US Foreign Policy
*Big Stick Diplomacy*
(McKinley assassinated =>)*Teddy Roosevelt* -Roosevelt Represented popular sentiment: *Progressive Movement*: belief that US ascendancy on world stage require modern, professional scientific approach in everything: industry, military, diplomacy: >>>Cause: economic prosperity *Under Roosevelt*: >More centralized professional military/army >Modernized diplomatic corps: specialized training/exams >White Man's Burden: 'civilizing' obligation *Progressive & Internationalist inclinations + love of military as nation's strength = Big Stick Policy*: US achieve foreign policy goals, only backed by credible military threats >>>Roosevelt follower of Mahan: built up US Navy" *The Great White Fleet*: Parade around world o "Speak softly and carry a big stick & you will go far" *Speak softly and carry a big stick* >>>Speak softly: broker peace between Russia & Japan; US grow closer to UK; Mediate Morocco settlement >>>Big Stick: Strength of enlarged American fleet: Panama Canal, Venezuela, Santa Domingo, & Roosevelt Corollary o Called for military buildup. ESPECIALLY THE NAVY. o "I never take a step in foreign policy unless I am assured that I shall be able to eventually to carry out my will by force." o 1901-Platt Amendment is attached to Cuban Constitution o 1904-Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, "chronic wrong-doing," "ties of civilized society." o Two fundamental policies towards Europe: o G.B. is friend. "In the long run, the English people are more apt to be friendly to us than any other." U.S. has similar interests in the world-T.R. supports G.B. imperialism-favors domination of English-speaking race. o Neutral power such as U.S. must prevent the outbreak of general war in Europe among strong nation.
Taft and Liberia
*> Liberia: West Africa:* Deep in Debt >>>Taft fear bankruptcy lead to annex by surrounding British/French => Taft approve loan & US warship presence established => NOT SOLVE PROBLEM
Responding to extraterritoriality
*Extraterritoriality*: Principle by which country enforces its laws outside its own boundaries. >Tool of imperialism: UK & US citizens living in foreign country still abide by their laws. >>>Useful to foreign businessmen in countries trying to be sovereign in face of imperialism. *Americas Reaction to Principle:* -Argentine jurist Calvo develop doctrine: All sovereign countries free to treat foreigners as they see fit within their borders (to the extent of international law) >>>Hague Conference accept Drago Doctrine by Argentine foreign minister Drago: countries not forced to debts owed to nationals.
*Moral Diplomacy*
*Woodrow Wilson*: ANTI-IMPERIALISM >Reject Big Stick Diplomacy, Moral Diplomacy: foreign policy that encourages human rights & development of 'constitutional liberty' in the world. >Wilson guided by the *Christian* precepts of US could model for rest of world. >W. believe in expansion of world trade & US financial interests & role gov play in expansion o In a statement issued soon after taking office, Wilson declared that the United States hoped "to cultivate the friendship and deserve the confidence" of the Latin American states, but he also emphasized that he believed "just government" must rest "upon the consent of the governed." Latin Americans were delighted by the prospect of being free to conduct their own affairs without American interference, but Wilson's insistence that their governments must be democratic undermined the promise of self-determination. o Moral Diplomacy was the idea that the United States would support only Latin American governments that were democratic or otherwise supported United States interests.
