US History 1302 Final Exam

TR accepted the republican nomination. His reasoning was the third term tradition applied to three consecutive elective terms. Roosevelt seized the Progressive banner. Republican convention met in Chicago. Rooseveltities challenged the right of some 250 Taft delegates to be seated. The contests settled in favor of taft. Taft won the Republican nomination. TD was on fire to lead a third party crusade. Teddy Roosevelt was beaten by Woodrow Wilson

1912 Election:

-Blacks sought jobs in the war plants of the West and North -Tensions developed over employment, housing, and segregated facilities -1941: A Philip Randolph threatened a massive "Negro March on Washington" to demand opportunities in war jobs and in the armed forces -Roosevelt issued an executive order forbidding discrimination in defense industries -Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) monitored compliance -Blacks were also drafted, the war helped in their struggle for equality -Membership in the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) shot up to half-million -Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) founded in 1942 -Northward migration of African Americans accelerated after the war. By 1970, half of all blacks lived outside the south

African American during WWII:

1. Formed the Democratic Leadership Council which was pro-growth, anticrime, and strong defenses 2. signed "Don't Ask, Don't tell" policy - Military authorities were forbidden to ask about a service member's orientation, and gay service personnel could be discharged if they publicly revealed their homosexuality. 3. Signed Welfare reform bill- deep cuts made in welfare; restricted benefits for both legal and illegal immigrants 4. Pledged for affirmative action 5. promoted NAFTA and WTO 6. Impeached due to Lewinsky Affair

Bill Clinton

-Former slave -44% of blacks are illiterate -Foremost champion of black education -He taught black students useful trades so that they gain self-respect and economic security -Washington's commitment guided the curriculum at the Tuskegee Institute

Booker T. Washington

The groundbreaking Supreme Court decision that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) and is responsible for abolishing segregation in public schools. The Supreme Court reasoned that 'separate' was inherently 'unequal' rejecting the foundation of the Jim Crow system in the south. It was also the first major major step towards integration in the South as well as a step towards ending racial discrimination. This case proved to be a major accomplishment for the civil rights movement.

Brown v. The Bored Education

Migration, conflict and culture change among Indian tribes was happening before settlers arrived. The Cheyenne and Sioux tribes rode on Spanish-introduced horses and transformed their lifestyles into wide-ranging nomadic traders and deadly efficient buffalo hunters. When white soldiers and settlers arrived in the plains the population of the buffalo decreased for the Indians. The buffalo were hunted by settlers and the land they grazed was in control of settler's livestock. Buffalo in the west continued to decline and the Plains tribes fought for the scarce hunting grounds

Buffalo hunting in the West

That broke up Indian reservations and distributed land to individual households. Leftover land was sold for money to fund U.S government efforts to civilize Native American. -Dissolved many tribes as legal entities -Wiped out tribal ownership of land -Set up individual Indian family heads with 160 free acres - If the Indians behaved like good white settlers, they would get full title to their holdings, as well as citizenship, in twenty-five years -Granted full citizenship to all Indians in 1924

Dawes Severalty Act

An agricultural system that emerged after the civil war in which black and white farmers rented land and residences from a plantation owner in exchange for giving him a certain 'share' of each year's crop. It was the dominant form of southern agriculture post Civil War. Landowners manipulated this system to keep tenants in perpetual debt and unable to leave their plantations. Through the crops lien system, storekeepers extended credit to small farmers for food and supplies and in return took a lien on their customer's harvests. Farm tenancy was spreading like stinkweed. The trend was especially marked in the sharecropping South where cotton prices also sank dismayingly. By 1880 one forth of all American farms were operated by tenants

Sharecropping and Tenancy Farming

It was a system of old-age benefits for workers, benefits for victims of industrial accidents, unemployment insurance and aid for dependent mothers and children, the blind and handicapped. Before the 1930s, support of elderly was a matter of local, state and family The great depression played a part in people's want for a national insurance system President Franklin D. Roosevelt asked Congress for a "Social Security" Legislation. August 15, 1935, President Roosevelt signed the Social Security Act into Law Unlike European nations, U.S. Social security "Insurance was supported in a form of taxes on individuals' wages and employers' payrolls.

Social Security Act of 1935

system of racial segregation in the American South from the end of Reconstruction until the mid-twentieth century. based on the concept of 'separate but equal facilities for black and whites, the JC sought to prevent racial mixing in public, including restaurants, movie theaters, and public transportation. An informal system, it was generally perpetuated by custom, violence and intimidation

South Jim Crow

An American naval base in Hawaii where Japanese warplanes destroyed numerous ships and caused 3,000 casualties on December 7, 1941—a day that, in President Roosevelt's words, was to "live in infamy." The attack brought the United States into World War II. A few days later, when Congress recognized that war had been 'thrust' upon the United State which made them very angry because Japan's allies are with Germany and Italy. Congress accepted the challenge to enter World War II.

Pearl Harbor

A Supreme Court case upheld the constitutionality of segregation laws, saying that as long the blacks were provided with 'separate but equal facilities, these laws did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment. This decision provided legal justification for the Jim Crow system until the 1950s

Plessy v. Ferguson

Supreme Commander of US forces in Europe during World War II, Eisenhower the war hero later become the thirty-fourth president of the United States. During his two terms, from 1952-1960, he presided over the economically prosperous 1950s. He was praised for his dignity and decency, though criticized for not being more assertive on civil rights -personally to Korea to end the war

Pres. Dwight D. Eisenhower

35th President of the United States, 1961 to 1963. A Navy hero from World War II and son of a prominent Boston businessman, he won election to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1952. In 1960, he narrowly defeated incumbent vice-president Richard Nixon in 1960 to become the youngest person ever elected president. As President, he launched New Frontier programs and urged legislation to improve civil rights. He assumed blame for the Bay of Pigs invasion and was credited for impressively handling Cuban Missile Crisis. he was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963, by Lee Harvey Oswald.

