U.S. Foreign Policy Exam 2 Review

Describe when Putin comes to power (1999/2000)

-Clinton was creating a strong relationship with Boris Yeltsin, but then Putin was elected in 1999

Describe who Gorbachev was (Glasnost and Perestroika)

-Perestroika ("restructuring" in Russian) refers to a series of political and economic reforms meant to kick-start the stagnant 1980s economy of the Soviet Union. -Gorbachev gave a February 1986 speech to the Communist Party Congress, in which he expanded upon the need for political and economic restructuring, or perestroika, and called for a new era of transparency and openness, or glasnost. -As reforms under glasnost revealed both the horrors of the Soviet past, and its present-day inefficiencies, Gorbachev moved to remake much of the political system of the U.S.S.R.

Describe GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 1947)

-The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), signed on Oct. 30, 1947, by 23 countries, was a legal agreement minimizing barriers to international trade by eliminating or reducing quotas, tariffs, and subsidies while preserving significant regulations

Describe Secret bombing of Cambodia and Laos

-U.S. forces had entered Cambodia in 1970, which was neutral in the conflict, and the public didn't know -These secret bombings led to outrage and protests across the country -Nixon continued to authorize bombing in Vietnam and Cambodia while Kissinger began "secret" peace negotiations

Describe the Somalia intervention (December 1992)

-United States-led military operation in 1992-93 mounted as part of a wider international humanitarian and peacekeeping effort in Somalia that began in the summer of 1992 and ended in the spring of 1995. -The intervention culminated in the so-called Battle of Mogadishu on October 3-4, 1993, in which 18 U.S. soldiers and hundreds of Somali militia fighters and civilians were killed. -the government of Somalia was collapsing leaving the country in a state of chaos and clan warfare

Describe National security vs. human security (public health, climate change, etc.)

-national security, threats are mainly perceived as external challenges to a nation's sovereignty, done by maintaining armed forces and guarding state secrets -From a human security perspective, human beings are the primary referents, not the state -public health, climate change matter as issues

Who was president from 1993-2001?

Bill Clinton

Who was the president of 1977-1981?

Carter

Who was president from 1953-1961?

Eisenhower

Who was president from 1974-1977?

Ford

Who was president from 1989-1993?

George H.W. Bush

Describe Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Gulf of Tonkin: 2 U.S. destroyers were allegedly fired on in the Gulf of Tonkin, but was actually weather effects Incident gave Johnson the excuse to seek congressional support for the war. 1) Gave Johnson virtually open-ended permission to take whatever actions he deemed necessary in Vietnam 2) Left the timing open ended so that the resolution (and the powers that went with is) would remain in force until either the president determined that the circumstances had changed or Congress terminated it (which it did 1971) 3) Clearly shifted the policy-making balance of power, when Congress passed this resolution it gave the power to initiate military action to the president

Who was president from 1969-1974?

Nixon

Who was president 1945-1953?

Truman

Who was president from 1981-1989?

Ronald Reagan

Describe the 2017 National Security Strategy

"The central challenge to U.S. prosperity and security is the reemergence of long-term, strategic competition by...revisionist power" : China and Russia

Describe the "Israel lobby"

-"loose coalition of individuals and organizations who actively work to steer U.S. foreign policy in a pro-Israel direction"

Describe the Truman Doctrine

-1947 -articulated U.S. policies and intentions at the start of the Cold War -identified Greece and Turkey as two major areas of concern to the U.S. -U.S. would assist Greece and take on a global role -U.S. became major imperial power in the West -Congress authorized the U.S. to give $400 million in assistance to Turkey and Greece -Truman believed the U.S. should support free people who was resisting attempted subjugation by outside pressures, which can be done best through economic and financial aid to create economic stability TWO IMPORTANT POINTS: 1) established using foreign aid and economic assistance as an instrument of foreign policy 2) made clear to the Soviet Union that the U.S. would use military force not only within its own hemisphere or when democratic ideal were threatened, but also in support of any country fighting communism anywhere in the world.

Describe the Great Society (guns versus butter)

-1964 Congress passed the Civil Rights Act -1965 Congress passed the Medicare Bill, Voting Rights Act, Economic Opportunity Act (poverty), and the Clean Air Act -1965-1968: Congress passed 500 reform laws -Johnson had to cut back spending for the domestic programs due to Vietnam costs Guns versus Butter: U.S. may buy either guns (invest in defense/military) or butter (invest in production of goods), or a combination of both.

Describe Tet Offensive

-1968 situation in Vietnam worsened -During the cease-fire in place for the lunar new year-Tet holiday-the forces of the North launched a surprise offensive -Tet offensive lasted about one month, and even though the South "won," it was a propoganda victory for the North -media played and replayed images of North Vietnamese and Viet Cong troops attacking the South

Describe the Re-unification of Germany

-1989 Hungary began the process of opening its border with Austria, one of the first cracks between the East (Hungary) and West (Austria) -November 1989 the Berlin Wall, separating East and West Berlin, came down -Bush offered a muted response at a press conference on November 9. In retrospect, many people recognized that by refusing to gloat or declare victory over the Soviet Union, Bush probably helped avoid a backlash by hardliners in Eastern Europe.

