US History 2112 Exam 2 Study Guide
Patronage System
- An informal system (sometimes called the "*spoils system") used by politicians to reward their supporters with government appointments or contracts. - reward of goodies - Those who were awarded jobs were expected to contribute a percentage of their salary to the political party - *eventually drew criticism and led to "civil service reformers" - activists who pushed through legislation designed to limit such patronage and introduced a "merit system" for government employment based on ability and experience.
Spread of Education. What about education at this time?
- Big increases in late 19th C., 1920 - An expansion of public ____________, grows rapidly - more high schools were opening which allowed children to obtain an ____________ past the eight grade - *BY 1900, over 19k Public High Schools - New philosophies - *one goal of ____________ was to assimilate immigrants, americanize them - by 1900 90% of Americans could read
What were Politics like in the Gilded age?
- Most political activity occurred at the state and local levels - Unlike today, the federal government was an insignificant force in the daily lives of most citizens, in part because it was so small. - in 1871 the entire federal civilian workforce totaled 51k(most of them postal workers), of whom only 6k actually worked in Washington, DC. - americans were intensely loyal to their parties, which they joined as much for the fellowship and networking connections as for its positions on issues - corporations gave large contributions to their choice of party candidate
What happened in the saloons?
- Politics was often the topic of intense discussions in _____________; in fact, in New York City in the 1880s, _____________doubled as polling places, where patrons could cast their votes in elections. One journalist called the ____________"the social and intellectual center of the neighborhood." - Patrons could play chess, billiards, darts, cards, dice, or even handball, since many ___________included gymnasiums - Some ___________also provided "snugs", separate rooms for women customers. "Stall ____________" included "wine rooms" where prostitutes worked.
What were political "Bosses"?
- Powerful political leaders who controlled a "machine" of associates and operatives to promote both individual and party interests, often using informal tactics such as intimidation or the patronage system.
Basketball
- invented by Dr. James Naismith in 1891 - in springfield college, Massachusetts - originally created to keep athletes in shape between football and baseball seasons - first mens team Vanderbilt
Football
- invented by Walter Camp in the late 1800s - started as modified form of soccer and Rugby - started with 25 guys on each side - early on people died - 1905-1918 over 150 guys were hurt - referred to by Teddy R. as "mucker-play"
Compulsory Education Laws
- laws required parents to send their children to a public or state-accredited private school for a certain period of time. - Massachusetts became the first U.S. state to enact a compulsory education law in 1852 - Another motivation was the growing public concern over child labor and the belief that compulsory attendance at school would discourage factory owners from exploiting children. - responsible for the 90% reading rate by 1900
Where were the tenements located? Who lived in them?
- low-cost inner-city apartment - urban poor in cramped - poorly ventilated apartments
Settlement House Movement. What were their missions?
- mainly Idealistic women - among the most visible soldiers in the social gospel - innovative community centers - 1900 100s of them across the US, most of them in the Northeast and Midwest - Spurred by Jane Adams and Ellen Gates Starr
Who invented basketball, baseball and football?
Baseball was invented by Alexander Cartwright in 1845 Basketball was invented by Dr. James Naismith in 1891 Football was invented by Walter Camp in the late 1800s
Tenements
Overcrowded and often filthy _______________ were home to 2.3 mil people in NYC in 1900, two-thirds of the city population. - filthy housing, unhealthy living conditions, frequent infectious diseases and fires - Usually six to eight stories tall - 1900s in Chicago 3 out of every 5 babies died - No elevators - Most had little to no natural light or fresh air - Typically housed twenty-four to thirty-two families - children did not have anywhere to play but on the streets - On average there was only one toilet (called a Privy) for every twenty people - Child- mortality rate in many ______________ was as high as 40 percent - Diseases such as strep throat, scarlet fever, cholera- mostly spread in unsafe water-, typhoid fever, and yellow fever were present
How do most states feel about child labor?
States did not want to ratify laws protecting child labor laws
What were Saloons?
_____________ are bars or taverns where mostly men would gather to drink, eat, relax, play games, and, often, to discuss politics. - By 1900, the United States had more ___________(over 325,000) than grocery stores and meat markets. New York City alone had 10,000 ____________, 1 for every 500 residents.