Pres. John F. Kennedy

he was the 44th president of the United States, and first African American elected to that office. A lawyer and community organizer in Chicago, he served in the Illinois State Senate before being elected to the U.S Senate in 2004. After protracted primary election campaign against Hillary Clinton, he sealed the Democratic Party's nomination and defeated Senator John McCain on November 4, 2008 -Businesses shut down; unemployment at 10%

President Barack Obama

. United States long era of impregnable national security violently ended. 2. Suicidal terrorists slammed two hijacked airliners loaded with passengers into the twin towers of New York City's World Trade Center. They flew a third plane into the military center of the Pentagon and almost a fourth plane that was crashed in a rural Pennsylvania field by heroic passengers. 3. Some three thousand innocent victims perished that day as the giant New York skyscrapers collapsed including hundreds of New York police and fire department rescue workers. 4. The principal enemy was identified nine days later during President Bush's address to Congress as Osama Bin Laden head of a terrorist network Al Qaeda. 5. When the Taliban refused to hand over bin Laden, Bush ordered a massive military campaign against Afghanistan and within three months, the Taliban had been overthrown. 6.This attack lead way to Congress passing the USA Patriot Act which permitted extensive telephone and email surveillance and authorized the detention and deportation of immigrants suspected of terrorism.

September 9/11

37th president of the United States, 1974. He rose to national prominence as a 'communist hunter' a member of HUAC in the 1950s. He was the Vice President under Eisenhower from 1953-1961 and defended American capitalism in the 1959 Kitchen Debate with Khrushchev. He ran unsuccessfully for president against John F. Kennedy in 1960, but was elected to the presidency in 1968-1972. He resigned the presidency amid the Watergate scandal in 1974

Richard Nixon

40th president of the United States. A former actor and California governor, he was elected in 1980 with a pronounced conservative mandate to fix the American economy by scaling back taxes and the role of government in business. Reagan was a staunch Cold Warrior whose massive defense spending added stress to the Soviet Union's military budget and may ultimately have contributed to the end of the Cold War. Well suited to lead the conservative crusade Sided with the New Right on social issues Championed the "common man" against big government An actor-turned-politician, Reagan enjoyed enormous popularity Helped purge communists from the Screen Actors Guild as the organization's president in the 1950s California Governor from 1966 to 1974

Ronald Reagan

-to the Monroe Doctrine: -if financial malfeasance by Latin American nations, The US would intervene, take over the customs houses, pay off debts -Rewriting promoted the 'bad neighbor' policy; helped turned the Caribbean into a 'Yankee lake'

Roosevelt Corallary:

The first female justice on the Supreme Court. A graduate of Stanford Law School, she served as an attorney, jurists, and politician in Arizona before being appointed to the Supreme Court by President Ronald Reagan in 1981. On the bench, she was known as a moderate, frequently casting crucial swing votes in the important cases. She retired in 2005

Sandra Day O Conner

Creative outpouring among African American, writers, jazz players, and social thinkers centered around Harlem in the 1920s, that celebrated black culture and advocated for a "new Negro" in American social, political and intellectual life.

the Harlem Renaissance

Legislation pushed through Congress by President Johnson prohibited ballot-denying tactics, such as literacy tests and intimidation. It was a successor to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and sought to make racial disenfranchisement explicitly illegal

65. The Voting Rights Act of 1965

Soon after Woodrow Wilson was sworn to office in 1913, he would eventually have some tough decisions to make WWI broke out in 1914. When the fighting started, Americans were thankful for being an ocean away. Wilson issued the neutrality proclamation and urged Americans to stay neutral because of their descent. However, the United States opinion changed after the sinking of the British Lusitana by German U-boats that killed 128 Americans on board. This issue was caused by Britain putting a strict blockade around the German North Sea ports, making trading between the US and Germany halted. After Wilson was informed of another liner being sunk, killing two Americans, he quickly became infuriated. The last thing that set America off was the infamous Zimmerman note that was intercepted. The note was a proposal by German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman offering an alliance between Mexico and Germany, promising the Mexicans land of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. Due to these conflicts, Wilson stood before a secret congress on April 2, 1917 and asked permission to declare war. Americans had now entered World War I.

American Entry into World War I

After Pearl Harbor was attacked by Japanese. American was outraged and entered the war for revenge. Time needed for America to retool itself for all-out war production while hoping the dictators would not crush their adversaries. America's tasks were more complex than those of World War I. Feed, clothe, and arm itself. Transport its forces too widely separated regions and send food and munitions to its allies. -The New Deal wiped out -They forced all the Japanese Americans to stay in the concentration camps until the war was over. -Executive Order No. 9066 signed by Roosevelt on February 19, 1942, forcibly herded Japanese Americans in the concentration camps -Building War machine -War snapped the economy to attention Massive military orders: Orchestrated by the War Production Board (WPB), American factories poured forth weaponry Farmers' increased output: The armed forces drained the farms of workers and the agricultural machinery and improved fertilizers made up the difference Economic strains A sharp inflationary surge in 1942 fueled by full employment and scarce goods Office of Price Administration (OPA) Brought prices under control with extensive regulations and rationing National War Labor Board (WLB) Imposed ceilings on wage increases June 1943: Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act Authorized government to seize and operate industries

American Homefront during WW2

American Imperialist: Ambition for overseas expansion Agricultural and industrial production boomed The United States had to expand or explode The country had a new sense of power Growth in population, wealth, and productive capacity The labor violence and agrarian unrest existed Overseas markets viewed as a possible safety valve Other forces for overseas involvement "Yellow press" described foreign exploits as manly adventures, derring-do Missionaries looked overseas for new souls Books such as the Reverend Josiah Strong's Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis Summoned Americans to spread their religion and values to "backward" peoples Interpreted Darwinism to mean that the earth belonged to the strong and fi A steel navy focused attention overseas 1890: Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan's book, The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783 Control of the sea argued as the key to world dominance A number of diplomatic crises or near-wars in the late 1880s and early 1890s Willingness to risk war over minor disputes demonstrated the aggressive national mood Crisis with Britain in 1895-1896 Boundary between British Guiana and Venezuela was in dispute Secretary of state, Richard Olney, invoked the Monroe Doctrine Cleveland called for a U.S. commission to determine the boundary; threatened war London consented to arbitration Great Rapprochement between the U.S. and Britain became a cornerstone of both nations' foreign policies