Describe the Persian Gulf War

-1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait, so Bush got involved internationally -Security Council passed Resolution 660 condemning the action, demanding immediate withdrawal of Iraqi troops from Kuwait -Bush and members of his administration used the United Nations to build support for a military response to this act of aggression -Security Council set a deadline of 6 weeks for Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait, otherwise the UN would authorize military force -Iraqi prime minister would not comply with Resolution 678 and withdraw from Kuwait, so Congress authorized the deployment of U.S. forces to Iraq -War only lasted 43 days and resulted in the defeat of Iraq and its withdrawal from Kuwait, for the first time since WW2, U.S. and Soviet Union cooperated and worked together -First CNN war, true product of new technology within the military and media

Describe the Freedom agenda under Bush

-2005 many Americans were skeptical about the mission in Iraq -war on terror and war in Iraq were part of Bush's policy agenda to spread freedom and democracy -post 9/11 Bush drew on Wilsonian idealism using America's military might to accomplish his goal -it is the policy of the U.S. to seek and support the growth of democratic movements and institutions in every nation and culture, with the ultimate goal of ending tyranny in the world

Describe the Berlin Airlift (1948-9)

-A military operation in the late 1940s by the U.S. that brought food and other needed goods into West Berlin by air after the government of East Germany, which at that time surrounded West Berlin, had cut off its supply routes.

Describe the Rwandan genocide (1994)

-As a result of the situation in Somalia, the Clinton administration chose not to interfere in the genocide that took place in Rwanda in 1994

Describe the Israel statehood and U.S. recognition (1948)

-At midnight on May 14, 1948, the Provisional Government of Israel proclaimed a new State of Israel. -On that same date, the United States, in the person of President Truman, recognized the provisional Jewish government as de facto authority of the Jewish state. The U.S. delegates to the U.N. and top-ranking State Department officials were angered that Truman released his recognition statement to the press without notifying them first.

Describe Al-Qaeda and Osama bin Laden

-Bush sent a draft of a resolution to Congress asking for authority to disarm and dislodge Saddam Hussein (passed 2002) -started a public campaign to make the case for military action against Iraq, saying: 1) Iraq had ominous and unproven ties to Al Qaeda 2) Saddam Hussein remained determined to build a nuclear weapon that could directly threaten the U.S. and the world Al Qaeda: -terrorist organization in Afghanistan Osama Bin Laden: -given sanctuary by Afghanistan's government, led by Muslim fundamentalists who had imposed a rigid Islamic regime -justified 9/11 saying it was to retaliate for the U.S. and its empire of bases overseas -built infrastructure like the Al-Qaeda base in Pakistan

Describe the Afghanistan War (2001-?)

-Bush sent military forces to attack Afghanistan and oust the Taliban government, which supported and harbored terrorists -Bush made it clear he was complying with/the terms of the War Powers Resolution and the military action requested was necessary to protect the Americans people and homeland -attack was viewed positively by Americans at home

Describe humanitarian intervention by U.S.

-Bush sent troops to Somalia to aid in their humanitarian crisis -Clinton sent military to respond to Kosovo humanitarian crisis -Operation Provide Comfort and Provide Comfort II were military operations initiated by the United States and other Coalition nations of the Persian Gulf War, starting in April 1991, to defend Kurdish civilians fleeing their homes in northern Iraq in the aftermath of the Gulf War and deliver humanitarian aid to them. -Operation Uphold Democracy was a military intervention designed to remove the military regime installed by the 1991 Haitian coup d'état that overthrew the elected President Jean-Bertrand Aristide. The operation was effectively authorized by the 31 July 1994 United Nations Security Council Resolution 940.

Describe the End of the Cold War (1989, 1991)

-Bush showed even more restraint in November 1989, when the collapsing communist regime in East Germany opened its borders and Germans spontaneously tore down the Berlin Wall. -A month later, Bush met with Gorbachev in Malta, where they discussed arms reductions and improving U.S.-Soviet relations. -The following June, they met again in Washington to sign an agreement in which the two countries agreed to reduce their nuclear arsenals. In July 1991, the two leaders met a third time in Moscow to sign the START treaty, which cut the collective number of nuclear warheads by a third.

Describe the Soviet Union invading Afghanistan (1979)

-Carter successfully negotiated the SALT II treaty with the Soviet Union, continuing the arms control process started by Nixon -In the wake of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, and in the face of a hostile Congress, Carter never submitted it for ratification

Describe the Panama Canal

-Carter successfully negotiated the treaties returning the Panama Canal to the control of Panama and making the canal a neutral waterway open to all shipping traffic after 1999 -U.S. was given the permanent right to defend the waterway and its neutrality -Panama Canal treaties resulted in a fight between the president and Congress

Describe Kosovo (1999) under Clinton

-Clinton made it clear that he would not authorize sending U.S. ground forces into Kosovo, which put him at odds with the allies -Clinton agreed to support air strikes -cautious about the deployment of U.S. military forces, since he had won reelection for domestic reasons -With U.S. support, NATO made a decision to begin bombing Serbia; the attacks started in March 1999 and continued as a NATO operation tied to the need to assure international intervention when human rights abuses call for it or when it is in support of humanitarian goals

Describe trade under Clinton (NAFTA and WTO; China joins 2001)

-Clinton successfully enacted the North American Free Trade Agreement in 1994 -this agreement united the U.S., Canada, and Mexico -NAFTA strengthened both economic and political ties among the three countries -President Bill Clinton in 2000 pushed Congress to approve the U.S.-China trade agreement and China's accession to the WTO, saying that more trade with China would advance America's economic interests:

Describe Diem (U.S. supports vs. Ho Chi Minh; 1963 coup and assasination)

-French colony of Vietnam, Indochina, gained its independence after defeating France at Dien Bien Phu in 1954 -This victory was followed by an agreement signed in Geneva to divide Vietnam at the 17th parallel until elections could be held 2 years later -U.S. did not sign the agreement, but promised to abide by its terms, pledging support to the government of Ngo Dinh Diem in the south -northern part of the country was controlled by communists under Ho Chi Minh -1963 Kennedy was assassinated and there were 23,000 Americans in Vietnam by that point (the president had yet to seek authorization from Congress)

Describe the Marshall Plan

-George C. Marshall proposed a specific plan for European economic recovery only if Europe were strong economically to withstand any attempt at communist insurgency -European Recovery Act=$5.3 billion to help recover from the war -U.S. spent $12 billion in economic aid for Europe from 1948 to 1950 -strengthened the economic systems of the partner countries but also helped stabilize their political systems

