US Hist 2 Clep
The military proposal popularly known as Star Wars was designed to (A) incorporate the National Aeronautics and Space Administration into the armed forces (B) create a satellite and laser shield to defend the United States against missile attacks (C) expand American space exploration efforts (D) construct new ballistic missiles not covered under the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty I (E) increase the interest of young Americans in volunteering for military service
B
The presidential debate between Richard M. Nixon and John F. Kennedy showed the importance of which of the following in presidential campaigns? (A) Radio (B) Television (C) Movies (D) Computers (E) The Internet
B
The support for former Alabama governor George Wallace as a prominent third party candidate in the 1968 presidential election best illustrates the (A) impact of the economic downturn on the working class (B) exploitation of race as a national political issue (C) growing power of the political Left in American politics (D) persistence of anticommunism as a political force (E) loss of faith of many Americans in Republican party policies
B
One of Richard Nixon's domestic policy achievements as president was the (A) development of Job Corps for youth job training (B) passage of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (C) establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency (D) lowering of the inflation rate (E) deregulation of major industries
C
Students staged a sit-in in Greensboro, North Carolina, in 1960 to protest (A) poverty in the South (B) cutbacks in student aid (C) segregation of public facilities (D) the war in Vietnam (E) the oppression of women
C
The 1966 Supreme Court case Miranda v. Arizona concerned which of the following? (A) Segregated swimming pools (B) College admission quotas (C) Rights of citizens accused of a crime (D) Poll taxes (E) Sexual discrimination in the military
C
The 1972, 1979, and 1987 missile reduction agreements between the United States and the Soviet Union are examples of the foreign policy of (A) brinksmanship (B) appeasement (C) détente (D) neutrality (E) collective security
C
The Stonewall riots which took place in New York City during the summer of 1969 were significant because they (A) demonstrated the shift to confrontational politics by the National Organization for Women (B) rejected radical feminism and advocated traditional roles for women (C) encouraged the rise of a gay liberation movement that publicly called for an end to discrimination against gays and lesbians (D) were the first indicator of a sexual revolution among young people (E) showed increasing frustration with the slow pace of the women's movement
C
The high inflation rates of the 1960's and early 1970's were primarily the result of (A) major state and federal tax increases (B) increased investment in major industries (C) spending on social-welfare programs and the Vietnam War (D) a decline in foreign trade (E) deregulation of major industries
C
What was a major achievement of the presidency of Jimmy Carter? (A) uniting East Germany and West Germany (B) negotiating a Nuclear Test Ban Treaty with Russia and China (C) negotiating the peace accord between Egypt and Israel at Camp David (D) ending United States dependence on imported oil (E) rescuing United States hostages in Iran
C
Which newspaper headline would have appeared after the breakup of the Soviet Union? (A) "Russian Troops Invade Afghanistan" (B) "Truman Orders Massive Airlift of Food and Supplies to Berlin" (C) "Poland and Hungary Join NATO" (D) "President Carter Announces Camp David Agreement" (E) "President Reagan Supports Contras in Nicaragua"
C
What is one effect the population changes shown in the graph have had on national politics? (A) reducing the number of Senators from the Midwest (B) increasing the representation of the South and West in the House of Representatives (C) enhancing the chances for election of presidential candidates from the Northeast (D) strengthening the Democratic Party's control of the South (E) increasing foreign influence over U.S. stock prices
B
Which of the following accurately describes the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920's? (A) Its activities were limited to the South. (B) It favored immigration restrictions as well as White supremacy. (C) It repudiated fundamentalist Protestantism. (D) Many of its members were elected to Congress. (E) It appeared for the first time during this decade.
B
Which of the following best describes the experiences of most recently freed people following Reconstruction? (A) They obtained land from the Freedmen's Bureau. (B) They were forced back onto the plantations as sharecroppers. (C) They established large cooperative farms. (D) They migrated to Northern urban areas and worked as unskilled laborers. (E) They were forced to migrate to marginally fertile lands in the western territories.
B
Which of the following events brought the United States and the Soviet Union closest to the possibility of nuclear war? (A) The Berlin Blockade (B) The Cuban missile crisis (C) The Pueblo incident (D) The Suez Crisis (E) The U-2 incident
B
Which of the following is a correct statement about the United States at the close of the First World War? (A) It joined the League of Nations. (B) It emerged as the world's leading creditor nation. (C) It accorded diplomatic recognition to the Soviet Union. (D) It repealed the amendment to the Constitution that allowed Prohibition. (E) It received large reparations payments from Germany
B
Which of the following is true about the American Indian movement (AIM), which was founded in 1968? (A) It sought accommodation with White society. (B) It modeled its tactics on the Black Power movement. (C) It issued the Declaration of Indian Purpose. (D) It won voting rights for Native Americans. (E) It drew its membership primarily from reservations.
B
Which of the following statements best reflects Theodore Roosevelt's beliefs about foreign policy? (A) Trade is a crucial element in promoting alliances among nations. (B) Maintenance of a strong navy is an effective means to promote peace. (C) A policy of isolation is a vital element of United States foreign policy. (D) The United States should not intervene in the affairs of other countries. (E) The State Department should carry out a cautious foreign policy.
B
Which of the following was active in the antilynching movement? (A) Harriet Tubman (B) Ida B. Wells (C) Emma Goldman (D) Aimee Semple McPherson (E) Alice Paul
B
...Capitalism, demonstrably the greatest of the constructed economic systems, has in the past decade clearly proved its advantages over the alternative systems. The information highway will magnify those advantages. It will allow those who produce goods to see, a lot more efficiently than ever before, what buyers want, and will allow potential consumers to buy those goods more efficiently. Adam Smith would be pleased. More important, consumers everywhere will enjoy the benefits. — Bill Gates, 1995 Which statement most accurately expresses the main idea of this passage? (A) Information technology will make it easier to buy and sell goods. (B) Information technology will make capitalism obsolete. (C) Government must regulate the information technology industry. (D) Information technology is a frightening idea that may threaten our privacy rights. (E) The costs of information technology will outweigh its benefits.