The creation of the "Interstate Commerce Commission".
- in 1887, Grover Cleveland signed it, he believed railroads were charging unfairly high freight rates
What was the "Interstate Commerce Commission" (ICC)?
- in 1887, Grover Cleveland signed it, he believed railroads were charging unfairly high freight rates - An independent federal agency established in 1887 to oversee businesses engaged in interstate trade, especially railroads, but whose regulatory power was limited when tested in the courts.
What is Anarchism?
- "Anarchists"- those involved in clashes with police, referred to as "radicals" -believed that government—any government—was a device used by powerful capitalists to oppress and exploit the working poor. -They dreamed of the elimination of government altogether, and some were willing to use bombs and bullets to achieve their revolutionary goal. - Derived in Russia - Dramatic acts of Violence to eliminate Gov. Association - Garfield was killed by Anarchists - "anarchist" provoked frightening images in the minds of many Americans.
What were the different religions of the immigrants?
- "old immigrants" were mainly Protestants and Roman Catholic - "new immigrants" Judaism, Eastern Orthodox, and Roman Catholicism
The "Nativist Response"
- *"Nativists"-Members of a reactionary conservative movement characterized by heightened nationalism, anti-immigrant sentiment, and the enactment of laws setting stricter regulations on immigration. - racists who believed that "Anglo-Saxon" Americans--people of British or Germanic background--were superior to the Slavic, Italian, Greek, and Jewish newcomers - Many native-born Americans saw the newest immigrants-"new immigrants"-as a threat to their jobs and way of life. - Stanford professor called the immigrants from southern and eastern Europe-"new immigrants-"illiterate, docile, lacking in self-reliance and initiative, and not possessing the Anglo-Teutonic conceptions of law, order, and government. - resented the immigrants
What is the Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)?
- *________ __________ _____ was a Federal law that barred Chinese laborers from immigrating to America. - By 1880, some 75,000 Chinese formed about a ninth of the population of California. - The chinese were the first non-European and non-African group to migrate in large numbers to America. - Chinese immigrants were easy targets for discrimination; they were not white, they were not Christian, and many could not read or write. - Whites resented them for supposedly taking their jobs, although in many instances the Chinese were willing to do menial work that whites refused to do.
Why were the farmer's commodity prices falling?
- 1865 to 1890, the amount of money in circulation (both coins and paper currency) actually decreased about 10 percent. - currency deflation raised the cost of borrowing money as the shrinking money supply enabled lenders to hike interest rates on loans. - Creditors—bankers and others who loaned money—supported a "sound money" policy limiting the currency supply as a means of increasing their profits
Jane Adams and Ellen Gates Starr
- 1881 graduated from Rockford College in Illinois - social worker that founded the Hull House - she mentored young women to "learn of life from life itself", to enter the "real world" - ___________ would become the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize. / -helped at Hull House / - they offered a place for working-class women to send their children between when they got out of school and when their parents got off work - held kindergartens - She and other settlement house leaders soon realized, however, that their work in the rapidly spreading immigrant slums was like bailing out the ocean with a teaspoon. They thus added political reform to their already lengthy agenda and began lobbying for new laws and regulations to improve the living conditions in poor neighborhoods.
Settlement House Movement. What was their mission?
- innovative community centers - in cities, addressed the everyday needs of the working poor, especially newly arrived European immigrants - ran health clinics, taught additional trades, arts - mainly staffed by well-educated women that could not get jobs with their licenses - Became social activists
What were the patterns of immigration? New pattern of Immigration in the last 3rd of the 19th C.?
- By 1900, nearly 30 percent of the residents of major cities were foreign-born. - their arrival sparked racial and ethnic tensions - 3 million annually in the 1870s to more than 5 million per year in the 1880s, and reached nearly 9 million annually in the first decade of the twentieth century. - in 1890, 4 out of 5 New Yorkers were foreign-born, a higher proportion than in any other city in the world. Chicago was no far behind - As strangers in America, most immigrants naturally wanted to live in neighborhoods populated by people from their homeland. - the largest cities had vibrant immigrant districts with names such as little italy, little hungary, and chinatown, where immigrants practiced their native religions and customs, and spoke and read newspapers in their native languages. - They were isolated by americans
Immigration Regulation Acts and Organizations
- Chinese Exclusion Act - American Protective Association (APA) - Immigration Restriction League - largely, these statutes have been inconsistent in their goals and frequently motivated by racial and ethnic prejudice
Spread of Education. What about education at this time?