Describe Haiti under Clinton

-Haiti was well within the U.S. sphere of influence -Instability in Haiti put Clinton in a position where he felt he had to act -Clinton authorized the deployment of a naval ship to Haiti carrying engineers to fulfill the U.S. commitment of training Haitians in engineering -When the ship arrived in 1993, it was met by a mob, many armed with guns and weapons while the police stood by -Haitian leaders refused to guarantee the safety of the U.S. forces, so the ship anchored in the harbor, but it had to leave without allowing the forces to set foot in the country

Describe the Containment

-In 1947, President Harry S. Truman pledged that the United States would help any nation resist communism in order to prevent its spread. His policy of containment is known as the Truman Doctrine. -The Truman Doctrine demonstrated that the United States would not return to isolationism after World War II, but rather take an active role in world affairs.

Describe WMD (weapons of mass destruction) (like "Maine" and Tonkin)

-In August 1964, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, authorizing President Lyndon Johnson to "take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression" by the North Vietnamese. -Bush sent a draft of a resolution to Congress in 2002 asking for authority "to use all means he determines appropriate, including force to disarm and dislodge Saddam Hussein"

Describe Indonesia (1965 coup; Sukarno replaced by Suharto)

-In Indonesia in October 1965, Suharto, a powerful Indonesian military leader, accused the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) of organizing a brutal coup attempt, following the kidnapping and murder of six high-ranking army officers. -Over the months that followed, Suharto oversaw the systematic extermination of up to a million Indonesians for affiliation with the party, or simply for being accused of harboring leftist sympathies. He then took power and ruled as dictator, with U.S. support, until 1998. -Suharto was a dictator

Describe the Inter-Agency process

-In the executive branch, agencies that have overlapping jurisdiction over a policy issue must coordinate with one another through the interagency process. An example of the interagency process is the multilayered decision-making process of U.S. foreign policy.

Describe "Light Footprint" under bush

-In the wake of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, President Barack Obama has sought to avoid becoming embroiled in another conventional ground war. - To minimize that risk, he has adopted a "light footprint" approach to military intervention: employing standoff strike capabilities and special operations forces, tactical precision bombing often in support of indigenous ground forces. -COIN

Describe the Iran-Contra scandal

-Iran-Contra was a complex set of policies and actions that led to congressional hearings and a federal commission to explore what really happened -raised and clarified points about who holds ultimate responsibility for making and implementing U.S. foreign policy -The Iran-Contra Affair was a secret U.S. arms deal that traded missiles and other arms to free some Americans held hostage by terrorists in Lebanon, but also used funds from the arms deal to support armed conflict in Nicaragua.

Describe the "Dictatorships and Double Standards" U.N. Amb. Jeane Kirkpatrick (1979, 1982) (neo-con)

-Jeane Kirkpatrick who served as President Reagan's first Ambassador to the United Nations. -Kirkpatrick supported "rightist" authoritarian regimes and apartheid -While Kirkpatrick and the administration gave verbal and material support to rightist regimes in the broader struggle against communism, the ultimate goal was to spread democracy in both rightist and communist regimes; and spreading democracy would, in turn, promote human rights. -Dr. Jeane J. Kirkpatrick, a leading voice in the neoconservative movement, is best known for her articulation of the Kirkpatrick Doctrine, distinctions between authoritarian and totalitarian regimes that served as the foundation for the Reagan Administration's Latin American policies

Describe the "X" article (George Kennan, 1947)

-Kennan published an article "The Sources of Soviet Conduct" in Foreign Affairs under the pseudonym "x" -built support for policies important for U.S. to win the emerging Cold War -outlined the characteristics fo Soviet behavior -Kennan recommends the containment of Russian expansive tendencies by the U.S. -Kennan says Soviet Union is weak than the U.S., but dedicated to their cause -Kennan encouraged U.S. to align with countries surrounding the Soviet Union to contain the USSR

Describe the Berlin crisis (Berlin Wall)

-Kennedy faced a crisis in Berlin -Soviets demanded that the Western powers evacuate West Berlin, and Khrushchev threatened to sign a peace treaty with East Germany, which would have further isolated the Western sector of the city -When Kennedy refused to comply with Khrushchev 's demands, the Soviets sealed East Berlin from the West by erecting a wall

Describe Vietnam (escalates U.S. involvement; 1961 special forces sent)

-Kennedy made a statement on Laos echoing Eisenhower's concerns "The security of all of Southeast Asia will be endangered if Laos loses its independence." -Kennedy concerned about "losing" Vietnam to communism -1961 Kennedy authorized sending about 400 U.S. special forces to Vietnam and 100 military advisors to aid Diem in the South -Diem was overthrown and assassinated in November 1963, and the civil war in Vietnam escalated

Describe Maliki and sectarianism (vs. Mandela)

-Maliki's sectarianism has driven Iraq to the edge of civil war. -U.S. and Iraq signed a Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) that would govern the withdrawal of American troops from Iraq -concern about a return to the sectarian violence that characterized much of the war prior to the increase in the number of Americans troops -goal for both Iraq and the U.S. was to stress the importance of Iraq as a sovereign nation headed by a democratically elected leader (Maliki) and to ensure a sense of normalcy returns to the country

Describe 9/11

-NATO allies started to deploy Airborne Early Warning Aircraft to the U.S., but did not do any more because the U.S., under Bush, preferred to work outside the NATO framework. -Decision to attack Afghanistan in response to be part of a larger "global war on terror" -expansion of the role of the executive branch to make decisions about domestic issues

Describe "Imperial Presidency"