A
1. "We demand a graduated income tax." 2. "...the government should own and operate the railroads in the interest of the people." 3. "We demand a national currency, safe, sound and flexible, issued by the [federal] government." These statements reflect the views of the (A) People's (Populist) party (B) States' Rights party (C) Know-Nothing party (D) Progressive (Bull Moose) party (E) Whig party
A
A major purpose of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was to (A) prohibit discrimination in public accommodations and employment (B) create equity in Social Security benefits (C) standardize funding for Medicare (D) strengthen the women's movement (E) provide benefits for the disabled
A
Between 1890 and 1914, most immigrants to the United States came from (A) southern and eastern Europe (B) northern and western Europe (C) Latin America (D) Southeast Asia (E) Canada
A
In the twentieth century, United States Supreme Court decisions did all of the following EXCEPT (A) end Prohibition (B) ban official prayers in the public schools (C) protect a woman's right to an abortion (D) protect property rights (E) expand minority rights
A
Many Mexicans migrated to the United States during the First World War because (A) revolution in Mexico had caused social upheaval and dislocation (B) the United States offered special homestead rights to relatives of Mexican Americans serving in the armed forces (C) the war in Europe had disrupted the Mexican economy (D) American Progressives generally held liberal views on the issue of racial assimilation (E) the United States government recruited Mexican workers to accelerate the settlement of the Southwest
A
One major reason for the migration shown on the map between 1970 and 1985 is the (A) increased job opportunities in the South and West (B) return of most African Americans to the South (C) increased racial discrimination in the Northeast relative to the South and West (D) immigration of Europeans to areas with similar ethnic groups (E) desire for access to better educational opportunities
A
President Theodore Roosevelt most frequently employed his "Big Stick" policy in (A) conducting international relations in Latin America (B) preserving national forest lands (C) breaking up industrial monopolies (D) enforcing racial equality in the South (E) working with Congress to create restrictive immigration policies
A
Reform activity during the Progressive Era was similar to that of the 1960s in all of the following ways EXCEPT (A) The federal government supported civil rights for African Americans. (B) Reform activity was encouraged by strong and active presidents. (C) Many reformers advocated changes in the area of women's rights. (D) Some governmental reform initiatives were curtailed by war. (E) Reform occurred despite the absence of severe economic depression.
A
Reformers of the Progressive Era proposed all of the following changes in city government and politics at the turn of the century EXCEPT (A) a large city council elected by wards (B) civil service (C) home rule for cities (D) city manager and commission governments (E) nonpartisan elections
A
Richard Nixon's 1968 political comeback to win the presidency can be partly attributed to (A) dissension within the Democratic party over Vietnam (B) the defection of Black voters to the Republican party (C) Nixon's cordial relations with the news media (D) Nixon's great popularity as Eisenhower's vice president (E) Nixon's promise of immediate withdrawal of American forces from Vietnam
A
The Equal Rights Amendment failed to get ratification during the 1970s primarily because (A) many believed it would disrupt society and destroy traditional values (B) of opposition from the Democratic Party (C) people believed that communists had inspired the idea (D) businesses refused to lend their support (E) of opposition from civil rights leaders
A
The Reagan Revolution in politics refers to his (A) strong support of rapprochement with liberals (B) ability to unite traditional Republicans with working-class Democrats (C) shifting responsibility for the poor to religious organizations (D) support of United States military intervention in the Caribbean (E) lukewarm support of the peace initiative in the Middle East
B
The Reconstruction era was effectively ended in the South with (A) the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad (B) the disputed election of Rutherford Hayes to the presidency (C) the forcible removal of the carpetbaggers (D) the government's legal eradication of the Ku Klux Klan (E) integration of public accommodations was complete
B
The cartoon above concerns President Franklin D. Roosevelt's plan to (A) submit all senatorial legislation to the Supreme Court for an opinion on its constitutionality (B) increase the number of justices on the Supreme Court (C) join the Supreme Court and the Senate to the "Roosevelt coalition" (D) abandon the custom of senatorial courtesy in the matter of federal court appointments (E) seek a favorable decision from the Supreme court to break the logjam of bills awaiting action by the Senate
B
The federal assistance program Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) was (A) established during the 1950s and continues to function today (B) a social welfare program created by Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal program that ended in the mid-1990s during Bill Clinton's administration (C) championed by social conservatives as a way to get poor families off welfare (D) a social welfare program created by Woodrow Wilson to address the needs of soldiers during the First World War (E) modeled after a similar program in the Soviet Union
B
The level of immigration shown on the graph for the 1930s and 1940s was mainly due to (A) the lack of free land in the United States (B) a worldwide economic crisis and warfare (C) nativist attacks on new immigrants in the Southern states (D) improved political conditions in Europe (E) more liberal immigration laws passed by Congress during the Hoover administration
B
A number of changes took place in the intellectual life of college-educated Americans between 1880 and 1930. Which of the following changes is LEAST characteristic of this group during this period? (A) Expanded popularity of Freudian psychology (B) Rise of pluralistic and relativistic worldviews (C) More rigorous training for academic professions (D) Growth in the influence of religious fundamentalism (E) Increased attention to the methods and outlook of the sciences
D
As a leader of the civil rights movement, Martin Luther King, Jr., based his doctrine of non-violence on the teachings of (A) Pope Pius X (B) Thomas Paine (C) Ernest Hemingway (D) Mohandas Gandhi (E) Thomas Jefferson
D
In New York Times v. United States (1971) and United States v. Nixon (1974), the Supreme Court placed limits on the (A) authority of federal judges (B) freedom of speech during wartime (C) exercise of freedom of religion (D) powers of the president (E) right of Congress to declare war
D
The Carter Doctrine describes which of the following? (A) An attempt to ease United States trade and travel restrictions with Cuba (B) A decrease in United States troop deployment along the demilitarized zone separating North and South Korea (C) An increased emphasis on stealth and drone technology in warfare (D) A warning that any military aggression in the Persian Gulf will be regarded as a threat to United States interests (E) A careful balance between economic sanctions and military operations to free the hostages in Iran
D
Title IX created a sharp increase of women's participation in athletics because it (A) requires that women be admitted to all-male schools (B) prohibits discrimination against women in college admissions (C) mandates that women be allowed to compete on all-men sports teams (D) requires that comparable amounts of money be spent on men's sports and women's sports (E) permits separate but equal facilities for women's sports teams
D
What is the title of Betty Friedan's 1963 book that described the frustrations of suburban housewives and helped launch the women's liberation movement in the United States? (A) The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care (B) Unequal Sisters (C) The Second Sex (D) The Feminine Mystique (E) The Beauty Myth
D
Which conclusion is most clearly supported by information in the graph? (A) Immigration increased in every decade throughout the 1900s. (B) Immigrants have a higher birth rate than native-born Americans. (C) Immigration is likely to decrease significantly in the future. (D) Immigration in the 1990s was about the same as in the first decade of the 1900s. (E) Immigration increased faster during Democratic administrations than during Republican administrations.
