron loop (loop of Henle). all of the above

all of the above

The position of the kidneys in the abdominal cavity is stabilized by: the overlying peritoneum. contact with adjacent visceral organs. supporting connective tissues. all of the above none of the above

all of the above

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term nephron loop (loop of Henle)? -relies on countercurrent multiplication -creates high interstitial NaCl concentration in the renal medulla -enables production of hypertonic urine -all of the above -none of the above

all of the above

During reabsorption of water in the proximal convoluted tubule, what causes water to diffuse from the lumen into the interstitial space? an increase in the osmolarity of the interstitium active transport of water a decrease in the osmolarity of the interstitium

an increase in the osmolarity of the interstitium

The renal sinus is: the innermost layer of kidney tissue. part of a renal pyramid. a large branch of the renal pelvis. an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule. a renal corpuscle.

an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule

The process of filtration is driven by active transport. solvent drag. blood hydrostatic pressure. blood osmotic pressure. renal pumping.

blood hydrostatic pressure.

The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of -the proximal convoluted tubule. -the collecting duct. -the distal convoluted tubule. -both the collecting duct and the nephron loop (loop of Henle). -the nephron loop (loop of Henle).

both the collecting duct and the nephron loop (loop of Henle).

The detrusor muscle surrounds the renal pelvis. moves urine along the ureters by peristalsis. functions as the internal urinary sphincter. compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra. functions as the external urinary sphincter.

compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra.

Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by -facilitated diffusion. -countertransport for bicarbonate ion. -simple diffusion. -active transport. -cotransport with Na ions.

cotransport with Na ions.

During the autoregulation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which event does not occur when the normal GFR is disturbed? -dilation of efferent arterioles -contraction of mesangial cells -dilation of afferent arterioles -constriction of efferent arterioles

dilation of efferent arterioles

The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the: proximal convoluted tubule. calyx. nephron loop (loop of Henle). papillary tubule. distal convoluted tubule.

distal convoluted tubule

The filtration barrier in the renal corpuscle consists of three layers: -podocyte filtration slits, matrix cells in the glomerulus, and endothelium of glomerulus. -dense layer of glomerulus, foot processes, and fenestrations in the capsule. -filtration slits, foot processes, and slit pores. -endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits. -fenestrations, matrix, and foot processes

endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits.

Which of the following is not a function of the urinary system? a) regulates plasma concentrations of electrolytes b) contributes to stabilizing blood pH c) regulates blood volume d) excretes excess albumin molecules e) eliminates organic waste products

excretes excess albumin molecules

Which transport mechanism(s) results from blood pressure that forces water and solutes across the membranes of the glomerular capillaries and into the capsular space? reabsorption secretion filtration reabsorption and secretion

filtration

Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures: Which of those pressures is a pressure that favors the filtration pressure? capsular colloid osmotic pressure capsular hydrostatic pressure glomerular hydrostatic pressure blood colloid osmotic pressure urinary bladder hydrostatic pressure

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

The structure known as the juxtaglomerular apparatus is located near the the proximal convoluted tubule. the collecting duct. glomerulus. renal papilla. the nephron loop (loop of Henle).

glomerulus

When the pH of body fluids decreases, which of the following are secreted in exchange for sodium ions reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule? -potassium ions -glucose -hydrogen ions -toxins and drugs

hydrogen ions

What is the primary driving force (pressure) that produces glomerular filtration? gravity colloid osmotic pressure of blood hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure)

hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure)

One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to -increase release of angiotensin II by the suprarenal glands. -increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex. -decrease secretion of aldosterone. -increase filtration into glomerular (Bowman's) capsule. -decrease urinary albumin concentration.

increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.

Hypertensive kidney failure would most likely result in which of the following conditions? Increased retention of glucose Increased retention of amino acids Increased retention of creatinine Increased retention of lipids

increased retention of creatinine

Antidiuretic hormone -is secreted in response to low potassium ion in the blood. -increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water. -release is insensitive to the osmolarity of interstitial fluid. -is secreted by the anterior pituitary. -causes the kidneys to produce a larger volume of very dilute urine.

increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.

What is the limiting factor for the reabsorption of most actively transported solutes in the proximal tubule? -number of transport carriers in the luminal membrane -number of sodium-potassium ATPase pumps in the basolateral membrane -number of transport carriers in the basolateral membrane

number of transport carriers in the luminal membrane

The ________ delivers urine to a minor calyx. renal corpuscle distal convoluted tubule nephron loop (loop of Henle) ureter papillary duct

papillary duct

The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ________ capillaries. peritubular cortical glomerular vasa recta efferent

peritubular

Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine, except: a) hydrogen ions. b) proteins. c) amino acids. d) creatinine. e) urea.

proteins

In which region of the nephron is tubular fluid first formed? nephron loop proximal convoluted tubule distal convoluted tubule renal corpuscle

proximal convoluted tubule

Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and the glomerulus make up the: renal papilla. nephron loop (loop of Henle). renal corpuscle. renal pyramid. collecting tubule system.

renal corpuscle

Which nephron part do you think will be most at risk of damage due to chronic hypertension? Proximal convoluted tubule Collecting duct Nephron loop Renal corpuscle

renal corpuscle

The expanded beginning of the ureter connects to the: renal sinus. renal corpuscle. renal hilum. renal pelvis. renal calyx.

renal pelvis

Formation of angiotensin I is triggered by ______. ADH aldosterone angiotensin II renin

renin

During the micturition reflex, stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall sends impulses to the sacral cord. sympathetic motor neurons that control the detrusor muscle become active. the internal sphincter is consciously relaxed. all of the above none of the above

stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall sends impulses to the sacral cord.

The urethral lining consists of: stratified squamous epithelium near the external urethral orifice. stratified columnar epithelium at the neck of the urinary bladder. transitional epithelium at the midpoint of the urethra. stratified squamous epithelium at the neck of the urinary bladde

stratified squamous epithelium near the external urethral orifice.

Which of the following is greater? -the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the beginning of the nephron loop (loop of Henle) -The concentrations at the top and bottom are identical. -the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the bottom of the nephron loop (loop of Henle)

the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the bottom of the nephron loop (loop of Henle)

The decreased intracellular concentration of sodium in tubular cells during active transport is caused by which of the following mechanisms? sodium-glucose cotransporter the sodium-potassium ATPase pump in the luminal membrane the sodium-potassium ATPase pump in the basolateral membrane passive sodium channels

the sodium-potassium ATPase pump in the basolateral membrane

Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by

the ureters