-Nixon claimed that the President was not required to obey certain laws. He nearly succeeded but for the actions of hardline opponents. -No president went further than Richard Nixon in concentrating powers in the presidency. He refused to spend funds that Congress had appropriated; he claimed executive privilege against disclosure of information on administration decisions; he refused to allow key decision makers to be questioned before congressional committees; he reorganized the executive branch and broadened the authority of new cabinet positions without congressional approval; and during the Vietnam War, he ordered harbors mined and bombing raids launched without consulting Congress. -Watergate brought a halt to the "imperial presidency" and the growth of presidential power

Describe NATO (1949, Article 5)

-North Atlantic Treaty Organization created in April 1949 -12 founding members -Result of the desire by the U.S. and Europe to formalize their relationship and build on the need to contain communism -one of the clearest and most enduring, examples of the U.S. postwar alliance system designed to contain communism

Describe Congo (DRC; 1960 coup; Lumumba replaced by Mobutu)

-On September 14, 1960, Mobutu replaced Lumumba, but kept then-president Joseph Kasavubu. The CIA supported him with money, warning of assassination plots, and recommendations for ministerial appointments and ultimately counseled Mobutu to reject reconciliation with Lumumba and arrest him and his associates instead. -U.S. supported anti-communism, but not democracy

Describe when the Soviet Union leaves Afghanistan (1989)

-Planning for the withdrawal of the Soviet Union (USSR) from the Afghanistan War began soon after Mikhail Gorbachev became the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. -More than eight years after they intervened in Afghanistan to support the procommunist government, Soviet troops begin their withdrawal. The intervention also strained relations between the Soviet Union and the United States nearly to the breaking point.

Describe pre-emption (2001-2009)

-Pre-emption: the doctrine that justified the invasion of Iraq. -An interpretation of international law rules related to anticipatory self-defense. International law has long permitted nations to deploy force in self-defense in the face of an "imminent" attack from another nation.

Describe the NATO expansion under Clinton

-President Clinton expressed his support for enlarging NATO as early as 1994—following the creation of NATO's "Partnership for Peace," designed to strengthen relations with the former Warsaw Pact states -at the Madrid summit in 1997, Alliance leaders decided to invite Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary to join. -The process was continued at NATO's April 1999 50th anniversary summit in Washington, D.C. There, leaders not only welcomed the new members but pledged to leave open the possibility of expansion to more countries and offered to help them prepare for membership.

Describe "Nixon goes to China" (1972)

-President Nixon visits mainland China and is the first American president to do so -At the end of the trip, Nixon issued a statement known as the Shanghai Communiqué that has defined U.S. policy toward China and Taiwan since that time -The document states "The U.S. acknowledges that all Chinese on either side of the Taiwan Strait maintain there is but one China and that Taiwan is part of China. The U.S. does not challenge that position." Articulates the "one China" policy that remains in place today. -The U.S. will maintain forces and serve as a protector to Taiwan as long as it perceives there is danger of an armed attack by China and a forceful attempt to take over the island

Describe the Lebanon to Grenada (1983)

-President Ronald Reagan, citing the threat posed to American nationals on the Caribbean nation of Grenada by that nation's Marxist regime, orders the Marines to invade and secure their safety. -A number of Americans were skeptical of Reagan's defense of the invasion, noting that it took place just days after a disastrous explosion in a U.S. military installation in Lebanon killed over 240 U.S. troops, calling into question the use of military force to achieve U.S. goals

Describe the Military buildup during the Reagan years

-Reagan authorized an increase in spending for defense in order to counter what he called "America's weakened defense" during the election campaign -Reagan's policies of increasing spending for defense coupled with hostile rhetoric pushed a diminished Soviet Union to the brink

Describe the "Evil Empire"

-Reagan referred to the Soviet Union as the "evil empire" -Reagan promoted building a weapons shield (Star Wars) to protect the U.S. from incoming Soviet missiles, and he increased spending for defense and the military -"Evil empire" speeches included hardline rhetoric, such as "us versus them, "good versus evil" "Democracy versus communism"

Describe Reagan saying "Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall"

-Reagan was willing to work with Gorbachev on implementing new policies -Reagan believed a change in the direction of the Soviet Union would be in the best interests of the U.S. and encouraged Gorbachev to continue down his new path of demilitarizing the Soviet Union -Reagan and Gorbachev pursued arms control talks as part of their mutually beneficial policy agenda, led to a treaty in 1987 limiting intermediate-range nuclear weapons -"Tear down this wall", also known as the Berlin Wall Speech, was a speech delivered by United States President Ronald Reagan in West Berlin on June 12, 1987

Describe Kissinger and realpolitik

-Realpolitik is a political system that's not based on beliefs, doctrines, ethics, or morals, but rather on realistic, practical ideas. ... -Henry Kissinger has been credited with formally introducing the policy of Realpolitik to the White House as Secretary of State to Richard Nixon. -The policy meant dealing with other powerful nations in a practical manner, rather than on the basis of political doctrine or ethics such as Nixon's diplomacy with the People's Republic of China despite American opposition to communism and the previous doctrine of containment.

Describe the National Security Council

-Since its inception under President Truman -established by the National Security Act in 1947 to advise the president on domestic, foreign, and military policies related to national security. -The intent was to ensure coordination and concurrence among the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force and other instruments of national security policy such as the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), also created in the National Security Act.