D
Which of the following events most challenged the credibility of the presidency during the twentieth century? (A) Jimmy Carter's response to the Iranian hostage crisis (B) John Kennedy's role in the Bay of Pigs invasion (C) Dwight Eisenhower's handling of the U-2 incident (D) Richard Nixon's actions during the Watergate scandal (E) Ronald Reagan's role in the Iran-Contra Affair
D
Which of the following is a correct statement about the Gilded Age? (A) The average real wages of blue-collar workers declined. (B) The average number of hours people worked increased. (C) Prices of farm products rose sharply, causing the cost of living to rise steeply. (D) Business activity expanded and contracted frequently. (E) The federal debt from the Civil War required heavy federal taxes.
D
Social Darwinists believed that (A) there should be public ownership of the means of production (B) all men are created equal (C) society evolves in a cyclical fashion (D) man could, with proper effort, recover from any adversity in life (E) the theory of survival of the fittest explains individual success or failure in society
E
The SALT I and SALT II agreements of the 1970s tried to improve Cold War relations between the United States and the Soviet Union by (A) encouraging space exploration (B) increasing cultural exchanges (C) encouraging purchase of agricultural surpluses (D) lowering barriers to trade (E) limiting nuclear weapons
E
The Works Progress Administration (WPA), established during the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt, was the federal agency empowered to (A) protect employees from unfair labor practices (B) provide financial aid to western farmers suffering from low grain prices (C) provide aid to dependent children (D) investigate charges of discrimination against women in job hiring practices (E) provide jobs for the unemployed
E
The passage of the USA Patriot Act of 2001 and the creation of the Department of Homeland Security reflect the determination of the United States government to (A) search for weapons of mass destruction in South Asia (B) increase constitutional protections of free speech and press (C) increase the globalization of the economy (D) bring about an end to the Cold War (E) prevent future terrorist attacks
E
This poster from 1967 is an expression of (A) support for the foreign policy of the president (B) support for increased financing of environmental programs (C) support for regulation of the New York Stock Exchange (D) opposition to health care reform for seniors and the poor (E) opposition to United States involvement in Vietnam
E
Which of the following best summarizes the idea expressed in the 1967 cartoon above? (A) In order to win the world's respect, the United States should behave in a more dignified manner. (B) The world regards the United States' far-flung aid programs as futile and pointless. (C) The United States should use military power rather than economic and diplomatic methods to resolve international problems. (D) The United States should reduce its excessive consumption of the world's resources. (E) The United States should avoid involvement in too many world problems at once.
E
Until 1964 eligibility to vote could be restricted by which of the following means? (A) Poll taxes (B) Grandfather clauses (C) Limits on woman suffrage (D) White-only primary elections (E) Exclusion of foreign-born citizens
A
Which action did President Ronald Reagan support to achieve economic growth? (A) lowering taxes on corporations and individuals (B) increasing spending on social welfare programs (C) cutting defense budgets (D) increasing the regulation of industry (E) freezing interest rates and wages
A
Which of the following statements best describes the impact of the growth of the Internet since the 1990s? (A) It has greatly facilitated the exchange of information worldwide. (B) It helped to end the Cold War. (C) It has dramatically increased the costs of operating businesses throughout the world. (D) It has further isolated Third World countries because they do not have access. (E) It has made governmental censorship impossible.
A
Which section of the country gained the most population in the years shown on the graph? (A) South (B) Northeast (C) Midwest (D) West
A
During the presidency of George W. Bush, relations with France, Germany, and Russia were strained when those nations (A) refused to increase the supply of crude oil to the United States (B) opposed the United States invasion of Iraq (C) viewed United States tariffs on manufactured goods as too high (D) criticized U.S. trade policies (E) became angered by United States immigration policies
B
In his book The Fire Next Time (1963), James Baldwin argued that (A) the nuclear arms race imperiled future generations (B) the failure of White Americans and Black Americans to overcome racism would have destructive consequences (C) expatriate Americans must return home in times of crisis (D) protest literature would not solve the problems of inequality (E) violence against civil rights demonstrators would escalate without federal intervention
B
Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan were similar as presidential candidates in that both (A) articulated the public's desire for less involvement in foreign affairs (B) capitalized on their status as Washington outsiders (C) promised Congress increased control over domestic matters (D) renounced private fund-raising in support of their campaigns (E) had built national reputations as legislators
B
"President Carter Negotiates Camp David Accords" "President Reagan Sends Troops to Lebanon" "President Bush Orders Operation Desert Storm" Which United States foreign policy goal is most closely associated with these headlines? (A) imperialism in Latin America (B) globalization of trade (C) stability in the Middle East (D) delivery of humanitarian relief (E) isolationism and nonalignment
C
"Somalians Are Still Hungry and at War Despite Efforts of United States Troops" "United States Troops Help Reinstate Haitian President" "United States and NATO Allies Use Air Strikes To Slow Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia" These 1990s headlines illustrate the efforts of the United States to (A) follow an "America First" ideology (B) support independence movements (C) act as an international peacekeeper (D) prevent the spread of communism (E) protect United States business investments
C
Which of the following statements can best summarize President Ronald Reagan's economic program, also known as Reaganomics? (A) United States capitalism must be directed to focus on building effective social programs, increasing taxes on big business, and cutting taxes on lower-income households. (B) The United States must increase government intervention in business regulation and economic planning. (C) The United States capitalist system, if freed from heavy taxes and government regulations, would achieve greatly increased productivity. (D) The United States should significantly increase government investment in social welfare and public school programs. (E) The United States should decrease military spending in order to fund domestic programs.