American Imperialism

-American believed that their encircling seas conferred immunity -1934: Johnson Debt Default Act prevented debt dodging nations from borrowing -Neutrality Acts of 1935,1936, and 1937. When the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions go into effect: No American could legally sail on belligerent ship, sell or transport munitions to a belligerent, or make loans to a belligerent -Neutrality proved to be shortsighted- no distinction between aggressors and victims Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939 Spanish rebels led by General Francisco Franco undertook to overthrow the established Loyalist regime Some Americans joined the Abraham Lincoln Brigade - helped defend against Franco's coup Washington amended neutrality legislation to apply an embargo to both Loyalists and rebels

American Isolationism:

A diverse group formed to protest American colonial oversight in the Philippines. It included university president, industrialists, clergymen, and labor leaders. Strongest in the Northeast, the Anti-Imperialist League was the largest lobbying organization on a US foreign policy issue up to that time. It declined in strength after the United States signed the Treaty of Paris (which approved the annexation of the Phillippines) and especially after the hostilities broke out between Filipino nationalists and American forces was a group of Americans opposed to the annexation of the Philippines founded in 1898. It was composed by the most prominent people around of the United States, which included the novelist Mark Twain, American Federation of Labor leader Samuel Gompers and the presidents of Harvard and Stanford Universities. During the McKinley Administration, Americans of different groups protested against imperialism overseas, preventing the Spanish American War. The Anti-Imperialism League was a strong organization looking for freedom. They argued that the annexation of the Philippines to the United States violated their Constitution and their Declaration of Independence. However, after the United States signed the treaty of Paris in the same year, the Senate with one vote approved a treaty with Spain paying them $20,000,000 for the lands of Wang, Philippines, and Puerto Rico.

Anti-Imperialism League

An American baseball player for the MLB who is regarded as one of the greatest sports heroes in American culture. He played for the MLB for 22 seasons and was known for his slugging and career home runs. During the 1920s, sporting became big business in the consumer economy with legends such as him. He was far better known than most statesmen during the time period.

Babe Ruth

was a historic moment with American troops in a European war; America put decisive military weight on the scales (WWI)

Battle of Chateau-Thierry:

On February 4, 1902, he was the first person ever to fly solo across the Atlantic nonstop on a single-engine plane. His story becomes popular because of the radio. Although he was considered an "international hero" and "instant celebrity", but his reputation was later ruined because of his "anti-war" writings and speeches during WW1.

Charles Lindbergh

A federal law that banned racial discrimination in public facilities and strengthened the federal government's power to fight segregation in schools. Title VII of the act of prohibited employers from discriminating based on race in their hiring practices, and empowered the equal opportunity commission (EEOC) to regulate fair employment

Civil Rights Act of 1962

Ending segregation in the Armed Forces and the Federal workforce. Without Congress's blessing, the executive branch or the President of the United States can issue a Presidential Proclamation or an Executive Order. Both carry the force of law. (Harry Truman)

Executive Orders 9980 and 9981

-Symbolized a yearn-for and devil may care independence -Maiden proclaimed their new freedom as 'f' in bobbed tresses and dresses. Young women appeared with hemlines elevated, stockings rolled, breasts tapped flat, cheeks rouged, and a lips 'crimson gash' that held a dangling cigarette.

Flappers

he beat out Henry Hoover in 1932 and became the 32nd president of the united states. In 1921 he was paralyzed and fought his way back from helplessness. He is known for his authoritative present and golden speaking voice. His wife was Eleanor Roosevelt who was the most involved first lady. She was controversial and iconic in her fight for the impoverished and oppressed. President Roosevelt spoke up for the forgotten man and believed that money was expendable but human life was not. Roosevelt was most famously noted for The New Deal and The Three R's: Relief, Recovery, Reform. Franklin D. Roosevelt helped pull America out of the great depression and rebuild.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

41 president of the United States. A former congressman, diplomat, businessman, Republican Party chairman, and the director the CIA, he served for eight years as Reagan's Vice President before being elected President, he oversaw the end of Cold War and the revitalization of the American military in the Persian Gulf War. He faced a severe economic recession late in his term that damaged his popularity, he lost his bid for reelection in 1992

George H.W Bush

1. Son of the 41st President 2. Republican governor of Texas 3. Won the United States presidency after a bitterly contested election that divided the country. Became the 43rd president of America. 4. Proclaimed war on terrorist nations after the 9/11 attacks in New York. 5. 1.3 million tax cut which turned the surplus of the 1990s into $460 billion deficit come 2008. Brought about an economic recession. 6. No child left behind act was passed as an educational bill designed to increase accountability standards for primary and secondary schools. The program was highly controversial because it linked results on standardized tests to federal funding for schools and school districts.

George W Bush

As an object wrapped with gold which perfectly defined the post Civil War era. Coined by the renowned writer Mark Twain, the period of 1865-1896 was filled with the rise of the affluent yet in reality, corruption reigned society. The Industrialization and urbanization that came about in this era were mainly due to the Transcontinental Railroad as it completely linked the entire nation. Along with this, the Bessemer process was created that helped launch Robber Barons such as Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller. Self-made men as such the Sherman Antitrust Act. Furthermore men like this inspired theories of Social Darwinism in which the wealthy and inspired theories of Social Darwinism in which the wealthy and inspired theories of Social Darwinism in which the wealthy and poor are in those circumstances due to genes. On the contrast, the Social Gospel spread, deriving from Carnegie's the Gospel of Wealth, in which advocated charity and label reforms. In this era, many immigrants flooded the country that became laborers and aids to political machine's through favors since most lived in unsanitary tenements and sweatshops. In addition to these conditions, labor unions and strikes were on the rise. Many reformists rose with the advocation of education and innovators as well.

Gilded Age

The interweaving of technology, information systems, markets, telecommunication networks, etc. The increasing process of the interconnectedness of people and places through the new technological developments, and the converging processes of economic, social and cultural change over the last decade can be defined as what?