- Compulsory Ed. Laws were enacted but were not strictly enforced due to states pushing for child labor, which changed once states realized that educated children made better workers - education at first was learning by memorization - then the three Rs were instituted- Reading, Writing and Arithmetic by John Dewey - Education should include Art, Science and History - "Laboratory School"- experiential learning- John Dewey - Main education of reform stressed cooperative learning-learning by doing
"Farmers Alliance"
- Congress nixed the subtreasury plan- which allowed them to store their goods in government warehouses where they could get loans for crops and possibly sell them for more money later- in 1890. - Its defeats as well as setbacks to other ___________ proposals, convinced many farmers that they needed more political power to secure the reforms necessary to save the agriculture sector: railroad regulation, currency inflation, state departments of agriculture, anti-trust laws, and more accessible farm-based credit (loans). - The ____________ _____________ called for third-party political action to address their concerns.
What were the literacy tests that the immigrants took?
- Congress passed the first literacy bill in 1896- President Grover Cleveland vetoed it in 1897 - Immigration Act of 1917- Literacy Act- less often called the Barred Zone Act - the law imposed literacy test on immigrants and any immigrant that did not pass the test was not allowed into the Country - meant being able to read 30-40 words of their own language
Who are the "Stalwarts"? Detail
- Conservative Republican party faction during the presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes, 1877-1881; led by Senator Roscoe B. Conkling of New York, -________________opposed civil service reform and favored a third term for President Ulysses S. Grant.
Graduate Schools. When? Where? Who were they modeled after?
- First Colleges were modeled after German schools. - Phds were fast becoming the ticket for teaching degree
Who advocated the immigrant literacy tests?
- Immigration Restriction League - Henry Cabot Lodge- resents the fact that immigrants are illiterate - he supports _________ __________
What is Ellis Island? Where was it?
- In 1892, Bureau of Immigration New Jersey - 1 mile south of Manhattan - U.S. busiest immigration inspection station from 1892 until 1954- 12 million immigrants - 1907 was its peak year, 1 million new comers were processed/ 5,000 a day
What were the patterns of immigration? New pattern of Immigration in the last 3rd of the 19th C.?
- In 1911, Congress appointed, Dillingham Commission releases a 41 volume report saying the "new immigrants" are less intelligent than "old immigrants". - Dillingham Commission says the "old immigrants" came to be part of the country, the "new immigrants" come over to make a profit, "by the superior advantages of the new world and then return to the old country.
What was the first Major League Baseball Team?
- In September 1845, a group of New York City men founded the New York Knickerbocker Baseball Club
Granger Laws
- In five Midwest states, Grange chapters persuaded legislatures to pass "____________ Laws" to regulate the prices charged by railroads and grain warehouses (called "elevators"). - RR and warehouse owners challenged the laws
The growth of cities
- In the 1870s, heating innovations, such as steam radiators, enables the construction of much larger apartment buildings, since coal-burning fireplaces and chimneys, expensive to build, were no longer needed in each apartment. - In 1889, the Otis Elevator Company installed the first electric elevator, which made it possible to construct much taller buildings; before the 1860s, few structures had been more than five or six stories. - During the 1880s, engineers also developed cast-iron and steel-frame construction techniques that allowed for taller structures-"skyscrapers."
What is the "Farmers Alliance?
- Like the Grange, the __________ ____________ organized social and recreational activities for small farmers and their families while also emphasizing *political action and economic cooperation to address the hardships caused by chronic indebtedness, declining crop prices, and droughts. - called for federal government to take ownership of the RR and create an income tax on wealthy Americans
NY city in 1900. Look at the population in the city in 1900. Are more of the city dwellers immigrants or more native born americans?
- Many of them were immigrants - the working poor, many of them immigrants or African Americans, could rarely afford to leave the inner cities. As their populations grew, cities became dangerously congested and plagued with fires, violent crimes, and diseases.