C
Place the following in the correct chronological order. Place the earliest event first. A - The Birth of a Nation B - Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka C - Plessy v. Ferguson D - Voting Rights Act
C, A, B, D
Medicare, the Voting Rights Act, and the War on Poverty were all elements of which of the following? (A) Henry Clay's American System (B) Abraham Lincoln's Reconstruction Act (C) Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points (D) Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal (E) Lyndon Johnson's Great Society
E
Balancing individual rights and freedoms with the need for national security has been one of the biggest challenges created by (A) global climate change (B) cultural exchanges (C) corporate globalization (D) the Versailles Treaty (E) international terrorism
E
During the past quarter century, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) were created primarily to (A) contain the spread of communism (B) support environmentalism (C) maintain mutual defense (D) improve public health worldwide (E) promote economic interdependence
E
American participation in the Second World War had which of the following major effects on the home front? (A) A temporary movement of women into heavy industry (B) The elimination of racial segregation in the South (C) The growth of isolationism in the Midwest (D) The introduction of a system of national health insurance (E) A decline in farmers' income
A
During the 1950's and 1960's, the term "containment" was used in referenced to the United States policy of (A) preventing the further spread of communism abroad (B) controlling inflation by using price controls (C) restraining the international arms race (D) checking the flow of drugs into the United States (E) curbing the flow of United States dollars to other countries
A
The Employment Act of 1946 made the achievement of maximum employment a national economic goal. This goal was to be achieved primarily through (A) appropriate spending and taxing policies (B) subsidization of American exports (C) action against costly wage rates (D) a tariff-protected national economic development program (E) restrictions on the use of laborsaving machinery
A
The Federal Reserve System, established in 1913, has sought for much of its history to do which of the following? (A) Stabilize the nation's money supply by expanding or restricting credit as needed. (B) Assist consumers by forcing bankers to establish nationally uniform interest rates on loans. (C) Promote confidence in the dollar by linking the value of currency in circulation directly to United States silver reserves. (D) Encourage public support for increased government spending to stimulate economic growth. (E) Lower taxes on financial transactions completed by national banks on behalf of consumers.
A
The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor occurred after (A) diplomatic negotiations with the United States reached a stalemate (B) the United States declared war on Japan (C) Japan invaded the Philippines (D) Japanese-Americans were forcefully evacuated from the West Coast (E) Germany declared war on the United States
A
The Reconstruction Acts of 1867 provided for (A) temporary Union military supervision of the former Confederacy (B) federal monetary support for the resettlement of African Americans in Africa (C) property-holding and voting rights for African Americans incorrect (D) implementation of anti-African American vagrancy laws in the South (E) lenient readmission of the formerly Confederate states to the Union
A
The United States policy toward China at the turn of the century was expressed in the (A) Open Door policy (B) Gentleman's Agreement (C) Good Neighbor policy (D) Lend-Lease Act (E) Marshall Plan
A
The horizontal integration of American industry (i.e. one firm acquiring control of other firms that produce the same product) that occurred at the end of the nineteenth century was primarily a response to (A) economic competition (B) high tariffs (C) powerful labor unions (D) federal monetary policy (E) federal regulation of business
A
The presidential election of 1928, which pitted Herbert Hoover against Al Smith, was the first presidential election that (A) featured a Roman Catholic as a presidential candidate (B) was decided by less than 1 percent of the popular vote (C) featured a southern candidate and a western candidate (D) had two candidates who were self-made millionaires (E) involved two candidates with strong rural constituencies
A
The purpose of the Geneva Accords (1954) was to (A) divide Vietnam into temporary sectors and lay the groundwork for free elections (B) devise plans for arms reductions between the Soviet Union and the United States (C) establish the boundaries for permanent North and South Koreas (D) establish an international peacekeeping force in the Middle East (E) resolve disagreements between the Guatemalan government of Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán and the United States
A
Which factor directly contributed to the post-World War II development of the community shown in the cartoon? (A) rise in the birth rate (B) decrease in school construction (C) decline in the availability of home loans (D) increased immigration from Africa and Southeast Asia (E) increase in the number of women in the labor force
A
Which of the following best states the goals of the "pure and simple unionism" advocated by Samuel Gompers? (A) Labor unions should concentrate on increasing wages and benefits. (B) Labor should organize industry's skilled and unskilled workers into a single union. (C) Labor unions should compete directly with large industries in the production and distribution of consumer products. (D) Industrial workers should form a political party to achieve their goals. (E) The defective capitalist system should be replaced by labor cooperatives.
A
Which of the following had the greatest impact on post-World War II industrialization of the South? (A) The increasing availability of modern conveniences, such as air conditioning (B) Large investments in public schools by international corporations (C) Creation of effective partnerships among corporations, labor unions, and state government (D) Continued advocacy of New South policies by urban boosters (E) The end of large-scale migration of African Americans to the North and West
A
Which of the following is true of the forced relocation of Japanese Americans from the West Coast during the Second World War? (A) President Roosevelt claimed that military necessity justified the action. (B) The Supreme Court immediately declared the action unconstitutional. (C) The relocation was implemented according to congressional provisions for the internment of dissidents. (D) The Japanese Americans received the same treatment as that accorded German Americans and Italian Americans. (E) Few of those relocated were actually United States citizens.