Globalization

are both famous writers of the Harlem Renaissance. LH is a African American poet and leading literature voice of the Harlem Renaissance. His modernist poems incorporated colloquial black speech and gave poetic expression to the twentieth century African-American condition

Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston

Great Migration was a movement from African Americans, started as tens of thousands of southern blacks drawn to the North by the magnet of war-industry employment. The number of blacks grew and sparked interracial violence in the previously all-white areas. Riots fanned by tensions between white working-class neighborhoods and African Americans toiling as strikebreakers in meatpacking plants, in only 2 weeks 15 whites and 23 blacks were killed. 1. moved 6 million African Americans from the South to th North 2. Cause a riot to happen in St Louis July 1917 where 9 whites and at least 40 blacks died 3. It was an economic opportunity for political participation 4.new jobs at that time became more plentiful in the South than in older industrial cities

Great Migration

-A Vice President under Franklin Roosevelt in 1945, he assumed the office of the presidency in April of that year when Roosevelt died from a brain hemorrhage while vacationing in Warm springs, Georgia. He won another term in his own right in an historically close election in 1948 against Republican Thomas Dewey. As president, he chose to use nuclear weapons against Japan at Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Harry Truman

He was the founder of the ford automobile company. He is most known for the practice of the assembly line that he created to build cars. By creating the assembly line he was able to bring down the cost of building a car and make a once luxury item, a common item for the common citizen. By 1930s American owned over 30 million cars.

Henry Ford

A journalist and teacher that inspired black women to mount a nationwide anti-lynching crusade. She helped launch the Black Women's club movement that culminated in the establishment of the National Association of Colored Women in 1896.

Ida B. Wells

the war started in the west often savage 1864: At Sand Creek, Colorado, militia massacred some four hundred Indians 1866: Sioux war party ambushed eighty-one soldiers and civilians Cycle of ferocious warfare intensified 1868: Government abandoned construction of the Bozeman Trail through Montana Sprawling "Great Sioux Reservation" was guaranteed to the Sioux tribes 1874: New round of warfare with the Plains Indians began Colonel George Armstrong Custer announced he had discovered gold in the Black Hills Gold-seekers swarmed into the Sioux lands The Sioux, took to the warpath, inspirited by the influential and wily Sitting Bull Colonel Custer's Seventh Cavalry set out to force them onto the reservation 1876: Battle of the Little Bighorn Custer attacked what turned out to be a force of some 2,500 well-armed warriors Custer and about 250 officers and men were completely wiped out In the ensuing months, the U.S. Army relentlessly hunted down the Indians who had destroyed Custer's troops 1877: Nez Percé Indians goaded Attempts made to herd them onto a reservation Chief Joseph finally surrendered his band Betrayed into believing they would return to their ancestral lands in Idaho; instead sent to a reservation in Kansas Apache tribes of Arizona and New Mexico the most difficult to subdue Led by Geronimo; pursued by federal troops

Indian War

as the development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale. I in America provided more employment opportunities. Also leads to urbanization, therefore bigger populations and communities.

Industrialization

-Condemned war as well as poverty; won the noble peace price. -Established hull house in Chicago- a prominent American settlement house -Instruction in English -Counseling to help newcomers cope with American life -Child care services for working mothers -Cultural activities for neighborhood residents Addams founded Hull House, America's first settlement house, to help immi- grants assimilate through education, counseling, and municipal reform efforts. She also advocated pacifism throughout her life, including during World War I, and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931.

Jane Addams

The 1920's in America was known as the Dynamic Decade for many reasons. One of these reasons was due to the popularity of Jazz music. After World War 1, many African Americans migrated out and moved to the Northern states. This type of music started in New Orleans primarily listened to by African Americans. This type of music was specifically important to African Americans because it gave them a chance to express themselves in a way they could not before. Jazz began to become common among everyone. Teenagers would listen to this music as an attempt to be viewed as "rebellious." White jazz artists would be on radio stations and black jazz artists would gather a band together and play at local restaurants. One important black jazz ensemble that became known would be King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band. They played at one of the cafe's in Chicago and that cafe caught interest in jazz lovers. Soon, jazz spread across to all parts of America and middle-class whites began to listen to jazz as well. The Jazz age changed the 1920's and led to a new type of culture.

Jazz

During the Gilded Age was the boom of new industries such as railroads and manufacturing led to an extreme need for manpower and physical labor. Condition in the work environment were not safe. The workers were looked at as "a lever puller in a giant machine". With an influx of immigrants and unemployment the labor market was in favor of the corporations. If one did not comply with the conditions there were many immigrants and unemployed to take their place. The civil war gave an opportunity for labor union to form. The lack of labor made it more valuable, putting the labor market more in favor of the workers. In 1866 the nation labor union was the earliest nation-scale labor union. its purpose was to unify workers across all trades and to challenge bosses. It lasted 6 years and had 600,000 members. It was responsible for the 8 hour workday. Unfortunately it was knocked out by the depression of 1870

Labor and Unions in the Gilded Age

36th President of the United States, 1963 to 1969. A Texas Democrat who rose to tremendous power in the Senate during the New Deal, he was tapped to be John F. Kennedy's running mate in 1960. Chosen largely to help solidify support for the Democratic ticket in the anti-Catholic South, he assumed the presidency after Kennedy's assassination in 1963. As president, he was responsible for liberal pro- grams such as the Great Society, War on Poverty, and civil rights legislation, as well as the escalation of the Vietnam War. After a series of challenges from within his party, he chose not to run for reelection in 1968.

Lyndon B. Johnson

-An organized birth control movement -Championed the use of contraceptives

Margaret Sanger

-Typified a new breed of American authors -Revolted against the elegant refinements of the old New England school of writing -He was a journalist, humorist, satirist, and foe of social injustice -captured frontier realism and humor in the authentic American dialect A satirist and writer is best known for his books The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884). His work critiqued American politics and society, especially the racial and economic injustice that he saw in the South and West. Twain traveled abroad extensively and his work was read and loved around the world.