Wilson & MEXICO (short version)
-Huerta (Murdered Madero) >>>"Butchered" -Wilson supports Carranza & Villa's constitutional party -Carranza declares himself dictator -Villa splits -Huerta still in "power" too -Americans get arrested & Wilson seizes part of Vera Cruz -ABC negotiations fail -Huerta resigns & Wilson => Villa & then back to Carranza -Villa attacks US (to start war & revenge) -AEF looks for Villa...Zimmerman Telegram >W. support reform after fall of *Diaz* >Under Diaz: US oil & railroad proper BUT Mexican elite prosper while peasants suffer >W. NOT support *Huerta* regime: W/ UK's support, W. support opposition, *Carranza* but Carranza hesitant. >US not officially recognize Mexico gov, & no pro-US replacement in sight, US cannot militarily intervene b/c anger to point of war. (MORAL DIPLOMACY FACE REALITY OF ACTUAL DIPLOMACY) >W. order US Navy to occupy Vera cruz => China, Brazil, & Argentina attempt to meditate conflict >Carranza overthrow Huerta BUT not able, Mexico in civil war again. >W. withdraw troops b/c US joining Allies in WII (Zimmerman Telegram)
Wilson & Nicaragua
-Troops still there from Taft's presidency (Stay until 1933, basically US governing) -1916 Bryan-Chamarro Treaty ratified: gave US right to build a canal. >*Nicaragua*: nationalism of Nicaragua leader => US-sponsored revolution b/c mining interests (backed by US gov & marines) => US Senate not ratify treaty => US companies acquire control of Nicaragua banks & railroads => Econ imperialism enrage nationalism => Revolt 1912 => Marines suppress
Teddy Roosevelt: Cuba
1902 under the Platt amendment they were given limited freedom. 1906 domestic uprisings caused TR to send troops there for 3 years. Cuban President Palma asks Roosevelt to send American troops to Cuba to quell a rebellion which arose from a disputed election. >Why> to secure the leadership of their preferred candidate
Panama Canal
>1903: US choose Panama to build canal connecting Atlantic & Pacific. Buy rights to build BUT need to negotiate with Columbia gov for land. >Columbia gov reject treaty b/c favor US => Roosevelt ANGRY: now "Big Stick"=> Panamians fear US build canal in Nicaragua instead revolt => US ships arrive => Gov not stop revolt => Panama independence >New gov agrees: US lease land for 100 years: 10 million >1914: Canal opens: Crowing Achievement for Progressive US >>>imperialism backed by Western tech >>>US now control one of the most important waterways BUT to secure ownership => need to control Caribbeans Step 1: Hay-Pauncefote Treaty canceled 1850 pact that US and Britain would build a canal together Step 2: Choose a site. 1st thought Nicaragua because it would be easier at sea level, but instead turned to the isthmus of Panama in Columbia. 40% complete and abandoned by the French. The French lowered their price from $109 million to $40 million. Step 3: Sec of State John Hay makes a deal with Colombia for the canal zone ($10 million and $250,000 year rent). Colombian senate refuses to ratify and asks for $20 million. TR refers to the Colombians as "inefficient bandits" and "blackmailers." Philippe Banua-Varilla (chief engineer of the French project) agrees to help TR by organizing and financing a revolution in Panama!! TR sends the USS Nashville to help "maintain order." 3 days later the US recognizes Panama as a nation and Panama grants the US the canal zone for $10 million and $250,000 rent. "I took the canal zone and let Congress debate and while the debate goes on, the canal zone does too." Canal opens in 1914 >Senate where? Displays lack of strength/influence of Senate vs. President
Open Door Policy
>Created by Secretary of state Hay to assert US in trade with China (sent to Euro powers in notes) >Stated: No discrimination of foreign powers in country's sphere of influence. >U ending the Boxer Rebellion (1900) allows for them to push the Open Door Plocy, have leverage without need for authority or violence/war. China's independence include "free trade"
Teddy Roosevelt: Venezuela
>European intervention in Americas: ECON despite Monroe Doctrine: o Venezuela: default on loans to German, British, Italian => these governments forcibly secure payment by blockading Venezuela's ports. o *Roosevelt Corollary*: Americas not stay economically stable, so US step in & handle their finances >>>Prevent "excuse" Euro military intervention >>>1st used w/ Santo Domingo Venezuela was behind on debt payments to Britain, Italy, and Germany. Blockades began with rumors that Germany was planning to make a permanent base. Roosevelt steps in and issues his *Roosevelt Corollary* in 1904. The US has the right to oppose European intervention in the Western Hemisphere as well intervene on their behalf if they could not maintain order.
*Dollar Diplomacy*
>Replace US military power with ECON power (idea taken from Roosevelt Corollary) >>Goal: Remove any pretext for Euro intervention in Americas by managing financial affairs of "backwards" economy countries, thus ensure Euro debts paid: 1. Loans from US bankers use to pay Euro creditors 2. Financial managers remake economy (US model. to US advantage) 3. More efficient tax collection, budges regularized, gold standard adopted. >*Americas Reaction*: see as "thinly veiled imperialism" >>Honduras, Costa Rica, & Guatemala reject - refuse to sign treaty >>*US Reaction*: US-sponsored revoltuions => install pro-US regime Ex. Nicaragua *Taft and Latin America* o Emphasized US investment rather than muscle. o Taft used government officials to promote the sale of American products overseas, particularly heavy industrial goods and military hardware. o Promote political stability in the hemisphere= No political stability without financial stability o Limit European involvement in region means US needs to take greater responsibility - encourage loans to Latin American nations
Wilson and Dominican Republic
>W. impose free elections, but still instability: civil war & revolution constantly simmering >Secretary fail "denouncing revolution >W. order US military intervene & establish order
Wilson and China
>W. support b/c China= phoenix, modern state born out of the ashes of corruption: Recognize the new gov & back out of the banking agreement to support China independence, BUT left unstable China vulnerable >Japan expansion into China => W. follow Dollar Diplomacy: authorize China loans & promise action if China default
Taft and China
A primary focus of dollar diplomacy was the Manchurian region of China. Japan and Russia controlled a large portion of Manchurian resources including the railroads. Taft personally sent a telegram to the Chinese Government on behalf of American investors interested in railroads in the Yangtze Valley. In 1909, Secretary of State Philander C. Knox offered the Japanese and Russians a deal. He proposed that American bankers and industrialists would purchase the Manchurian railroads from Japan and Russia and return them to Chinese control. Japan and Russia flatly refused the offer, which publicly embarrassed the Taft administration. *>Dollar Diplomacy: curtail Russia & Japanese influence in China & Manchuria* (Taft believe) >>Railroad = econ expansion, thus US invest in Manchuria railroad >>R & J divide Manchuria econ interests between selves, China cannot oppose & US, without support of UK or France, accepts.