Did saloons perform services for people? If so, what services?
- Men also went to _____________to check job postings, engage in labor union activities, cash paychecks, mail letters, read newspapers, and gossip. - Beer and food for 5 cents
Compulsory Education Laws
- Mississippi was the last state to pass a law requiring school attendance in 1917. Still, enforcement of these state laws was largely ineffective until states began to realize the value of an educated workforce.
Between 1869 and 1913, presidents and parties
- Republicans monopolized the White House except for two nonconsecutive terms of New York Democrat Grover Cleveland - Between 1872 and 1896, no president won a majority of the popular vote - New York and Ohio, decided the election of eight presidents from 1872 to 1908. - Democrats- reminded voters that they stood for limited - gov., states rights, and white supremacy - supported tariffs if they benefited the dominant businesses in their districts or states - diverse coalition of conservative southern whites, -northern Catholics of German or Irish Catholic backgrounds - Republicans- tended to favor high tariffs on imports - remained strongest in New England, upstate New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and the Midwest. - tended to be Protestants of English or Scandinavian descent - could rely on the votes of the African Americans in the South (until their right to vote was taken away) and the support of a large bloc of Union veterans of the Civil War, who were organized into a powerful national interest - group called the Grand Army of the Republic -Believed saloons were the "central social evil" and also pushed for nativist policies to restrict immigration and the employment of foreigners
Has Child labor been outlawed?
- Simple answer is "NO", some regulations but not outlawed -Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) pushed for the regulation of child labor -The National Child Labor Committee campaigned for laws prohibiting the employment of children
The "Nativist Response"
- Stanford professor called the immigrants from southern and eastern Europe-"new immigrants-"illiterate, docile, lacking in self-reliance and initiative, and not possessing the Anglo-Teutonic conceptions of law, order, and government. - Many were illiterate, but others only appear to so because they could not speak or read English. - Some immigrants resorted to crime to survive, fueling suspicions that European nations were sending their criminals to America.
What is the "Farmers Alliance?
- Started in Texas, swept across the South, Kansas, Nebraska, and the Dakotas. - *emphasized political action and expand ("inflate") the nation's money supply as a way to relieve economic distress - By 1890, the white Alliance movement had about 1.5 million members and the Colored Farmers' National Alliance claimed more than 1 million members. - the whites refused to mix with the blacks, one b/c they were black and two b/c most blacks were tenants or sharecroppers, not landowners. - political activism intensified after a blizzard in 1887 that killed most of the cattle and hogs, destroyed millions of acres of corn, wheat and oats across the northern plains - distressed farmers lashed out against what they considered to be a powerful conspiracy of eastern financial and industrial interests- "monopolies"
What is the "Farmer Alliance"?
- The Granger movement failed to address the foremost concerns of struggling farmer: declining crop prices and the inadequate amount of money in circulation. As a result, people shifted their allegiance to a new organization called the _____________ ________________. - The ____________ _____________ also organized economic "cooperatives." IN 1887, Charles W. Macune, the Southern Alliance president, urged Texas farmers to create their own Alliance Exchange to free themselves from dependence on commercial warehouses, grain elevators, food processors, and banks. - Members of the Alliance Exchange acted collectively, pooling their resources to borrow money from banks and purchase their goods and supplies from a new corporation created by the Alliance in Dallas. - the *cooperative scheme collapsed when Texas banks refused to accept paper money.
Grange ( R ) Movement
- The ___________ _____________ failed to address the foremost concerns of struggling farmer: declining crop prices and the inadequate amount of money in circulation. As a result, people shifted their allegiance to a new organization called the Farmers' Alliance.
What was the "Interstate Commerce Commission" (ICC) supposed to do? Did it function appropriately?
- The law empowered the ___________ ___________ _____________'s (__ __ __) five members to ensure that railroad freight rates were "reasonable and just. - Over time, the _________ ___________ ______________ (__ __ __) came to be ignored, and the railroads continued to charge high rates while making secret pricing deals with large shippers. - was not strongly enforced - one senator called it "a delusion and a sham", because the members tended to be former railroad executives
Anarchist in the eyes of labor militants and police
- To labor militants around the world, the executed ___________ were working-class martyrs; to the police and the economic elite in Chicago, they were demonic assassins.