Mark Twain

He was the most visible spokesperson and leader in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968. MLK led the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott. this eventually led to the US District Court ruling in Browder v. Gayle which ended racial segregation on all Montgomery public buses 2. In 1957 he became the first president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. 3. In 1963 King helped organize the nonviolent protest in Birmingham, Alabama. 4. In 1963, King helped organize the March on Washington which is where he delivered his well-known speech 'I have a dream'. 5. In 1964, King won the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolent resistance. 6. Worked on segregated housing 7. He was being investigated with communist ties. 7. King was planning the poor people campaign when he was assassinated 8. King was assassinated by James Earl Ray 9. King was awarded the Presidential Medal of freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal. 10. Beginning in 1971, Martin Luther Jr Day was established

Martin Luther King Jr

Native Americans in the 1970s, the power through using the courts and well-planned acts of civil disobedience -Indians used tactics of the civil rights movement assert their status as separate semi-sovereign peoples -1978: United States v. Wheeler -Supreme Court declared that Indian tribes possessed a 'unique and limited' sovereignty, subject to the will of Congress but not to individual states.

Native American Movement:

It was an effort by president Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933 to respond to the destruction caused during the time of the Great Depression. President Roosevelt created multiple programs to aid a wide range of problems the country was facing. These policies greatly expanded the federal government's role in the economy. Some of these problems included the stabilizing the banks, stimulating the economy and creating jobs as well as raising wages. TND consisted of the 'Three R's' which were relief, recovery, and reform. FDR's goal was to help provide the Americans with a new sense of hope and security for their country after the trauma they faced during the Great Depression.

New Deal

From Southern and Eastern Europe who recognizable wave of immigration from the 1880s until 1924, in contrast to the immigrants from western Europe who had become before them. The newest _____ congregated in ethnic urban neighborhoods, where they worried many native-Americans, some of whom responded with nativist anti-immigrant campaigns and others of whom introduced urban reforms to help the immigrants assimilate. -America Fever -Land of opportunity

New Immigration

Reagan propelled by a conservative movement known as the 'new right'. The new right emphasized hot-button cultural issues as well as a nationalist foreign-policy. The organization grew more powerful over the next four years.

New Right:

New Technologies in the Gilded Age, the inventor came up so many Cuban. The inventions pushed industrialization of great heights during the Gilded Age: Telephones by Alexander Graham Bell, Lightbulb by Thomas Edison and as well as cameras

New Technologies in the Gilded Age

There were many factors that lead to the outbreak of WWI. However, the 4 main causes were Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism and Nationalism, or M.A.I.N. In the early 20th century, European nations were making alliances with one another. Italy, Germany, and Austria Hungary would be one collective unit while Russia, France, Great Britain had alliances with one another or through Serbia. At the time, there was also an arms race going on and many nations wanted to flex their armies and show off how off how big their militaries were. Combine that with the ideologies of imperialism and each nation cherry picking nations in Africa and Asia to add power tensions were already high in Europe. Once the Archduke of Austria Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by Serbian group, that's when the war was officially declared and World War I had begun. The US decided to stay neutral during the early stages of the war. In the US, many German Immigrants supported Germany's war efforts till the Belgium invasion, then the public opinion in the US changed. While some Americans supported our allies France and Britain, Wilson saw it as a European war and felt it was best to stay out and focus on domestic issues. Despite our mission to promote democracy worldwide, President Wilson Kept us out of war till 1917 to join the Entente

Outbreak of WW1

is a term used to describe the movement of social, and later political, movement of the early 20th century. The idea came to life after theorists realized that a lassiez-faire economy is unfeasible and recognized that the large factory-working class was living in uninhabitable NY slums. Murcrakers, writers exposing governmental alliances with large business, brought to light the slave-working environments of the working class. P politicians emerged, hoping to use the state to end large business monopolies and improve the working class life and labor laws.

Progressivism

The banning of alcohol mainly supported in Southern and Western states of the United States. In the South, whites wanted to keep stimulants out of the hands of blacks and in the west, people wanted to ensure safer living by cutting down on prostitution, crime, and public drunkness in saloons. As any other movement, strong minorities who were against prohibition found ways around the abolition movement. Alcohol was accessible among gangs who smuggled liquor into the country, 'home brews' were made from adults who created home made distilleries and sold their high content of alcohol by volume on the black market. A new crime of gang violence erupted as rival gangs tried to out-do each other in booze sales. In Chicago in the 1920s, an estimated 500 mobsters were murdered. In 1925, Al Capone, a high end mobster brought in millions of dollars illegally. Capone brought on six years of gang warfare and was sentenced to jail in 1932 for income tax evasion. P was soon repealed in 1933 by the twenty-first amendment, opening saloon doors for good.

Prohibition

A strike by railroad workers upset by drastic wage cuts. The strike was led by socialists Eugene Debs but not supported by the American Federation of labor. Eventually, President Grover Cleveland intervened and federal troops forced an end to the strike. The strike highlighted both divisions within labors and the government's new willingness to use armed force to combat work stoppages

Pullman Strike

During the Gilded Age, at the End of Reconstruction, we had an increased demand for Manufactured Goods. In 1862, the Congress authorized construction of the railroads that would connect the Pacific and Atlantic lines, named Transcontinental Railroad. In 1877, a bill supported (financially) to the Texas and Pacific Railroad's construction of a southern transcontinental line. The companies planned to cut workers pay by 10% which caused all the workers to stop working and begin protesting, then battling which led to more than a hundred people dead.

Railroads in the Gilded Age

Rough Rider, He was a cowboy hero of the Cuban campaign who rode his popularity into the governorship of New York state and then into the vice president's office. He became president when McKinley was assassinated in 1901. He won reelection as a Republican in 1904 and then lost to Democrat Woodrow Wilson in 1912 when he tried for another term as the progressive party candidate

Teddy Roosevelt

The 1st hundred days of FDR administration from 03/09-06/16/1933, when an unprecedented number of reform bills were passed by a Democratic congress to launch the new deal.

The "Hundred Days"

They were a time of prosperity of the United States economy. With new advancements in technology and manufacturing, this leads to the urbanization of cities and towns. People started to take jobs that weren't in farming and agriculture. With the help of mass culture, consumers were buying goods more than ever helping grow the economy. Overall luxury goods like cars started to become necessities in peoples lives.