Wilson and Virgin Islands
Danish West Indies were in danger of falling in the hands of the Germans, Wilson purchased them from the Denmark in 1917. (think WWI..) $25,000,000 1936 US citizenship
Good Neighbor Policy
FDR: o What role will the United States have in the Western Hemisphere? Non-intervention, good neighbors respect the rights of others and cooperate with each other. o Economic challenges of the 1930's o Under Hoover, then Franklin Roosevelt initiate a policy to back away from military intervention in Latin America...but still protect US economic interests in the region and promote international trade o Pan-Americanism
Taft and Haiti
France had recognized Haiti's independence in 1824 at a price... $$ 1910 Taft loans Haiti money to try to lessen international influence. This didn't really help, they murdered 7 presidents from 1911-1915. US worry: Germany began trading, setting up business ties, and even marrying Haitian women.
Teddy Roosevelt & Japan
In 1905, Russia and Japan were at war over control of the northern part of China. TR mediated a peace agreement that ended the Russo-Japanese War. (Nobel Peace Prize) In 1906, Japan was angry over California's segregationist policies towards Japanese. TR solved the problem with a "gentlemen's agreement" in which the segregationist policies were withdrawn, while Japan agreed to limit its immigration. Why? Russia & Japan: rising powers China: trade Takahira Agreement: Maintain status quo in Pacific, defend Open Door Policy, and independence of China (b/c US and Japan drifting towards war b/c Pacific)
Wilson & Haiti
Remember mobs has murdered or ousted seven presidents in 4 years. US sends the marines, takes over their bank, and helps draft a constitution for them The U.S. Government also forced the election of a new pro-American President, Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave. Troops leave 1934 following FDR's "Good Neighbor Policy." Wilson places troops in Haiti b/c Germany involved in Haiti => Wilson supported pro-US candidate for presidency
Teddy Roosevelt: Dominican Republic
Revolution had toppled the corrupt and bankrupt government in 1903. Under pressure from Roosevelt, the Dominicans requested U.S. assistance. Using the RC the US took over the Dominican Republic's customs, distributing half to the country and half to their foreign creditors. US remain for Three decades *Realize Long-term effects*: US placed Truijilo into leadership. He eventually becomes dictatorship & gets assassinated. 3 decades of US presence
Mexico (Taft)
Revolution started 1910 after overthrowing 30 year dictator, Diaz. When Taft ordered two thousand troops to the Mexican border to stand ready to intervene in revolution-torn Mexico to protect U.S. investments, Congress offered stiff opposition. Taft then backed off (earning the nickname "Peaceful Bill"), leaving the situation in Mexico for his successor to handle. Taft supported the takeover by top general Victoriano Huerta (previous president was Francisco Madero who overthrew Diaz. Madero was killed). Wilson will not like Huerta.
Taft and Nicaragua
Taft and Sec of State Knox found a cooperative leader in Nicaragua, Adolfo Díaz, who succeeded Zelaya (dictator) as president in 1911. A businessman who despised militarism and craved order and good government, Díaz was willing to compromise his country's independence by granting to the United States broad powers of intervention. In 1912, when he was faced with insurrection, the United States, at his request, sent 2,000 U.S. marines to Nicaragua, suppressed the rebellion, deported its leaders, and left a legation guard of one hundred marines that—until 1925—"stabilized" the Nicaraguan government under Díaz and his successors.