Describe the "Loss" of China (to CCP 1949; Taiwan and "strategic ambiguity")

-The "loss of China" refers, in U.S. political discourse, to the unexpected Communist Party takeover of mainland China from the American-backed Nationalists in 1949, and therefore the "loss of China to communism". Nationalist flee to Taiwan -Owing to the controversial political status of Taiwan and the People's Republic of China's One-China policy, foreign governments have felt a need to be ambiguous regarding Taiwan. The PRC pressures states to recognize it as the sole legitimate representative of China, with which most states comply. In practice, however, most states maintain different levels of ambiguity on their attitudes to the Taiwan issue: -Taiwan is considered an essential part of China

Describe the Chile coup against Allende (1973; Pinochet takes power)

-The 1973 Chilean coup d'état was a military coup in Chile that deposed the Popular Unity government of President Salvador Allende. -On 11 September 1973, after an extended period of social unrest and political tension between the opposition-controlled Congress and the socialist President, as well as economic warfare ordered by U.S President Richard Nixon, a group of military officers led by General Augusto Pinochet and Admiral José Toribio Merino seized power in a coup, ending civilian rule. -U.S. supported Pinochet taking power

Describe the Peace Corps (hearts and minds; soft power)

-The Peace Corps was a product of the Cold War. -A week before the 1960 presidential election, John F. Kennedy observed that the Soviet Union had "hundreds of men and women, scientists, physicists, teachers, engineers, doctors, and nurses...prepared to spend their lives abroad in the service of world communism." The United States had no equivalent. -Kennedy feared that the United States was in danger of losing the battle for the hearts and minds of the world's peoples. He believed that a "peace corps" was the answer. "I am convinced," he said, "that our men and women, dedicated to freedom, are able to be missionaries, not only for freedom and peace, but to join in a worldwide struggle against poverty and disease and ignorance."

Describe Nuclear proliferation (P5, India, Pakistan, North Korea)

-The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, commonly known as the Non-Proliferation Treaty or NPT, is an international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament. -The treaty defines nuclear-weapon states as those that have built and tested a nuclear explosive device before 1 January 1967; these are the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom, France, and China. Four other states are known or believed to possess nuclear weapons: India, Pakistan, and North Korea have openly tested and declared that they possess nuclear weapons, while Israel is deliberately ambiguous regarding its nuclear weapons status.

Describe Watergate

-The Watergate scandal began early in the morning of June 17, 1972, when several burglars were arrested in the office of the Democratic National Committee, located in the Watergate complex of buildings in Washington, D.C. -The burglars were connected to President Richard Nixon's reelection campaign, and they had been caught wiretapping phones and stealing documents. -Nixon took aggressive steps to cover up the crimes, but when Washington Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein revealed his role in the conspiracy, Nixon resigned on August 9, 1974.

Describe the "Axis of Evil" (NK, Iran, Iraq)

-The notion of such an axis was used to pinpoint these common enemies of the United States and to rally the American populace in support of the War on Terror. The countries covered by the term were Iran, Iraq, and North Korea.

Describe the Iraq War (2003-?)

-U.S. attack against Iraq began March 2003 -U.S. was pushing for war while many of the allies were willing to wait -Iraq allowed weapons inspectors back into the country, but Bush said they were not fully compliant -Bush authorized an attack without United Nations approval -initial attack was sufficient enough to bring about the end of the regime of Saddam Hussein -Bush was reelected in 2004 -$805.5 billion dollars spent in Iraq in 2003 -long-term consequences as a result of the war

Describe Somalia under Clinton (and Mission creep)

-U.S. deployed troops to Somalia in 1992 on a humanitarian mission to ensure that food was distributed to those who needed it -deployment was authorized with promise that U.S. forces would be out by January 1993, but they were still in Somalia when Clinton came into office Problems: 1) did not seems to be an easy diplomatic solution to the problem 2) Congress was asking questions and raising issues about the role of U.S. forces in Somalia 3) Clinton was facing the possibility of U.S. intervention in the growing war in Bosnia and saw the two as related -1993 U.S. forces staged a raid in the city of Mogadishu to capture the warlord and his lieutenants, but the battle resulted in many deaths

Describe Korean War 1950-3

-U.S. felt it had to act on behalf of its ally, South Korea -Truman ordered U.S. air and sea forces to give the Korean government troops cover and support -ended in 1953, drew a line at 38th parallel dividing North and South Korea

Describe Immerwahr's pointillism (and U.S. military in over 170 countries)

-U.S. now kept an empire of bases: signing a 99-year lease for land in the Philippines, keeping control of Vieques in Puerto Rico, Guantánamo in Cuba, Okinawa in Japan, and many hundreds of other locations. - In an era of airplanes and wireless communication, territory was not required for dominance; indeed, it could be a source of friction. Immerwahr, borrowing a term from historian Bill Rankin, calls this new geography of power the "pointillist empire,"

Describe the Warsaw Pact

-Was a political and military alliance established on May 14, 1955 between the Soviet Union and several Eastern European countries -The Soviet Union and seven of its European satellites sign a treaty establishing the Warsaw Pact, a mutual defense organization that put the Soviets in command of the armed forces of the member states.

Describe the Taliban

-a Sunni Islamic fundamentalist political movement and military organization in Afghanistan currently waging war within that country. -held more territory than at any other time since American invasion in 2001 -economic refugees supported the Taliban in Afghanistan or Pakistan -able to mobilize backing from farmers

Describe Neo-conservatives

-a group of foreign policy analysts that came about as a result of the Bush doctrine and the decision to go to war with Iraq -pushed for the war with Iraq and the overthrow of Saddam Hussein -insisted on adopting Wilson's values but employing Roosevelt's means to achieve it (transforming the world in America's image and doing so through the use of American power rather than through international cooperation) -assumption of the U.S. as a great power that needs to be more assertive in promoting its ideals, including using its military might Ideology: 1) concern with democracy 2) belief the U.S. power can be used for moral purposes 3) skepticism of international law and organizations

Describe the Nicaragua and Boland Amendment

-a revolution in Nicaragua in 1980 resulted in the overthrow of the regime, which had been supported by the U.S. -replaced with a new government that Reagan thought was communist and a potential threat to U.S. influence in Latin America -overthrowing the new government by supporting a group of rebels (Contras) was a U.S. policy priority -1984 Boland Amendment passed, making it illegal to support "directly or indirectly, military or paramilitary operations in Nicaragua" -became 1 of 3 amendments limiting U.S. action in Nicaragua -members of the National Security Council devised an undercover operation to aid the Contras secretly, through third-party support