The "Roaring 20s" and Modernism extra credit

The progressive era was a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States during the 1890s- 1920s. The 17th amendment was passed in 1913. They gave direct election of senators by voters instead of their election by state legislatures. The 18th amendment was the prohibition of manufacturing, selling, or transporting of alcohol beverages. The 19th amendment granted women the right to vote

The 17th, 18th, and 19th Amendments

An 18th amendment adopted in 1919 and repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933, stated that the sale, manufacturing, or transportation of intoxicating liquor within, the importation into, or exportation from the United States was prohibited. Congress had the power to enforce this article by the legislature. The 19th amendment was adopted in 1920 and gave women the rights to vote. After this Amendment came into power, citizens could not be denied the right to vote on account of sex, which was a turning point in America's history

The 18th and 19th Amendments

Following World War 2, there was a massive "boom" of babies. This generation of roughly the years 1946-1964 is termed baby boomers. With the men from war coming home in 1945 and the great depression being over, its very obvious why there was a mass amount of babies in these time periods. These new babies were born after the great depression so they grew up in a time period where most parents were able to give the boomers a very positive lifestyle. This new lifestyle led to improvements of old inventions such as the washing machine and it even normalized "leisure time". Also in this time period, the GI Bill promised decent pay, access to good jobs, and affordable housing to soldiers which made it easier to start a family. The demographic explosion from births to returning soldiers and others who had put off starting families during the war. This large generation of new Americans forced the expansion of many institutions such as schools and universities.

The Baby boom

Countercultural "Beat" writers rejected modern American life Advocated marching to one's own "beat" Jack Kerouac, On the Road Allen Ginsberg, the most eloquent spokesman of the Beat Generation Produced compelling poetry like "Howl" Contributed a new style of free-form narration Mainstream writers tackled realities John Updike with Rabbit, Run John Cheever, the "Chekhov of the exurbs," in The Wapshot Chronicle Poets critical of conformist character of American life Robert Lowell in allegorical poems like For the Union Dead Sylvia Plath, The Bell Jar Playwrights acute observers Tennessee Williams wrote dramas about psychological misfits Arthur Miller brought to stage searching probes of American values, notably Death of a Salesman Underrepresented groups prominence Ralph Ellison in Invisible Man James Baldwin, novelist and essayist, The Fire Next Time The South boasted its own literary revival William Faulkner was a Nobel Prize winner in 1950 Southern Renaissance writers brought a new appreciation to the region's burdens of history and racism There was a bountiful harvest of books by Jewish novelists Bernard Malamud in The Assistant Philip Roth in Goodbye, Columbus and in Portnoy'

The Beat Generation & the Hippies

1. Political and Militaristic tension between USSR and USA rose after WW2 thus causing the Cold War 2. Arm race caused both powers to create Hydrogen Bombs 3. World Affairs were being divided into two sides, Communist or noncommunist, The USA and USSR would use their powers to back revolutions in other countries 4. Korea split into two: Communists North Korea and non-Communist South Korea 5. China turns communist led by Mao Zedong thus pushing the other party into Taiwan 6. Space race began thus leading to the launch of Sputnik and eventually the moon landing -The forty-five-year long diplomatic tension between the United States and the Soviet Union that divided much of the world into polarized camps, capitalist against communist. Most of the international conflicts during that period, particularly in developing the United States and the Soviet Union.

The Cold War

Late in 1933, a prolonged drought struck the states of the trans-Mississippi Great Plains. Rainless weeks were followed by furious, whining winds, while the sun was darkened by millions of tons of powdery topsoil torn from homesteads that stretched from eastern Colorado to western Missouri (drought). Overawed victims of the Dust Bowl disaster predicted the end of the world or the second coming of Christ.

The Dust Bowl

The term coined by Mark Twain, given to the period 1865-1896, indicating both the fabulous wealth and widespread corruption of the era. -Economic issue separated the Democrats and Republicans -Mark Twain's sarcastic name of the era

The Gilded Age

It was the result of the stock market crash that happened on October 24, 1929. It started back when there was a major fall in stock prices around September 4, 1929, and the news became worldwide with the stock market crash. Effects of the GD was amplified by the 1930s dust bowl. The GD had a major impact in countries that were both poor and rich. US employment rate raised up to 25% meanwhile in different countries it had risen as high as 33%. Cities that was dependent on heavy industry were hit hard the most. Construction had to be stopped in many other countries. Farming communities had to suffer as well because crop prices fell by 60%. Franklin D. Roosevelt, the 32nd president of the United States, had responded to the economic disaster by creating programs that were known as the New Deal. It consisted of public work projects, regulations, financial reforms, etc. The New Deal did not completely end the GD but it did bring relief to millions of Americans and was successful at restoring public confidence.

The Great Depression

A program that was created by Lyndon B. Johnson to solve many problems America was facing. Some of those problems include: ending poverty, ending inequality, reducing the criminal rates, and improving the overall society. To end poverty, some issues that Johnson created programs for was food stamps, Medicaid and Medicare. Johnson assisted African Americans initially creating somewhat of equality amongst society. Johnson strove to make everyone feel equal. Since most of the crimes were due to people feeling unequal, the crime rates ended up dropping. To improve over all society, social security benefit programs were created. The overall benefit of The Great Society was that poverty declined significantly and Americans were provided with many benefits to improve their health. Entailed an array of social programs and investment in education and the arts

The Great Society

the early 1900s, it was first given their name by Theodore Roosevelt because they were the ones raking filth off the floor. During Roosevelt's speech, he referred to the muckrakers as "one of the most potent forces for evil." The name of it was given to young reporters who exposed widespread corruption in American society, but by doing this they were able to fix social wrongs. By writing books or exposes, they were able to uncover the truth about industrial accidents, unsteady slums, trafficking of white women, and corruption of big businesses. as it were an essential piece of the progressive reform movement. They desired social reform and believed the only way to restore American democracy, was to add more democracy.