A
Which of the following statements about American cities between 1890 and 1930 is correct? (A) Area of residence increasingly became an indicator of social class. (B) Poor people moved to the outskirts of cities. (C) Industries shifted from the cities to the suburbs. (D) Widespread racial integration of communities occurred. (E) Neighborhoods lost their ethnic identification.
A
Which of the following would have been most likely to vote for William Jennings Bryan in 1896? (A) A Kansas farmer (B) A Chicago industrial worker (C) A department store clerk (D) A university professor of economics (E) A New York Republican Party member
A
Place the following in the correct chronological order. Place the earliest event first. A - Truman Doctrine B - Korean War C - Gulf of Tonkin Resolution D - Cuban Missile Crisis
A, B, D, C
"The problem with hatred and violence is that they intensify the fears of the white majority, and leave them less ashamed of their prejudices toward Negroes. In the guilt and confusion confronting our society, violence only adds to the chaos. It deepens the brutality of the oppressor and increases the bitterness of the oppressed. Violence is the antithesis of creativity and wholeness. It destroys community and makes brotherhood impossible." Which of the following 1960's African American leaders would have supported the view expressed above (A) W.E.B DuBois (B) Martin Luther King, Jr. (C) Marcus Garvey (D) Stokely Carmichael (E) Malcolm X
B
"To those of my race who depend on bettering their condition in a foreign land, or who underestimate the importance of cultivating friendly relations with the southern white man who is their next door neighbor, I would say: 'Cast down your bucket where you are.' Cast it down, making friends in every manly way of the people of all races, by whom you are surrounded." The statement above expresses the sentiments of which of the following African American leaders? (A) Malcolm X (B) Booker T. Washington (C) W. E. B. Du Bois (D) Bobby Seals (E) Stokely Carmichael
B
An important factor contributing to the Great Depression in the United States in the 1930's was the (A) large military expenditure in the 1920's (B) decline in farm prosperity during the 1920's (C) rapid depletion of the nation's mineral resources (D) increased importation of foreign goods (E) increase in population due to immigrants
B
During the late-nineteenth century, urban political machines were organizations that (A) were created by native-born Americans to combat the political influence of immigrants (B) were controlled by politicians who dispensed jobs and other patronage in return for political support (C) worked for civil service reform to ensure sound municipal government (D) consisted of reformers working to combat urban poverty by establishing settlement houses (E) consisted of conservative elites seeking to maintain control of politics
B
In the period 1890-1915, all of the following were generally true about African Americans EXCEPT (A) Voting rights previously gained were denied through changes in state laws and constitutions. (B) The federal government passed legislation protecting the voting rights of African Americans. (C) African American leaders disagreed on the principal strategy for attaining equal rights. (D) Numerous physical attacks on African American individuals occurred in both the North and the South. (E) African American people from the rural South migrated to both southern and northern cities.
B
Most African American soldiers participated in the First World War as (A) front-line soldiers, suffering the heaviest casualties (B) support personnel in combat areas (C) spies (D) aviators (E) gunners on battleships
B
One of the goals of Populism was to (A) reduce income taxes (B) implement government ownership of the country's railroads and telegraph lines (C) establish collectively owned farms (D) establish a national health insurance system (E) obtain government subsidies in return for reduced agricultural production
B
Senator Joseph McCarthy dominated the American media and Congress during the early 1950s. McCarthy's rise to power was aided most by (A) the expansion of the Democratic Party (B) the electoral success of the Republican Party in 1952 (C) the support of Vice President Richard Nixon (D) the decision by Secretary of State Dean Acheson to hire Communist advisors (E) President Eisenhower's strong support of his efforts
B
The Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka decision overturned which of the following? (A) Gideon v. Wainwright (B) Plessy v. Ferguson (C) Korematsu v. United States (D) Lochner v. New York (E) Muller v. Oregon
B
The Klu Klux Klan (KKK) of the 1920s most differed from the KKK of the nineteenth century in that it (A) drew strong support from Canada and Mexico. (B) reflected prejudice and social discontent following a war. (C) was a national organization. (D) used violence and intimidation against victims. (E) was composed of poor White people.
B
The United States agreement to the North Atlantic Treaty (NATO) of 1949 did which of the following? (A) Reaffirmed the Good Neighbor policy. (B) Marked a sharp departure from traditional American foreign policy. correct (C) Weakened the Truman Doctrine. (D) Weakened the Marshall Plan. (E) Appealed to American isolationists.
B
The term "Radical Reconstruction" refers to (A) Abraham Lincoln's plan to restore the Confederate States to the Union (B) the program for the former Confederate States associated with Republicans led by Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens (C) the federal policies put into effect by Andrew Johnson immediately after the Civil War (D) the implementation of the Thirteenth Amendment after the Civil War (E) the restoration of white conservative rule in the South after 1877
B
"This, then, is held to be the duty of the man of wealth: to consider all surplus revenues which come to him simply as trust funds, which he is called upon to administer and strictly bound as a matter of duty to administer in the manner which, in his judgment, is best calculated to produce the most beneficial results for the community." The sentiments expressed above are most characteristic of (A) transcendentalism (B) pragmatism (C) the Gospel of Wealth (D) the Social Gospel (E) Social Darwinism
C
A direct consequence of Henry Ford's assembly-line process was that it (A) raised the price of automobiles (B) resulted in small cuts in workers' wages (C) decreased the need for skilled workers (D) made the working environment safer (E) increased the number of women employed in industrial work
C
All of the following statements regarding the period in which Dwight Eisenhower served as president are true EXCEPT (A) Eisenhower's policies steered a middle course between Democratic liberalism and traditional Republican conservatism. (B) Growing suburbs, the baby boom, auto mania, and the development of the interstate highway system were indications of national prosperity. (C) Eisenhower and Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev agreed on a massive bilateral reduction in the stockpiles of nuclear armaments. (D) American culture in the 1950s reflected the combination of an expansive spirit of prosperity and Cold War anxieties. (E) Eisenhower first used the term "military-industrial complex" to describe the close relationship between government and military contractors.