What happened at Ellis Island?
- U.S. busiest immigration inspection station from 1892 until 1954- 12 million immigrants - people with visible health problems or diseases were sent home or held in the islands hospital facilities for long periods of time.
What was the US population like in 1920? More Urban or Rural?
- Urban Revolution, unparalleled in World History - Rural became less enticing b/c of better jobs in the cities - 1860 6million, 1910 44 million - US bored of rural living, - the wonders of big cities- electric lights, streetcars, telephones, department stores, theaters, and many other attractions- were magnetic lures for youth bored by the routines of isolated farm life. - Thousands moved to the cities in search of economic opportunity and personal freedom.
What is the Haymarket Riot (1886)?
- Violent uprising in Haymarket Square, Chicago, where police clashed with labor demonstrators in the aftermath of a bombing. - May 3, violent clashes between strikers and nonunion "scabs" hired to replace striking workers erupted outside the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company plant. The police arrived, shots rang out, and two strikers were killed. The killings infuriated the leaders of the tiny but outspoken anarchist movement in Chicago. - May 4, Revenge rally the following night. Bomb was thrown. Seven policemen were killed and sixty more wounded in what journalists called America's first terrorist bombing. - Seven anarchist were sentenced to death even though no evidence liked them to the bombing
"New immigrants"
- Wave of newcomers from southern and eastern Europe, including many Jews, who became a majority among immigrants to America after 1890. - The ____________ _____________ languages and cultural backgrounds were markedly different form those of most old immigrants or most native-born Americans. - Judaism, Eastern Orthodox, and Roman Catholicism, whereas Protestants still formed a large majority of the U.S. population - companies eager for workers gave immigrants train tickets to inland cities such as Buffalo, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Chicago, Milwaukee, Cincinnati, and St. Louis.
What was the Grange(R) movement?
- When the Department of Agriculture sent Oliver H. Kelley on a tour of the South in 1866, he was struck by the social isolation of people living on small farms. - To address the problem, Kelley helped found the National ____________ of the Patrons of Husbandry, better known as the ____________(an old word for places where crops were stored). - The _______________ grew quickly, reaching a membership of 858,000 men and women by 1875. - It started out offering social events and educational programs for farmers and their families, but as it grew, it began to promote "cooperatives"- buy in bulk- where farmers could join together to store and sell their crops to avoid the high fees charged by brokers and other middlemen. - In five Midwest states, Grange chapters persuaded legislatures to pass "____________ Laws" to regulate the prices charged by railroads and grain warehouses (called "elevators"). - RR and warehouse owners challenged the laws
Women's Colleges
- Women should have the right to attend colleges that prepare them with an education equal to men - by the end of the century, women made up more than a third of college students - 7 excellent colleges for women - to teach women to the same high standards as men - Vassar(1865), Wellesley, Smith, etc.
"Old immigrants"
- _________ ____________,who came before 1880 were mainly Protestants and Roman Catholics from northern and western Europe. - Keltic, Germanic, Northern European
Immigration Restriction League
- __________ _____________ ____________ was formed by nativists in New England to save the Anglo-Saxon "race" from being "contaminated" by "alien" immigrants, especially Roman Catholics and Jews. - The League sought to convince Congress to ban immigrants who were illiterate. - 3 presidents vetoed bills banning illiterate immigrants: Grover Cleveland in 1897, William H. Taft in 1913, and Woodrow Wilson in 1915 and 1917. * The last time, however, Congress overrode the veto, and the restriction of illiterate immigrants became law. -literacy test in 1917
What were Politics like in the Gilded age?
- ___________ in the Gilded Age were shaped by three main factors: the balance of power between Democrats and Republicans, the high level of public participation in everyday politics, and the often corrupt alliance between business and political leaders at all levels of government.
What were political "Bosses"?
- _____________ dictated the parties decision and controlled local officials - _________wanted to make sure their people were in office - *helped settle local disputes, provided aid for poor, and distributed jobs and contracts to loyal followers and donors through the patronage system
How were the presidents characterized in the Gilded Age? Strong or Weak presidents?