The Muckrakers

Where a group of Cuban volunteers consisting of western cowboys, hardy characters, ex-polo players, and ex-convicts commanded by colonel Leonardo Wood. The group was created by Theodore Roosevelt to help the American invading army against the Spanish ships in the invasion of Cuba. On July 3rd, Theodore and the RR, along with the invading army, defeated the Spanish fleet. The RR were not very disciplined but had a long dash in the war

The Rough Riders

It is also known as the' monkey trial', was set in Tennessee in the year 1925. During that time in the South, there was major controversy surrounding the teaching of evolution, which was the theory that we derived strictly from nature and our evolution, which was the theory that we derived strictly from nature and our evolution as human beings was all biological. The strong opposition christians had against the theory eventually led to 3 states endorsing that opposition. One of those states was Tennesse, where a high school teacher named John Scopes was indicted for teaching it. The trial only lasted 8 days before he was found guilty and charged the fee of $100. The trial caught national attention which opened the door to the separation of church and state. Schools were free to teach the theory without any repercussions, which fully allowed schools to broaden the education system. Although many decades have passed and laws have been set in place to prevent such occurrences again, there are still strong beliefs against the theory and teachings of evolution

The Scope Trial

In 1895, Cuba was misgoverned by Spain and decided to go against the Spanish. Insurrectos (Cubans who fight for their freedom from the Spanish rule) tried to get rid of the Spanish rulers by torching all their plantations. In 1896, a Spanish General Butcher Weyler undertook to ruin the rebellion by taking Cuban civilians into barbed-wire reconcentration camps where they couldn't assist the armed Insurrectos. On February 15, 1898, the Spanish-American War began with the explosion of USS Maine in Havana harbor in Cuba. Americans were mad and wanted war, and they created the battle cry "Remember the Maine! To hell with Spain!" On April 11, 1898, William McKinley sent his war message to Congress urging to free the Cubans from the Spanish Rule (adopted Teller Amendment); Congress responded Uproariously which resulted into a declaration of War. On August 12, 1898, Spain was ready for an armistice. Late 1898, Spanish and Americans negotiators met in Paris. Cuba was free from Spanish Rule. Spanish also ceded Puerto Rico to the United States. Americans agreed to pay Spain $20 million for the Philippine Islands. Americans paid Spain because Manila was captured by them and they did not want to Spain to seize the islands. The war was short only lasting 113 days. In 1895, Cuba was looking for there independence from Spain. 2). In 1898, Washington sent the battleship Maine to Cuba for a friendly visit. However, Maine mysteriously blew up in the Havana harbor. 3). In 1898, President William McKinley declared war on Spain. McKinley proclaimed to the world his plans by means of the hand-tying Teller Amendment. 4). In Dec 1989, the war ended by the signature of the Treaty of Paris. Spain ceded Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States, and the cession of the Philippines for an amount of $20 million dollars.

The Spanish-American War

1929 signified the start of the great depression. One of the main leading components of the great depression was the stock market crash. A catastrophic came on a day now known as 'Black Tuesday', October 29th 1929. On this day, "16,410,000' shares of stock were sold on wall street. "It was the trigger that helped bring on the great depression'. By the end of 1929, stockholders had lost $40 billion in paper value. This is significant because it was more than the total cost of World War I to the United States

The Stock Market Crash (1929)

It was a official document that was used to facilitate a peaceful agreement under which Germany surrendered in June 1919. The main purpose of the treaty was to prevent any revenge from occurring between the Germans and the Allied Powers. Thus, President Woodrow Wilson wrote a compromise entitled, Fourteen points, which demonstrated to the league of Nations that he was against imperialism. Germany was in agreement with the fourteen Points and was hoping that the League of Nations could grant them all. However, after some negotiation and objections to the League of Nations, Germany was granted with only four original points from Wilson's compromise. France blamed Germany for World War I. Therefore, Germany was forced to pay reparations for the war. -France still blame on the Germany

The Treaty of Versailles

- A piece of sensational news was intercepted and published on March 1, 1917. It posted by German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman was actually intended to reach Mexico but was decoded by the British cryptographic office and handed over to the United States. The telegram proposed a Germany-Mexico alliance against the United States, and promised the recovery of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, which infuriated Americans, especially the westerners and made some Americans more willing to enter the war after what happened to the ships

The Zimmerman Telegram

-The most successful inventor -He was a gifted tinkerer and a tireless worker; not a pure scientist -Wonderous devices poured out of his invention factory in New Jersey -he's best known for his perfection in 1879 of the electric lightbulb Edison, Thomas Alva (1847-1931): The inventor of, among other things, the electric light bulb, the phonograph, the mimeograph, the moving picture, and the machine capable of taking X-rays. Ultimately he held more than 1,000 patents for his inventions.

Thomas Alva Edison

-In the Gilded Age In 1862, the Congress authorized construction of the railroads that would connect the Pacific and Atlantic lines, named TCR. In 1877, a bill supported (financially) to the Texas and Pacific Railroad's construction of a southern transcontinental line. The companies planned to cut workers pay by 10% which caused all the workers to stop working and begin protesting, then battling which led to more than a hundred people dead. - The Transcontinental Railroad stitched America together from ocean to ocean. Opening in 1862, congress authorizes the transcontinental railroad which would provide the largest single source of orders for the steel industry, transporting agriculture goods, and moving people from place to place.