C
Allen Ginsberg was well-known as (A) a founder of the Black Panther Party (B) a key adviser to President Eisenhower (C) a poet of the Beat Generation (D) an anticommunist senator from California (E) an Abstract Expressionist painter
C
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka was a Supreme Court decision that (A) was a forerunner of the Kansas-Nebraska Act (B) established free public colleges in the United States (C) declared racially segregated public schools inherently unequal (D) established free public elementary and secondary schools in the United States (E) provided for federal support of parochial schools
C
During the 1950s, television shows like The Donna Reed Show and Leave It to Beaver exemplified the media's (A) focus on the culture of northeastern cities (B) reflection of prevalent Cold War anxieties (C) idealization of middle-class suburban family life (D) idealization of the rural heartland (E) focus on the growing generation gap in American culture
C
During the Gilded Age, the United States government encouraged industrial growth by (A) initiating the adoption of standard time zones for railroad schedules (B) providing federal support to inventors like Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham Bell (C) giving federal land grants to railroad companies (D) allowing free postage for mail-order catalogs (E) filing federal injunctions against environmental groups that tried to block development in the West
C
During the quarter century after the Second World War, the populations of many large cities, such as Boston, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Detroit, and St. Louis, decreased because (A) the death rates rose in the cities (B) new, independent towns were formed within the city limits (C) large numbers of people moved from the cities to the suburbs (D) census takers made errors on earlier counts (E) disastrous floods forced many people to leave the cities
C
Franklin D. Roosevelt's farm policy was primarily designed to (A) reduce farm prices to make food cheaper for the consumer (B) increase production by opening new lands to farmers (C) reduce production in order to boost farm prices (D) use price and wage controls to stabilize farm prices (E) end federal controls over agriculture
C
In its 1932 march on Washington, the Bonus Army demanded which of the following? (A) Federal unemployment insurance for workers who had lost their jobs (B) Federal loans to farmers, with surplus grain used as collateral (C) Early payment to veterans of a promised reward for service in the First World War (D) A substantial increase in the military budget (E) A refund to investors who lost money in the stock market crash of 1929
C
In the decade after the Civil War, the federal government's policy toward the Plains Indians focused on the (A) creation of a network of churches to convert them to Christianity (B) establishment of schools to promote tribal culture (C) establishment of reservations (D) forced migration of most Indian tribal groups to urban areas (E) forced migration of Indian tribal groups from the Southeast to Oklahoma
C
President Eisenhower's economic policy can be best characterized as (A) the adoption of deficit financing to promote economic growth, but the repudiation of the progressive income tax (B) the rejection of the New Deal and an attempt to restore laissez-faire policies (C) the acceptance of the New Deal, but moderation in the expansion of governmental social programs (D) a vigorous efforts to increase defense spending and federal funds for health care (E) a continuation of his predecessors' efforts to expand the role of the federal government
C
Rosie the Riveter was a symbol during World War II of (A) high unemployment rates among men because corporations were allowed to pay lower wages to women (B) the class divide between the wealthy and the poor that was made worse by wartime mobilization (C) the need for women to take jobs in factories and munitions plants to maintain wartime output (D) the lack of technological advances made by the U.S. during the war, in contrast to those of Germany and Japan (E) widespread protests against large-scale importation of foreign goods and materials
C
The "muckrakers" like Jacob Riis and Ida Tarbell were best known as which of the following? (A) Sanitation experts whose innovations in trash disposal eliminated urban health epidemics (B) Agricultural researchers who developed soil conservation methods in the Midwest (C) Journalists who encouraged reform and worked to expose corruption and scandal (D) Political thinkers who championed the cause of Social Darwinism (E) Business leaders whose goal was to improve workplace efficiency and productivity
C
The 1896 presidential election was significant in United States history because it (A) marked the rise of the Populist Party (B) signaled the return of free silver coinage (C) strengthened the image of the Republican Party as the party of prosperity and national greatness (D) set a new pattern of vigorous two-party participation in national politics (E) secured national Democratic Party dominance that lasted until the 1930s
C
The Women's Trade Union League had most success in organizing (A) secretaries (B) telephone workers (C) garment workers (D) department store clerks (E) slaughterhouse workers
C
The book A Century of Dishonor, written by Helen Hunt Jackson and published in 1881, won wide fame by denouncing (A) continued exploitation of the South by Northern businessmen (B) the failure of state and federal governments to grant women the right to vote (C) federal policy toward Native Americans (Indians) (D) American foreign policy in Latin America (E) monopolistic tactics of railroads
C
The political cartoonist who drew this picture probably believed that (A) European nations were pleased with the aid given them by the Coolidge administration (B) governmental agencies were receiving too much financial support from the Coolidge administration (C) American industrial and commercial leaders approved of the Coolidge administrations business policies (D) consumers had benefited from the Federal Reserve Board's tight money policy from 1925 through 1928 (E) Congress was pleased by President Coolidge's accommodating stance toward pork barrel legislation
C
This cartoon from the 1930's suggests that the cartoonist (A) wished to see Europe destroyed (B) believed that Japan was a greater threat to the United States than Germany was (C) did not distinguish among the European belligerents in terms of war aims or forms of government (D) believed that the United States must enter the war to make the world safe for democracy (E) believed that Europe was doomed to communism
C
Which characteristic of American life in the 1950s is illustrated in this cartoon? (A) growth of the elderly population (B) decreased opportunities for middle class Americans (C) effects of suburbanization (D) decreasing use of automobiles (E) declining importance of the media
C
Which of the following best describes the Marshall Plan, which was developed during the Truman administration after the Second World War? (A) It was an aid package intended to prevent Greece and Turkey from falling to communist revolutionaries. (B) It was a National Security Council plan to increase Cold War defense spending. (C) It was an economic aid package intended to help Western European nations stave off Communist influence. (D) It was a program to develop a military alliance with Western European nations. (E) It was a blueprint for reorganizing the U.S. Department of Defense.