- _____________ in the Gilded Age did not believe that the formulating of policies was the responsibility of the president. - The _____________ of the Gilded Age believed Congress should control the development of political policies. -______________practiced the spoils systems - The ____________ of the Gilded Age were "Weak __________".- Buch herself
Mary Elizabeth Lease
- a charismatic leader in the farm protest movement - In Kansas___________ ___________ __________ emerged as a fiery speaker for the farm protest movement. - born in Pennsylvania to Irish immigrants - she moved to Kansas, taught school, raised a family, and failed at farming in the mid-1800s. - studied law and became one of the states first female attorneys - __________ viewed Eastern financiers as the enemy. - she said Alliances wanted to abolish "loan shark" banks and replace them with subtreasury warehouses that would make loans to farmers backed up by their stored crops
What happened at Ellis Island?
- about 2% were denied admission to the US and sent back to their country of origin for reasons such as chronic disease, criminal background, or insanity. - sometimes known as "The island of Tears" or "Heartbreak Island" b/c of the 2% who were not admitted after their long journey - more than 3k would-be immigrants died on the island while being held in the hospitals
What were Politics like in the Gilded age?
- era of more political corruption and political innovation - "captains of industry"- the owners of giant corporations- regularly used their wealth to "buy" elections and favors at all levels of government - by the end of the 19th c., however, new movements and parties were pushing to reform the excesses and injustices created by a political system that had grown corrupt in its efforts to support the "special interest" promoted by Big Business - Voter turnout was commonly about 70 to 80 percent. (By contrast, the turnout for the 2012 U.S. presidential election was 58 percent.) - Neither party, Rep. or Dem. was dominant in the Gilded Age
What are the important facts about basketball, baseball and football?
- families gathered around the radio to listen to ___________, ____________ after dinner
"Middlemen"
- food processors who helped the farmers get their crops and livestock to the markets
American Protective Association (APA)
- formed in 1887 by Protestant activists in Iowa-secret organization whose members pledged never to employ or vote for a Roman Catholic - often working with Republican party organizations - quickly enlisted 2.5 million members and helped shape the 1894 election results in Ohio, Wisconsin, Indiana, Missouri, and Colorado.
Oliver H. Kelley
- former Minnesota farmer - desperate to gather farmers together and to do something about the isolation of farmers - working agent for farmers - founded the National Grange( R ) of the Patrons of Husbandry
Precinct Captains
- gave voters jobs or political favor for votes
Who are the "Stalwarts"? Detail
- had been ____________ in their support of President Grant during the furor over the misdeeds of his cabinet members _____________had mastered the patronage system (spoils system) of distributing political jobs to party loyalists
"New immigrants"
- immigrant numbers form southern and eastern Europe, especially Russia, Poland, Greece, and Italy began to rise after 1890 - The U.S. blames the __________ ___________ for crime and for taking jobs. - Congress says they are illiterate and far less useful than the old immigrants. - usually desperately poor and need to find jobs- quickly, many were greeted at the docks by families and friends, others were met by representatives of immigrant-aid societies or by company agents offering low-paying and often dangerous jobs in mines, mills, sweatshops, and railroads. - they were easy targets for exploitation since most of them could not speak english.
Child Labor in 1880. Is it present?
- millions of children took up work outside the home, sorting coal, stitching clothes, shucking oysters, peeling shrimp, canning food, blowing glass, tending looms, and operating other kinds of machinery. - They were targeted by companies because they would agree to less pay than men. - By 1880, one of every six children under age fourteen was working full-time; by 1900, the United States had almost 2 million child laborers. - children as young as eight worked alongside adults twelve hours a day, six days a week. As a result, they *received little or no education. - Factories, mills, mines, and canneries were especially dangerous places for children, who experienced three times as many accidents as adult workers and suffered higher rates of respiratory disease - children who worked in mills were half as likely to reach the age of twenty then those that did not - In Pennsylvania, West Virginia and eastern Kentucky kids worked in coal mines. In New England and the South, kids worked in dusty textile mills where, during nights shifts, they had water thrown in their faces to keep them awake
Thomas E. Watson
- one of the most respected of southern Alliance leaders - lawyer from Georgia - he took the lead in urging black and white tenant farmers to join forces.