Describe Sputnik (1957)

-a satellite launched using a rocket by the Soviet Union that had a range of 5,000 miles and was capable of hitting the U.S. -their capability came as a surprise to the U.S., who had not yet tested long-range rockets successfully

Describe Peace dividend (guns vs. butter)

-a state in which a country is no longer at war, and its government can afford to reduce defense spending and reallocate it elsewhere. -peace divided as a result of the end of the Cold War Guns: military spending Butter: domestic spending Eisenhower farewell address warned us of this

Describe the Camp David accords (1979, Egypt-Israel)

-a success -Camp David accords signed in March 1979, the first major agreement between Israel and an Arab nation (Egypt) -Resulted in Israel's withdrawal from the Sinai (Carter won a Nobel Peace Prize for this accomplishment)

Describe bi-polarity

-a system of world order in which the majority of global economic, military and cultural influence is held between two states. EXAMPLES: 1) The classic case of a bipolar world is that of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union, 2) Two major actors, the United States and China

Describe the nuclear triad

-a three-sided military-force structure consisting of land-launched nuclear missiles, nuclear-missile-armed submarines, and strategic aircraft with nuclear bombs and missiles. -The United States' strategic nuclear arsenal has been based on the nuclear triad system since the 1960s.

Describe Proxy War

-a war instigated by a major power which does not itself become involved. -The first Cold War was all about proxy wars. -Korean War was an important development in the Cold War because it was the first time that the two superpowers , the United States and the Soviet Union, had fought a 'proxy war ' in a third country. -Vietnam was a proxy war because the war was fueled by the USSR and the People's Republic of China -Afghanistan was a proxy battleground for the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. -There were also countless smaller proxy wars in Hungary, the Philippines, Cuba and Ghana, just to name a few.

Describe the Military-Industrial Complex

-an informal alliance between a nation's military and the defense industry that supplies it, seen together as a vested interest which influences public policy. -The idea being that if the military becomes the biggest client for manufacturers then the nation will begin to invest more of its economy into military contracts.

Describe the Soviet Union collapse; Boris Yeltsin (1991-1999; chooses Putin to replace)

-attempted coup in the Soviet Union -Mikhail Gorbachev was under house arrest, so Boris Yeltsin (leader of Soviet republic of Russia) faced the rebels -Yeltsin declared he would be in charge of all security forces on Russian territory until the order was restored -December 1991 the leaders of Soviet republics of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus announced the end of the Soviet Union, leading to the creation of a new Commonwealth of Independent States -Mikhail Gorbachev resigned as president of the USSR -Yeltsin appointed Vladimir Putin, relatively unknown at that time, and announced his wish to see Putin as his successor.

Describe Asymmetric warfare (how do big countries lose small wars?)

-big power and a weaker opponent EXAMPLES: 1) Vietnam war with United States 2) Afghanistan war with United States

Describe the War Powers Resolution (1973)

-clearly asserts that any time U.S. forces will be sent into hostile or potentially hostile situations, the president must consult with and report to Congress -designed to limit the possibility of giving any more presidents the blank check that Johnson and Nixon had had to commit the United States to conflict and to escalate that conflict without a formal declaration of war -put the president on notice that he should report to Congress before deploying U.S. troops -Nixon vetoed the bill -Helped reaffirm the balance in roles and responsibility between the executive and legislative branches

Describe Modernization Theory

-contends that wealth and democratization are the natural result of technology and population growth -history is going somewhere, is not random -how developing countries get modern -class conflict is mitigated -progress that is linear -notion of human progress: we can get rid of colonialism achieve democracy, and get rid of oppression -economic development---->democracy HOWEVER: relationship between wealth and democracy was very weak during the Cold War: Soviet Union was never interested in supporting democracy and American leaders were more interested in supporting regimes that opposed communism during the Cold War

Describe the National Security Act of 1947

-created a structure that linked the U.S military to the civilian sides of policy-making -Department of Defense=combination of War and Navy departments -established the CIA -creation of the National Security Council and the National Security Advisor -Article 5: statement of collective security and mutual support that links the U.S. and Europe

Describe the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962

-critical turning point in the course of the Cold War -most dangerous confrontation of the Cold War -Soviet Union had many reasons for choosing to put missiles in Cuba: 1) The U.S. had invaded the island the year before and the Soviet Union wanted to protect it's client states 2) It was an assertion of Soviet superiority designed to send a signal to China -Kennedy opted for a naval blockade of the island of Cuba along with "back-channel" diplomacy -peaceful resolution of the crisis

Describe Saddam Hussein

-cruel dictator in Iraq -Bush sent a draft of a resolution to Congress in 2002 asking for authority "to use all means he determines appropriate, including force to disarm and dislodge Saddam Hussein" -This resolution outlined Saddam Husseins and Iraq's past wrong-doings: traced back to the Persian Gulf War, claims Iraq was building weapons of mass destruction and willing to use them against the U.S. in the past -had funneled Iraq's oil revenues and foreign aid into its military

Describe the Liberal International Order

-describes the notion that contemporary international relations are organized around principles of international cooperation through multilateral institutions

Describe the Suez Canal crisis (1956)

-disrupted the delicate balance that existed in the Middle east -caused strains between the U.S. and France and Britain, its closest European allies -British and French governments claimed that the war between Israel and Egypt would put passage through the Suez Canal in danger and called for a cease-fire -Britain and France launched an attack against Egypt when Egypt's president refused the cease-fire -UN negotiated a cease-fire, even though Britain, France, and Israel all denied they had colluded -said to be an unnecessary distraction during the time of the Cold War