C
Which of the following celebrated trials best illustrates the cultural conflict in the 1920's between fundamentalism and modernism? (A) The Scottsboro trial (B) The Leopold-Loeb trial (C) The John T. Scopes trial (D) The Albert B. Fall trial (E) The Sacco-Vanzetti trial
C
Which of the following would most probably provide the widest range of information for a historian wishing to analyze the social composition of an American city in the 1880's? (A) The minutes of the city council (B) A debutante's diary (C) A manuscript census tabulating the residence, ethnicity, occupation, and wealth of each city resident (D) Precinct-level voting returns in a closely contested mayoral election held in a presidential election year (E) A survey of slum housing conditions carried out by a Social Gospel minister in the year following several epidemics
C
American suffrage advocates' support for the war effort during the First World War led to (A) a split among feminists (B) solidarity with European suffragists (C) a strong commitment to the Republican Party (D) adopting of women's right to vote (E) United States adopting compulsory military service for women
D
"I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. I believe that our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid which is essential to economic stability and orderly political processes." The statement above is taken from (A) Woodrow Wilson's request for a declaration of war against Germany (B) Herbert Hoover's statement on Japanese aggression in China (C) Franklin D. Roosevelt's request for a declaration of war against Japan (D) Harry S. Truman's request for funds to support Greece and Turkey against communism (E) an address by United Nations ambassador Jeane Kirkpatrick on Central American conflict
D
"We must be impartial in thought as well as in action, must put a curb upon our sentiments as well as upon every transaction that might be construed as a preference of one party to the struggle before another." The struggle referred to by President Woodrow Wilson in the quote above was the (A) Boxer Rebellion (B) Russo-Japanese War (C) Mexican Revolution (D) First World War (E) Bolshevik Revolution
D
After the Spanish-American War, supporters of United States annexation of the Philippines believed that (A) cheaper imported goods would lower consumer prices (B) an influx of immigrants would promote labor competition (C) racial tensions would decrease in the United States (D) the United States should assume the "White Man's Burden" (E) military expenditures would boost the economy
D
All of the following were among Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points EXCEPT (A) a general association of nations (B) freedom to navigate the high seas in peace and war (C) an independent Poland (D) a partitioned Germany (E) an end to secret treaties
D
Americans entered the First World War most directly as a result of which of the following? (A) The sinking of the British ship Lusitania killed large numbers of American citizens. (B) The American arms industry fearing that Britain and France would not be able to repay their debts. (C) A majority of Americans being able to trace their ancestry to the British Isles. (D) The Germans resuming unrestricted submarine warfare. (E) Woodrow Wilson and the Congress attempting to limit the spread of Soviet communism.
D
In his farewell address, President Dwight D. Eisenhower warned Americans about the dangers of (A) presidential candidate Richard M. Nixon (B) insufficient federal spending on the needs of the poor (C) communist subversion of the civil rights movement (D) the military-industrial complex (E) the lack of a national health insurance program
D
Major American writers of the 1930's generally concentrated on themes relating to which of the following? (A) Collegiate life during the Jazz Age (B) American expatriates in Europe (C) The quest for religious truth (D) Social problems and inequities (E) An appreciation of nature
D
Of the following, which was the most important cause of agrarian discontent in the United States in the last quarter of the nineteenth century? (A) The end of free homesteads (B) The end of Republican party efforts to woo the farm vote (C) The exhaustion of the soil by poor farming methods (D) The feeling that the railroads were exploiting the farmers (E) The increase in the number of immigrants unanswered
D
President Truman's decision to recall General MacArthur from his command of United Nations forces in Korea was primarily based on the principle of (A) containment of communism (B) limited rather than total warfare (C) isolationism rather than interventionism (D) civilian control of the military (E) self-determination for all free people
D
The main purpose of the Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act) of 1935 was to (A) end the sit-down strike in Flint, Michigan (B) settle the struggle between the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Workers (C) guarantee workers a minimum wage (D) ensure workers' right to organize and bargain collectively (E) exempt organized labor from the Sherman Antitrust Act
D
Unionization efforts in the late-nineteenth century were countered by the (A) establishment of the eight-hour workday (B) passage of right-to-work laws (C) increasing use of skilled labor (D) use of federal troops to help end strikes (E) establishment of factories in foreign countries by United States corporations
D
Which of the following is true about the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928? (A) It created an alliance between the United States and France. (B) It was a bilateral pact for naval disarmament. (C) It was rejected by the Senate. (D) It was a multilateral pact condemning recourse to war. (E) It contained provisions ("teeth") for enforcement of peace.
D
Which of the following led to the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Acts? (A) Public concern that Chinese immigrants would not support the war effort during the Second World War (B) Chinese officials wanting to restrict the flow of laborers to the United States (C) The existence of large numbers of Chinese immigrants working illegally in the United States (D) Racial prejudice towards Chinese workers in several regions of the country (E) The unwillingness of Chinese immigrants to become naturalized American citizens
D
"All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws" Section I of the Fourteenth Amendment is significant because it (A) outlaws slavery (B) restates the promises of the Bill of Rights (C) reaffirms the balance of power among the three branches of government (D) establishes enforcement procedures to protect voting rights (E) establishes the basis for citizenship and limits the power of the states
E
"The time came when we had to forsake our village at Like-a-fish-hook Bend, for the government wanted the Indians to become farmers. 'You should take allotments,' our [Bureau of Indian Affairs] agent would say. 'The big game is being killed off, and you must plant bigger fields or starve. The government will give you plows and cattle.' All knew that the agent's words were true, and little by little our village was broken up. In the summer of my sixteenth year nearly a third of my tribe left to take up allotments." The paragraph above describes the effect of the (A) Wade-Davis Bill (B) Hatch Act (C) Morrill Land Grant Act (D) Homestead Act (E) Dawes Severalty Act
E
During Reconstruction, Southern Blacks typically did which of the following? (A) Worked as day laborers in towns and cities. (B) Migrated northward, exercising their new freedom. (C) Owned and worked small farms. (D) Worked in mines and factories. (E) Tilled farms as renters and sharecroppers.