What was Hull house?
- settlement house on Halsted Street in a working-class Chicago neighborhood - two dozen women served thousands of people each week - Jane Adams and Ellen Gates Starr helped here
Farmers' Plight
- smaller, more poorly financed farmers, working on small plots marginal land, struggled to survive. - drought, plagues of grasshoppers, boll weevils, rising costs, falling prices, and high interest rates made it increasingly difficult to make a living as a farmer - high interests rates of upwards of 10 percent a year, many farmers found it impossible to pay off their debts - transportation improvements meant that American farmers faced competition from out of the country, the small farmers were not able to sell their crops for what the need to get out of debt
Where were the immigrants coming from?
- the "old immigrants" were mainly Protestants and Roman Catholic Keltics, Germanics from northern and western Europe - The "new immigrants" were form southern and eastern Europe, especially Russia, Poland, Greece, and Italy began to rise after 1890. Judaism, Eastern Orthodox, and Roman Catholicism
Why did immigration increase in the last third of the 19th C.?
- the _____________ were traveling to America for a number of reasons including Religious freedom, Economic opportunity, to escape hunger, escape political persecution. - to avoid draft, ( Pogrom= Devastation)
Baseball
- the creator was a bank clerk, Alexander Joy Cartwright - would gather merchants, bankers and played in open city lots during lunch or after work - 27th and 4th avenue. - First team were the Knickerbockers - Hoboken, NJ - volunteer firefighter and bank clerk Alexander Joy Cartwright—would codify a new set of rules that would form the basis for modern baseball, calling for a diamond-shaped infield, foul lines and the three-strike rule. He also abolished the dangerous practice of tagging runners by throwing balls at them. - the players would meet at saloons after the games
Immigration Act of 1917
- the law imposed literacy test on immigrants and any immigrant that did not pass the test was not allowed into the Country - meant being able to read 30-40 words of their own language
John Dewey
- the three Rs were instituted- Reading, Writing and Arithmetic - developed and promoted "Laboratory Schools"- experiential learning, interaction with teacher, learning by doing
Farmers. What was happening to them?
- they were falling into debt - could not afford freight rates - *high tariffs on imported goods also hurt farmers because they allowed U.S. companies to raise the prices of manufactured goods needed by farming families - felt ignored or betrayed by the political process - Industrialists and large commercial farmers prospered, while small farmers struggled with falling crop prices - they were growing in debt to banks and railroads, lost farms on foreclosure - cost of their seed, fertilizer rises
What happened to the farmers when their commodity prices fell?
- they were unable to pay off their debt due to extremely high interest rates and in turn lost their farms to corps or foreclosure - they couldn't afford the seed, fertilizer, tools and other supplies - Farmers in the Midwest, Great Plains, and South, and miners in the West, demanded more paper money and the increased coinage of silver, which would inflate the currency supply, raise commodity prices, and provide them with more income. - *the farmers had no choice but to produce more cotton, corn and wheat but with the production of more goods meant a decreased commodity price - Farm foreclosures soared in the South and West, and by 1900, a third of all American farmers rented their land rather than owned it. - Besides bankers, merchants, and high tariffs, struggling farmers blamed the railroads, warehouse owners, and food processors—the so-called "middlemen"
What were political "Machines"?
- well oiled political parties that dominated political city Gov. NY, Boston - immigrants were helped by___________in exchange for votes - printed ballots for political parties with only their political candidate
Who goes to the saloons?
- were the workingman's social club and were especially popular among male immigrants seeking companionship in a strange land. - In cities such as New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and Chicago, the customers were disproportionately Irish, German, and Italian Catholics. - Although the main barroom was for men only, women and children were allowed to enter a side door to buy a pail of beer to carry home
What was Hull house?
-Besides a nursery for the infant children of working mothers,________________sponsored health clinics, lectures music lessons and art studios, men's clubs, an employment bureau, job training, a gymnasium, a coffeehouse, and savings bank - Founded by Jane Adams
Are there any laws that have outlawed child labor?