Describe the "rally around the flag" effect

-explain increased short-run popular support of a country's government or political leaders during periods of international crisis or war Examples: -Cuban Missile Crisis: According to Gallup polls, President John F. Kennedy's approval rating in early October 1962 was at 61%. By November, after the crisis had passed, Kennedy's approval rose to 74%. The spike in approval peaked in December 1962 at 76%. -Iran hostage crisis: According to Gallup polls, President Jimmy Carter quickly gained 26 percentage points, jumping from 32 to 58% approval following the initial seizure of the U.S. embassy in Tehran in November 1979. However, Carter's handling of the crisis caused popular support to decrease, and by November 1980 Carter had returned to his pre-crisis approval rating -(Persian Gulf War): According to Gallup polls, President George H. W. Bush was rated at 59% approval in January 1991, but following the success of Operation Desert Storm, Bush enjoyed a peak 89% approval rating in February 1991. From there, Bush's approval rating slowly decreased, reaching the pre-crisis level of 61% in October 1991. -Following the September 11 attacks in 2001, President George W. Bush received an unprecedented increase in his approval rating. On September 10, Bush had a Gallup Poll rating of 51%. By September 15, his approval rate had increased by 34 percentage points to 85%. Just a week later, Bush was at 90%, the highest presidential approval rating ever. Over a year after the attacks occurred, Bush still received higher approval than he did before 9/11 (68% in November 2002). Both the size and duration of Bush's popularity after 9/11 are believed to be the largest of any post-crisis boost. Many people believe that this popularity gave Bush a mandate and eventually the political leverage to begin the War in Iraq.

Describe Bosnia under Clinton

-genocide taking place throughout Bosnia -U.S. pursued a bifurcated policy toward the Balkans: overwhelming desire to not get involved, or by the impulse to jump in and take a leadership role -Sarajevo Market Massacre prompted Clinton to act, so NATO accelerated its air strikes against Serb targets -this helped provide the military cover necessary for the Bosnian and Croat forces to launch a major ground offensive in preparation for the start of the negotiations that would bring an end to the war -peace agreement signed between Serbia, Croatia, and Bosnia in Paris in 1995, but this did not end the war or U.S. military involvement there

Describe the Farewell address

-he warned the nation with regard to the corrupting influence of what he describes as the "military-industrial complex"

Describe Iranian revolution and hostage crisis

-huge failure for Carter -American hostages were taken at the embassy in Tehran -day after day nothing happened as news anchors reported how many days the hostages had been held -undermining public confidence in Carter -Carter finally authorized a rescue attempt, but it was over the objections of members of his cabinet like his Secretary of State -rescue attempt on April 1980 was a failure

Describe the Bush Doctrine

-in State of the Union Speech in 2002, Bush identified Iraq, Iran, and North Korea as an "axis of evil" -inaction is not an option -basis for the decision to go to war against Iraq in 2003 without the formal backing of the international community -For the first time since the Cold War, the U.S. was relying on its military might to pursue its foreign policy goals -Before 9/11, Bush wanted a neo-unilateralist, almost isolationist, foreign policy -states that the U.S. is justified in going to war preemptively against any group that potentially threatens the country or its allies, and that it will do so alone if necessary

Describe Human rights (and Congress)

-in his early presidency, Carter brought back the idealist perspective held by Woodrow Wilson -Carter vowed to make the fight for human rights the centerpiece of his foreign policy agenda -March 1977 Carter addressed the UN General Assembly and reiterated that commitment to global human rights

Describe the Mutual assured destruction (MAD)

-is a doctrine of military strategy and national security policy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two or more opposing sides would cause the complete annihilation of both the attacker and the defender -To many, mutually assured destruction helped prevent the Cold War from turning hot

Describe South Africa (anti-apartheid movement, Congress and sanction)

-many in the U.S. protested apartheid -Reagan vetoed anti-apartheid act of 1986, but it passed anyways when the House voted 313-83 to override President Ronald Reagan's veto of the Comprehensive Apartheid Act, which levied economic sanctions against the Republic of South Africa -U.S. tacitly supported apartheid government (worried about communism) -showed the effectiveness of economic sanctions on South Africa

Describe Iran's Mossadegh overthrown (1953; CIA and blowback; replaced by Shah)

-overthrow of the democratically elected Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh in favor of strengthening the monarchical rule of the Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi on 19 August 1953, orchestrated by the United States and the United Kingdom, and carried out by the Iranian military -Following several months of careful preparation, Roosevelt Jr.'s first attempted coup failed after Mossadegh caught wind of a military plot to overthrow him. But four days later, on August 19, 1953, his second attempt proved more successful.

Describe the Bay of Pigs

-plan that assumed that once the Cuban exiles landed in Cuba and the Cuban people learned about the invasion, they would rise up and overthrow Castro -eisenhower ordered CIA to train and arm a force of Cuban exiles for an armed attack on Cuba. -people in Cuba did not rise up and every member of the invading force was killed or captured -utter failure

Describe Kent State (and anti-war movement)

-public anger grew when in 1970, National Guard troops shot and killed four students who were protesting at Kent State University in Ohio -many colleges and university campuses across the country suspended classes so that students and faculty could protest the war and the policies of the Nixon administration -Protestors went to Washington to demand the Congress take action to bring the war to an end

Describe the "New World Order"

-removing communist leaders and replacing them with democratically elected governments in the Soviet Eastern European bloc -in a rapidly changing world, old adversaries, like the U.S. and the Soviet Union, could work together and share responsibilities that would make for a better future -would emerge in the wake of communism

Describe the diversionary theory of war

-states that leaders who are threatened by domestic turmoil may initiate an international conflict in order to improve their standing. Examples: -Vietnam War During a period of major social movements and widespread domestic issues within the country, the United States intervened in the Vietnam War, the conflict between North and South Vietnam (1963-1969), under the policy of containment. This failed to unite the country. In fact, many did not see the justification in going to war and started a large anti-war movement, yet Lyndon B. Johnson was reelected while the war was taking place. -Gulf War After Iraq invaded Kuwait, the United States deployed troops to the area and were then backed by the United Nations in Operation Desert Storm (2 August 1990 - 28 February 1991). The conflict was quickly resolved and George Bush's approval ratings soared, although, this did not lead to his reelection. -Iraq War After the attacks on September 11, the U.S. public was devastated and afraid. The economy was also not doing well. Iraq's alleged possession of weapons of mass destruction was presented as immediate threat to the United States. The occupation of Iraq (March 20, 2003 - December 18, 2011) was considered successful and the ongoing conflict led to George W. Bush's reelection. As the war continued and the economy worsened, Bush's approval ratings dropped.