E
Following the Second World War, President Truman was unable to expand significantly his predecessor's New Deal programs primarily because of (A) the continuation of the Great Depression (B) the need to maintain a large military force in Asia (C) budget expenditures required to rebuild Europe (D) controversy surrounding the Truman Doctrine (E) the domination of Congress by Republicans and conservative Democrats
E
Franklin D. Roosevelt supported all of the following foreign policies EXCEPT (A) the Good Neighbor policy in Latin America (B) an economic embargo against Germany (C) diplomatic recognition of the Soviet Union (D) lend-lease aidincorrect (E) a series of neutrality acts
E
Franklin D. Roosevelt was successful in securing congressional support for all of the following EXCEPT (A) negotiation of tariff agreements by the executive department (B) reduction of the gold content of the dollar (C) removal of the restraints of the antitrust acts to permit voluntary trade associations (D) adoption of processing taxes on agricultural products (E) reform of the judiciary to permit the enlargement of the Supreme Court
E
In his interpretation of the historical development of the United States, Frederick Jackson Turner focused on the importance of the (A) traditions of western European culture (B) role of women in socializing children to become good citizens (C) historical consequences of the enslavement of African American people (D) conflict between capitalists and workers (E) frontier experience in fostering democracy
E
Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston were associated with which of the following twentieth-century movements? (A) The Lost Generation (B) The Beat movement (C) The Black Power movement (D) The Niagara movement (E) The Harlem Renaissance
E
The anticombination laws passed by numerous states in the late 1880s were a response to which of the following organizational innovations? (A) The creation and growth of international cartels (B) The development of industry-wide trade associations (C) The joining of skilled and unskilled workers in industrial unions (D) The formation of agricultural marketing cooperatives (E) The use of stockholding trusts to create business monopolies
E
The long known and the long expected has thus taken place. The forces endeavoring to enslave the entire world now are moving toward this hemisphere. Never before has there been a greater challenge to life, liberty, and civilization. Delay invites greater danger. Rapid and united effort by all the peoples of the world who are determined to remain free will insure a world victory of the forces of justice and of righteousness over the forces of savagery and of barbarism. -President Franklin D. Roosevelt, address to the United States Congress, 1941 The address quoted above was likely given in response to which of the following? (A) Germany's invasion of France (B) Russia's occupation of eastern Poland (C) Germany's bombing of Great Britain (D) Italy's invasion of Ethiopia (E) Japan's bombing of Hawaii
E
The so-called Lost Generation of the 1920s included (A) Religious traditionalists who once again became influential after the Scopes trial (B) Immigrants to the U.S. who were imprisoned upon arrival until their loyalties were established (C) Settlers in newly established U.S. territories who were forced to give up modern conveniences (D) African Americans who moved to Canada in protest of U.S. Jim Crow laws (E) Disillusioned American artists and writers who left the U.S. for Europe after World War I
E
Which of the following constituted a significant change in the treatment of American Indians during the last half of the nineteenth century? (A) The beginning of negotiations with individual Indian tribal groups (B) The start of a removal policy (C) The abandonment of the reservation system (D) The admission of American Indians to United States citizenship (E) The division of lands traditionally owned by Indian tribal groups among individual members
E
Which of the following is correct about United States involvement in the Vietnam War during the period 1956-1964? (A) It was justified by invoking the Open Door policy. (B) It was the exclusive responsibility of the Johnson and Nixon administrations. (C) It came about only after a formal declaration of war. (D) It was primarily anti-Soviet in purpose. (E) It grew out of policy assumptions and commitments dating from the end of the Second World War. unanswered
E
Which of the following occurred as a result of the Compromise of 1877? (A) Southern Democrats threatened secession until Rutherford B. Hayes removed federal troops from the South. (B) Hayes rewarded Southern supporters by backing a plan for a railroad across Florida. (C) Hayes rewarded Northern supporters by promising to provide government aid for factory construction. (D) Hayes ordered more federal troops into the South. (E) Hayes compromised with Southern opponents removing federal troops from the South and appointing a Southerner to his cabinet.
E
Which of the following statements best describes the clothing industry in the late nineteenth century? (A) Because of emphasis on domesticity, clothing manufacture became primarily a home industry. (B) The discovery of new fabrics such as nylon and polyester led to more comfortable and functional clothing. (C) The United States began to import increasing quantities of clothing, sending American industries into a depression. (D) Styles became increasingly ornate and clothing became much more expensive. (E) The sewing machine made mass manufacturing of clothing possible and clothing more affordable.
E
Which of the following was a major change that took place in the United States as a direct result of the G.I. Bill of Rights in 1944? (A) An increase in the number of female college graduates at public universities (B) A decrease in discrimination against African American veterans in education and housing (C) The establishment of the Department of Veterans Affairs (D) The development of college programs in science, technology, engineering, and math (E) An increase in the number of veterans going to college and owning homes
E
Which of the following was an immediate effect of the development of mass-produced automobiles in the United States during the 1920s? (A) The rapid decline of coal use (B) The increase in steel importation (C) The rapid increase in car exportation (D) The decline of labor unions (E) The growth of suburbs
E
Which of the following was primarily responsible for the declining death rate in American cities at the end of the nineteenth century? (A) Fewer poor people moved to the cities in the late nineteenth century. (B) Cities began to provide free medical care to those who needed it. (C) Doctors began to provide free medical care to poor people. (D) Better transportation enabled more people to seek medical care. (E) Cities built sewers and supplied purified water.
E