-By 1899, 28 states had passed laws regulating child labor. Many efforts were made to pass a national child labor law. The U.S. Congress passed two laws, in 1918 and 1922, but the Supreme Court declared both unconstitutional.
Mass transit. What did it help bring about?
-Electric streetcars -Trolleys and Streetcars -horse-drawn streetcars and commuter railways let people live farther away from their downtown workplaces -by the 1890s electric trolleys were preferred -Mass transit received an added boost from underground subway train systems built in Boston, New York City, and Philadelphia. > Brought about *-commuter trains and trolleys allowed a growing middle class of business executives and professionals (accountants, doctors, engineers, sales clerks, teachers, store managers, and attorneys) to retreat from crowded downtowns to quieter, tree-lined "streetcar suburbs". > *late nineteenth century cities were covered with filth, so-called sanitary reformers - ban slaughter houses and raising of animals in the city and also... > *replaced horse drawn trolleys with electric-powered streetcars or trolleys
What diseases proliferated in tenement houses?
-In ______________ diseases such as scarlet fever, typhoid fever, cholera, strep throat and yellow fever were circulating throughout cities due to the terrible sanitary conditions.
Tenements. Describe what the tenements were like.
-Shabby, low-cost inner-city apartment buildings that housed the urban poor in cramped, poorly ventilated apartments and packed people in like sardines -by 1900, more than 90 percent of the people in New York City's most densely populated borough, Manhattan, lived in rented houses or in congested, low-cost buildings called____________
Who are the "Mugwumps"? Detail
-______________ were a self-appointed group of reformers dedicated to promoting honest government, saw the election of Cleveland vs Blaine as a "moral rather than political" contest - The ______________ or "gentlemen" reformers who had fought the patronage system and insisted that government jobs be awarded on the basis of merit
Who are the "Mugwumps"? Detail
-________________sought to reform the patronage system by declaring that all federal jobs would be filled solely on the basis of merit. Their break with the Republican party over patronage testified to the depth of their convictions.
Who are the "Mugwumps"? Detail
-______________were mostly professors, editors, and writers who included in their number the most famous American of the time, writer and humorist Mark Twain
Who are the "Half-Breeds"? Detail
-_____________supported some civil service reform but also some spoils systems - _____________supposedly were only half loyal to Grant and half committed to reform of the spoils system
Civil Service [government jobs] Reform?
-_____________was an extended effort led by political reformers to end the patronage system; led to the Pendleton Act (1883), which called for government positions to be awarded based on merit rather than party loyalty.
Who are the "Mugwumps"? Detail
-_____________were reformers who bolted the Republican party in 1884 to support Democratic Grover Cleveland for president over Republican James G. Blaine, whose secret dealings on behalf of railroad companies had brought charges of corruption.
What were political "Machines"?
-people that belonged to___________would vote multiple times using disguises - ________________would use votes of dead peoples names
What is the Haymarket Riot (1886)?
-some 40,000 Chicago workers went on strike in support of an eight-hour workday
"Politics of the Gilded Age"
-written by Samuel Clemens "Mark Twain" and Charles Dudley Warner
Tenements
1900 Manhattan - worst ______________ problem, 42,700 people lived in ___________ in NY. 1.6 lived 42k ___________ in US
Subways, Streetcars- what did they help bring about?
> Brought about *-commuter trains and trolleys allowed a growing middle class of business executives and professionals (accountants, doctors, engineers, sales clerks, teachers, store managers, and attorneys) to retreat from crowded downtowns to quieter, tree-lined "streetcar suburbs". > *late nineteenth century cities were covered with filth, so-called sanitary reformers - ban slaughter houses and raising of animals in the city and also... > *replaced horse drawn trolleys with electric-powered streetcars or trolleys
What did mass transit help to grow?
Mass transit allowed for the growth of cities -let workers live further away from the city and commute to their jobs -business executives and professionals (accountants, doctors, engineers, sales clerks, teachers, store managers, and attorneys) to retreat from crowded downtowns to quieter, tree-lined "streetcar suburbs".
Who were the farmers organizations at this time?
The Grange Movement- "Granger Laws", Farmers Alliance, Populist Party- an advocate for the concerns of farmers