Transcontinental Railroad

Early 1898, Washington sent the battleship UM to cuba. Intentionally was for a 'friendly visit' but really was to protect and evacuate Americans from danger that could occur in Cuba. On February 15, 1898, a tragedy struck as the UM mysteriously blew up in Havana Harbor in Cuba. Americans lost 260 sailors. Because of this tragedy, Americans were angered and blamed the Spanish. Americans argued that the explosion was caused by a submarine mine. It was not until 1976 that the US Navy Admiral H.G Rickover confirmed that the UM explosion had resulted from combustion in one of the coal bunkers. Thus started the Spanish-American war

USS Maine

-The population is growing in America -By 1890 New York, Chicago and Philadelphia spurted past the million mark -1900s: New York with 3.5 million was the second largest city in the world -Throughout the world, the cities exploded -American cities grew up and out -Skyscrapers allowed more people and workplaces onto a parcel of land -Cities spread out -This spread turned many Americans onto commuters The compact and communal 'walking city' gave way to the megalopolis -Different districts developed business, industry and residential neighborhoods -Rural life could not compete with the city -Industrial jobs drew people off into factory centers -Urban life held powerful attractions -Late-night glitter of city lights-allured young adults who yearned for independence -Electricity, indoor plumbing, and telephones -Engineering marvels of skyscrapers -Cavernous department stores -Attracted urban middle class shoppers -Heralded a dawning era of consumerism -Accentuated widening class division -Cities introduced Americans to new way of living -Cultural shifts away from the virtues of thrift to the convenience of consumerism -'The best and the worst combined, in a strangely composite community' -Worst of all, human pigsties known as slums -Dangers of fires with Cuba packed wooden structures COLLAPSE Urban growth expanded rapidly, it was a direct result of the Industrial Revolution. New immigrants struggled to preserve their traditional cultures and were clustered in cities like Chicago and New York. Urbanization caused a decrease in farming due to an increase and better pay in industry jobs. City governments were overwhelmed with the sudden growth of Urbanization and found themselves hiring immigrants to work city jobs in hopes of getting more political votes.

Urbanization

-United State sinking a little deeper into Vietnam February 1965: Guerillas attacked an American air base Johnson's actions Ordered retaliatory air strikes Sent American troops - before 1965 ended, some 184,000 Believed a fine-tuned, step-by-step "escalation" would defeat with minimum loss of life; enemy matched U.S. firepower with guerrilla warfare Fighting became Americanized Corrupt and collapsible governments succeeded each other in Saigon Washington "hawks" defended the action as a test of Uncle Sam's commitment to resist communist encroachment Johnson steadily raised the military stakes America seemed to be defeating itself World opinion grew increasingly hostile Anti-war demonstrations mounted to tidal-wave proportions The military draft dragged more and more young men off; resistance stiffened Chanting marchers filled the streets of cities Opposition in Congress centered in the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Public came to feel lied to about the war Vietnam War was the longest and most unpopular foreign war in the nation's history

Vietnam War

-1st black to earn a Ph.D. from Harvard -Assailed Washington for an approach that would condemn their race to manual labor and perpetual inferiority -Demanded complete equality for blacks, social as well as economic -1909: help found the national association for the advancement of colored people -Rejected gradualism and separatism -In 1961 at the end of a long lifetime of struggle for racial justice in the United States, DB renounced his American citizenship at the age of ninety-three and took up residence in the newly independent African state of Ghana

W.E.B. DuBois

Republican candidates was elected in 1896. He believes in the 'trinkle-down' economy and that the government is meant to support businesses. Marcus "Dollar Mark" Hanna created a massive, but also suspicious campaign for him, who won the election and begin a political turning point known as the fourth party system. His election strengthened large businesses and the upper classes. He focused his presidential efforts on labor rights and regulations, and promised to maintain American gold standard. He worked with Congress to lead American out of the depression after the Panic of 1893 through his tariffs and reform acts. He also led America to victory during the Spanish-American War in 1898. He was re-elected in 1900, but was assassinated in 1901 by an mill worker. He succeeded by Theodore Roosevelt.

William McKinley

-Moral leader of the Allied cause 1.Abolish secret treaties 2.Freedom of the seas 3.Removal of economic barriers among nations 4.Reduction of armament burdens 5.Adjustment of colonial claims in the interests of both native peoples and the colonizers Other points among the fourteen Independence ("self-determination") held out to oppressed minority groups The capstone point, number fourteen, foreshadowed the League of Nations An international organization of collective security Wilson's points, though raising hopes the world over, we're not everywhere applauded

Wilson's Fourteen Points

American women joined the military during World War II. They worked as nurses, drove trucks, repaired airplanes, and performed clerical work. Some were killed in combat or captured as prisoners of war. 216,000 women for noncombat duties, women's army corps (WACs), Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (navy) (WAVES), U.S. Coast Guard Women's Reserve (SPARs) -Woman who did not join the war, they have to work at the factory to provide for her family while her husband is away fighting at the war. -More than 6 million women took up jobs outside the home -Many were mothers; government set up some three thousand day-care centers to care for Rosie the Riveter's children -The war foreshadowed an evolution in the roles of women in society -When the war ended, two-thirds of women war workers left the labor force -Many forced out by employers or unions -Half quit voluntarily because of family obligations -The immediate postwar period witnessed a rush into suburban domesticity and the mothering of the baby boomers -born by the tens of millions 1945-1960

Women in WWII

Women did not have the right to work, vote or hardly be able to make any kind of decisions without repercussions. In 1848, the first women's rights convention was held in New York. A few days after this, grievance's were filled to help come up with an agenda for the women's rights movement. Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton formed the National WSA. Susan B. Anthony was arrested in 1872 for voting. It wasn't until 1890 NAWSA waged a state by state campaign to obtain voting rights for women. Years passed by and in 1916 Alice Paul and her colleagues from NWP began introducing some of the methods used by the suffrage movement in Britain, this included demonstrations, parades, mass meetings and picketing the White House over the refusal of President Woodrow Wilson and other incumbents Democrats to actively support the Suffrage Amendment. Finally, in 1919, the amendment was passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate and then onto the states for ratification. August 26, 1920, the 19th amendment to the Constitution, granting women the rights to vote, is signed into law.

Women's Suffrage

He was the 28th president of the United States from 1913-1921. Was an ascetic intellectual Admired the Confederacy's attempt to win independence Inspired his ideal of self-determination for people in other countries Shared Jefferson's faith in the masses Relied on eloquence to appeal to the people Lacked the common touch and knew it -He attacks the 'triple wall of Privilege -Federal Reserve Act -World War I

Woodrow Wilson

It is also known as "Yellow Kid" was the colored comics featuring the sensationalism topic which captured public interest. Joseph Pulitzer was a leader in the techniques of sensationalism and also the name "Yellow Journalism" was given by him to his lurid sheets.

Yellow Journalism