The Roosevelt Corollary vs. Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine told Europeans to stay out of the Americas (North, Central, & South). The Roosevelt Corollary stated that the US would intervene in Central and South America to maintain order. December 1904 stated that the United States would intervene as a last resort to ensure that other nations in the Western Hemisphere fulfilled their obligations to international creditors, and did not violate the rights of the United States or invite "foreign aggression to the detriment of the entire body of American nations." As the corollary worked out in practice, the United States increasingly used military force to restore internal stability to nations in the region. Roosevelt declared that the United States might "exercise international police power in 'flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence.'"
Taft and Honduras
To help Honduras liquidate its large foreign debt, Taft suggested a loan to be secured by American control of its custom houses. While various American bankers were willing to assume the great risks involved, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee refused to approve the loan. When a revolution broke out in July 1911, Taft sent warships that landed troops and a special envoy to arbitrate differences. When he offered a new loan arrangement, Honduras refused, thereby leaving this problem also unsolved.
The Great White Fleet
To show the world (& Japan) America's new naval muscle, TR called for 16 new battleships (all painted white) to make a world tour. (To impress upon Japan that the US Navy could shift from the Atlantic to the Pacific) The fourteen-month long voyage was a grand pageant of American sea power. The squadrons were manned by 14,000 sailors. They covered some 43,000 miles and made twenty port calls on six continents.
Wilson and MEXICO
When (1910, Taft was president) Mexico's new leader (Madero) wasn't nice to American business leaders, the US supported Victoriano Huerta's (Madero's top general) govt take over (end of Taft's term). When Wilson took office (1913) Huerta's new government murdered Madero. Wilson refused to recognize "Huerta's government of butchers." Imposed an arms embargo. Wilson then turned his support to Constitutionalists led by Venustiano Carranza and Pancho Villa. Carranza declares himself president, this causes a break between he and Villa. Huerta sets up a military dictatorship. In 1914 a few American sailors were arrested in Tampico and were shortly released. The Americans demanded a 21 gun salute as an apology. Mexicans refused and Wilson has the port of Veracruz seized (after hearing reports of German ships bringing ammo for Huerta's men, US started providing weapons to Carranza). President Wilson welcomed the offer of Argentina, Brazil, and Chile to mediate; and Huerta also accepted. Wilson intended to use the mediation conference, which began in Niagara Falls, Canada, in May 1914, to get rid of Huerta and bring the Constitutionalists to power. But Carranza, who had denounced the U.S. aggression at Veracruz, instructed his delegation to refuse a ceasefire and to deny the right of the mediators to discuss the Mexican situation. The conference adjourned on July 2nd without positive results. But the United States intervention and heightened conflict with his enemies forced Huerta to resign on 15 July. Venustiano Carranza soon entered Mexico City. Although earlier an advocate of Carranza, Wilson now rejected him and initiated negotiations with his chief rival in northern Mexico, Pancho Villa. Carranza, who retained the support of Alvaro Obregón and other leading generals, refused to give in to Villa. Wilson withdraws negotiations with Villa and goes back to supporting Carranza after Carranza begins to make democratic reforms to the Mexican government. An angry Villa (feels betrayed) killed 16 American mining engineers that he took from a train in northern Mexico. (January 1916) 2 months later he attacked Columbus, NM killing 17 more Americans. Without Carranza's permission John J. Pershing led an American Expeditionary Force to capture Villa. American ends up going to the brink of war. By March 17, 1917 Wilson withdrew due to larger problems. (Zimmerman telegram was January 1916)
Monroe Doctrine
o (1823) Let independence in Latin America reign. Europeans must not interfere with the newly independent nations in Latin America. This follows the revolutionary spirit of the U.S., and lays the foundation for the US foreign policy in the Americas (Europe needs to stay out of the western hemisphere). This will be the basis for the Roosevelt Corollary of 1904.
China and Japan
o Confusions of U.S. motives in China: o Idealized view of China as the center of Eastern wisdom and have a "special relationship" o Dominant attitude= Chinese are heathens, exotic, backward, and immoral o Exclusion Act of 1882 o 1899-1900-Open Door Notes-cornerstone of U.S. policy in Asia for 50 years. o 1st-note-customs collection issues, declares the principle of equal access to commercial rights in China by all nations. o 2nd-note-calls on all countries to respect the "territorial and administrative integrity" of China. Preserves balance of power in East. o In Japan, imperialist era has begun o 1904-start of Russo-Japanese War. T.R. welcomes as check on balance of power. "It is best [that Russia be left] face to face with Japan so that each may have a moderating action on the other." o 1905-Treaty of Portsmouth. Signing of peace treaty ending war in Manchuria leaves Japan dominate in region. o 1908-Root-Takahira Agreement-Japan promises to honor U.S. control in Philippines and will make no further advances into China. o Dollar diplomacy-U.S. investment in Manchuria