Describe the Terrorist Attacks

-terrorists tried to blow up the World Trade Center in 1993 -terrorists later struck U.S. embassies in Africa -Clinton did nothing in these cases -growth of independent organizations, many which are extremist and radical -1998 Clinton addressed the UN General Assembly and global terrorism was one of the central points of his talk, "terrorism is at the top of the American agenda and should be at the top of the world's agenda"

Describe the Domino theory

-the belief that if one country were to fall to communism, others would follow -contributed to the U.S. decision to get involved in Vietnam in an attempt to prevent the spread of communism -people worried U.S. wasn't doing enough to contain communism, that "We are losing Asia fast"

Describe Dien Bien Phu (1954)

-the decisive engagement in the First Indochina War (1946-54). It consisted of a struggle between French and Viet Minh (Vietnamese Communist and nationalist) forces for control of a small mountain outpost on the Vietnamese border near Laos. The Viet Minh victory in this battle effectively ended the eight-year-old war. -French left Vietnam

Describe Détente

-the relaxation of strained relations, especially political, by verbal communication. arms control process started in 1969 and was part of détente -liberal/idealistic approach employed by a realist (Henry Kissinger) -move from competition to cooperation -resulted in a successful agreement, the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) signed in 1972 -established an ongoing forum for discussion and conversation and continued through the duration of the Cold War

Describe the "Color Revolutions" in former Soviet Republics (2003-5' Georgia, Kyrgyztan, Ukraine)

-the symbolically-named series of peaceful uprisings in the former Soviet Union -Participants in color revolutions have mostly used nonviolent resistance, also called civil resistance -Such methods as demonstrations, strikes and interventions have aimed to protest against governments seen as corrupt and/or authoritarian and to advocate democracy, and they have built up strong pressure for change.[citation needed] -Notable for the important role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and particularly student activists in organizing creative non-violent resistance -a 'rose revolution' in Georgia in 2003, an 'orange revolution' in Ukraine in December 2004 and then a 'tulip' revolution in Kyrgyzstan in early 2005.

Describe blowback

-the unintended consequences, unwanted side-effects, or suffered repercussions of a covert operation that fall back on those responsible for the aforementioned operations. Examples: 1) For example, by secretly funding the secret war of the militarily-defeated, right-wing Contras against the left-wing Sandinista government of Nicaragua, which led to the Iran-Contra Affair, wherein the Reagan Administration sold American weapons to Iran (a state unfriendly to the US) to arm the Contras with Warsaw Pact weapons, and their consequent drug-dealing in American cities. 2) CIA's financing and support for Afghan insurgents to fight an anti-Communist proxy guerilla war against the USSR in Afghanistan; some of the beneficiaries of this CIA support may have joined al-Qaeda's terrorist campaign against the United States

Describe the End of History? (Francis Fukuyama)

-this book argues that the worldwide spread of liberal democracies and free-market capitalism of the West and its lifestyle may signal the end point of humanity's sociocultural evolution and become the final form of human government.

Describe deterrence

-threats of military retaliation directed by the leaders of one state to the leaders of another in an attempt to prevent the other state from resorting to the threat of use of military force in pursuit of its foreign policy goals. EXAMPLES: the doctrine of massive retaliation threatened to launch US nuclear weapons in response to Soviet attacks

soft power, "hearts and minds"

-trying to convince and win the Vietnams, Afghans, and Iraqi's that the U.S. is on their side, invokes soft power with an intervention, winning over local population

Describe the Guatemala coup (1954; Arbenz overthrown)

-was a covert operation carried out by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) that deposed the democratically elected Guatemalan President Jacobo Árbenz and ended the Guatemalan Revolution of 1944-1954.

Who was president from 1963-1969?

Johnson

Who was president from 1961-1963?

Kennedy

Describe Cold wars, comparing old (Soviet Union) and new (China)

Old Cold War: -little trading between the U.S. and Soviet Union, Soviet Union and its members mostly traded with each other -comparing U.S.-Soviet relationships -Opposing ideologies: Soviet Union established bureaucratic centralism to maintain the regime while democracy and freedom are the core values of America. -Both Soviet Union and U.S. wanted to be global leaders post World-War 2 New Cold War: -U.S. and China trade and their economic relationship is very large and important (or at least was before Trump) -comparing U.S.-China relationship -Opposing ideologies: China established bureaucratic centralism to maintain the regime, democracy and freedom are the core values of America. -Trump wants to remove U.S. as a global leader, and China will happily take that role -Trade war between China and U.S.

Describe ethnic conflict in Yugoslavia and Iraq

Yugoslavia: -artificially created after World War 1 -diverse groups of Serb, Croat, and Bosnian Muslim had been held together by the strength of the country's leader -when their leader died, nationalist leaders called for independent states for each of the ethnic groups -the country dissolved into civil and ethnic warfare as each group vied for territory and power Iraq: -Iraq wanted to seize control of the rich oil-producing Iranian border region of Khūzestān, a territory inhabited largely by ethnic Arabs over which Iraq sought to extend some form of suzerainty. -Saddam was also concerned over attempts by Iran's Islamic revolutionary government to incite rebellion among Iraq's Shiʿi majority.